Domateste Meloidogyne incognita ve Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici hastalık kompleksinin bazı esansiyel yağlar kullanılarak yönetimi

Yıl 2022, , 27 - 36, 31.12.2022

Fatma Gül Göze Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.1172169

Cited By: 3

Öz

Domateste, ticari kekik (Origanum vulgare L.), adaçayı (Salvia officinalis L.), sarımsak (Allium sativum L.), susam (Sesame indicum L.), biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L., syn. Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.), limon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) ve hardal (Brassica nigra L.) esansiyel yağlarının (Botalife Natural and Aromatic Products Inc., Türkiye) eş zamanlı Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 ve Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici (Jarvis & Shoemaker) (FORL) inokulasyonunda hastalık şiddeti üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Pozitif kontrol olarak nematisit (Velum®, Fluopyram, Bayer Crop Production Inc., Türkiye) ve fungisit (Cebir®, Fludioxonil + Metalaxyl, Hektaş Crop Production Inc., Türkiye) kullanılmıştır. Negatif kontrol sadece nematod ve fungus inokulasyonu yapılan bitkilerden oluşmuştur. Çalışma, her bir uçucu yağ için 5 tekerrürlü tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde kurulmuştur. Eş zamanlı inokulasyonlarda her bir fide için 1000 M. incognita ikinci dönem larva/1ml ve 3x106 spor/ml FORL kullanılmıştır. Uçucu yağ uygulamaları, nematod ve fungus inokulasyonundan bir gün sonra her saksı için 1000 ppm dozunda toprağa uygulanmıştır. Çalışma 60 gün sonra sonlandırılmış ve değerlendirme gal, yumurta paketi ve hastalık şiddetine göre yapılmıştır. Köklerde fungus büyümesi ve nematod gelişimi, test edilen tüm yağ uygulamalarında negatif kontrole göre daha düşük bulunmuştur, ancak fungus gelişimi ve nematod aktivitesi değişiklik göstermiştir. Kekik ve sarımsak uçucu yağları eş zamanlı inokulasyonda nematod ve fungus üzerinde %55.20 ile en yüksek kontrol etkisine sahip olmuş ve bu etki sadece nematod (%38.84) ve sadece fungisit (%33.20) uygulamalarından daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Adaçayı (%38.84), biberiye (%33.28) ve hardal (%38.92) esansiyel yağlarının, susam (%22.16) ve limona (%22.16) göre hastalık şiddetini daha fazla baskıladığı bulunmuştur. Kekik ve sarımsak esansiyel yağlarının kök ur nematodu ve FORL hastalık komplekslerini yönetmek için iyi birer alternatif olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

hastalık kompleksi, uçucu yağ, sarımsak, kök ur nematodu, kekik, disease complex, essential oil, garlic, root-knot nematode, thyme

Proje Numarası

x

Management of disease complex of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici on tomato using some essential oils

Öz

The effects of commercial thyme (Origanum vulgare L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), sesame (Sesame indicum L.) , rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L., syn. Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.), lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) and mustard (Brassica nigra L.) essential oils (Botalife Natural and Aromatic Products Inc., Türkiye) on disease severity were investigated in simultaneous inoculation of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici (Jarvis & Shoemaker) (FORL) on tomato. Nematicide (Velum®, Fluopyram, Bayer Crop Production Inc., Türkiye) and fungicide (Cebir®, Fludioxonil + Metalaxyl, Hektaş Crop Production Inc., Türkiye) were used as positive controls. The negative control was only plants with nematode and fungus inoculation. The study was set up in a randomized plot design with 5 replications for each essential oil. In simultaneous inoculations, 1000 M. incognita second juvenile larvae/1ml and 3x106 spore/ml FORL were used for each seedling. The essential oil applications were applied to the soil at a dose of 1000 ppm for each pot, one day after the nematode and fungus inoculation. The study was terminated after 60 days, and the evaluation was based on gall, egg mass, and disease severity. Fungal growth and nematode development on roots were found lower in all tested oils applications than in negative control but fungicidal and nematicidal activity varied. Thyme and garlic essential oils had the highest control effect on nematode and fungus with 55.20% in simultaneous inoculation and this effect was higher than only nematicide (38.84%) and only fungicide (33.20%) applications. Sage (38.84%), rosemary (33.28%), and mustard (38.92%) essential oils were found to suppress disease severity higher than sesame (22.16%) and lemon (22.16%). It has been determined that thyme and garlic essential oils are good alternatives to manage root-knot nematode and FORL disease complexes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

disease complex, essential oil, garlic, root-knot nematode, thyme

Destekleyen Kurum

x

Proje Numarası

x

Teşekkür

Thanks to Olympos seedling and Agricultural Engineer Tuğçe OKUMUŞ EROL for providing the tomato materials used in the study, and Agricultural Engineer Gülsüm UYSAL for statistical analysis. In addition, I would like to thank Professor Dr. Şerife Evrim ARICI for diagnosis fungus, culture maintance and fungi applications.

Kaynakça

• Abuzar, S. 2012. Management of Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita-wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum disease complex of green gram, Vigna radiata. International Journal of Applied Research & Studies, 1 (2),1-10.
• Abuzar, S., Haseeb, A. 2006. Efficacy of carbofuran, bavistin, neem, Trichoderma harzianum and Aspergillus niger against Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum disease complex on okra. Indian Journal of Nematology, 36(2), 282-284.
• Adam, M. A. M., Phillips, M. S., Blok, V. C. 2007. Molecular diagnostic key for identification of single juveniles of seven common and economically important species of Root‐knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.). Plant Pathology, 56(1), 190-197.
• Aksit, H., Bayar, Y., Simsek, S., Ulutas, Y. 2022. Chemical composition and antifungal activities of the essential oils of Thymus species (Thymus pectinatus, Thymus convolutus, Thymus vulgaris) against plant pathogens. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 25(1), 200-207.
• Al-Shalaby, M. E. M. 2009. The use of garlic extracts for biocontrol of Meloidogyne incognita infecting cucumber plants. International Journal of Nematology, 19(2), 208–214.
• Arıcı, E., Koç, Ş. 2021. Determination of some alternative methods against Penicillium expansum in pear in Korkuteli cold storages. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 16 (2), 226-233.
• Arici, E., Bozat, G., Akbulut, I. 2013. Investıgatıon of potantıal bıologıcal control of Fusarıum oxysporum f. sp. radıcıs-lycopersıcı and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersıcı by essentıal oıls, plant extract and chemıcal elıcıtors ın vıtro. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 45(6), 2119-2124.
• Arici, Ş.E., Özgönen, H., Şanlı, A., Polat M., Yasan, G. 2011. ‘’Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against agricultural plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria, 249-253’’. AFPP – Fourth International Conference on Non Chemical Crop Protection Methods, 8-10 March, Lille, France.
• Asaturova, A. M., Bugaeva, L. N., Homyak, A. I., Slobodyanyuk, G. A., Kashutina, E. V., Yasyuk, L. V., Garkovenko, A. V. 2022. Bacillus velezensis strains for protecting cucumber plants from Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in a greenhouse. Plants, 11(3), 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030275
• Avato, P., Tursi, F., Vitali, C., Miccolis, V., Candido, V. 2000. Allylsulfide constituents of garlic volatile oil as antimicrobial agents. Phytomedicine, 7(3), 239-243.
• Aydın, M. H. 2019. The biological control of Fusarium oxysporum causing wilting in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture Research, 6(1), 65-72.
• Back, M. A., Haydock, P. P. J., Jenkinson, P. 2002. Disease complexes involving plant parasitic nematodes and soilborne pathogens. Plant Pathology, 51(6), 683-697.
• Bajpai, V. K., Al-Reza, S. M., Choi, U. K., Lee, J. H., Kang, S. C. 2009. Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of leaf essential oil and extracts of Metasequioa glyptostroboides Miki ex Hu. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(8), 1876-1883.
• Bilici, S., Demir, S., Boyno, G. 2021. The effects of essential oils and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on decay disease (Fusarium oxysporum F. Sp. radicis lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker) of root and root collar of tomato. Journal of The Institute of Science and Technology, 11(2), 857-868.
• Block, E. 2010. Chemistry in a salad bowl: Allium chemistry and biochemistry. Pp. 100-222. In: (1st ed.) Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and The Science, RSC Publishing, New York, USA, 454 pp.
• Can, C., Yucel, S., Korolev, N., Katan, T. 2004 First report of Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici in Turkey. Plant Pathology, 53, 814.
• Cetintas, R., Yarba, M. M. 2010. Nematicidal effect of five plant essential oils on the Root-knot nematode, Meloidogne incognita race 2. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(2), 222-225.
• Chitwood, D. J. 2002. Phytochemical based strategies for nematode control. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 40(1), 221-249.
• Colak-Ates, A., Fidan, H., Ozarslandan, A., Ata, A. 2018. Determination of the resistance of certain eggplant lines against Fusarium wilt, Potato Y Potyvirus and Root-knot nematode using molecular and classic methods. Fresenius Environment Bulletin, 27 (11), 7446-7453.
• Çolak, A., Bicici, M. 2013. Pcr detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and races of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici of tomato in protected tomato-growing areas of The Eastern Mediterranean Region Of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37(4), 457-467.
• Çolak, A., Biçici, M. 2011. Determination differantiating of Fusarium oxysporum formae spseciales and determination incidence, severity and prevalence of fusarium wilt and crown-root rot in protected tomato growing areas of East Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Plant Protection Bulletin, 51(4), 331-345.
• Davis, R. M., Raid, R. N. 2002. Crown, root, and wilt diseases. Compendium Of Umbelliferous Crop Diseases, Aps Press, St. Paul, Usa, 75 Pp.
• Deng, X., Wang, X., Li, G. 2022. Nematicidal effects of volatile organic compounds from microorganisms and plants on Plant-parasitic nematodes. Microorganisms, 10(6),1201.
• Dutta, J., Thakur, D. 2017. Evaluation of multifarious plant growth promoting traits, antagonistic potential and phylogenetic affiliation of rhizobacteria associated with commercial tea plants grown in Darjeeling, India. Plos One, 12(8), E0182302.
• Echeverrigaray, S., Zacaria, J., Beltrão, R. 2010. Nematicidal activity of monoterpenoids against the Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Phytopathology, 100(2), 199-203.
• El-Gindi, A. Y., Hamida, A. O., Youseff, M. M., Ameen, H. A., Asmahan, M. L. 2005. Evaluation of the nematicidal effects of aqueous and volatile oil extracts of some plants on the Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 23(2), 233-239.
• El-Saedy, M. A. M., Mokbel, A. A., Hammad, S. E. 2014. Efficacy of plant oils and garlic cultivation on controlling Meloidogyne incognita infected tomato plants. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 32(1), 39–50.
• Erol, F. Y., Tunalı, B. 2007. ‘’Determination of root and crown rot diseases in tomato growing area of Samsun Province, 65-70’’. I. International Symposium On Tomato Diseases, October, Kuşadası, Turkey, 808 Pp.
• Galisteo, A., González-Coloma, A., Castillo, P., Andrés, M. F. 2022. Valorization of the hydrolate byproduct from the ındustrial extraction of purple Alium sativum essential oil as a source of nematicidal products. Life, 12(6), 905.
• Gerlach, W., H. Nirenberg, I. Eckart, I. Rummland, R. Schwarz, 1982. The Genus Fusarium—A Pictorial Atlas. German Federal Republic: Berlin/Hamburg, Germany, 406 Pp.
• Ghaderi, R., G. Karssen, 2020. An updated checklist of Meloidogyne göldi, 1887 species, with a diagnostic compendium for second-stage juveniles and males. Journal of Crop Protection, 9(2), 183-193.
• Giacometti, R., D’errico, G., D’errico, F. P. 2010. In vıtro nematıcıdal actıvıty of the experımental formulatıon tequıl agaınst Meloıdogyne incognıta and Heterodera davertı. Nematropica, 263-268.
• Göze, F.G., Kara, A., Söğüt, M.A., Uysal, G. 2014. Bazı Bitkisel Yağların Meloidogyne incognita'ya Karşı Nematisidal Etkinliklerinin Belirlenmesi. 22. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 23-27 Haziran, 2014, Eskişehir,s.505.
• Gürkan, B., R. Çetintaş, T. Gürkan, 2019. Determination of root-nematode species (Meloidogyne Spp.) and some nematode population races in vegetable areas of Gaziantep and Osmaniye. Ksu Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 22 (Suppl 1), 113-124.
• Hajji, L., Regaieg, H., M’hamdi-Boughalleb, N., Horrigue-Raouani, N. 2016. Studies on disease complex incidence of Meloidogyne javanica And Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. Journal of Agriculture Science Food Technology, 2(4),41–48.
• Hayat, S., Cheng, Z.H., Ahmad, H., Ali, M., Chen, X.J., Wang, M.Y. 2016. Garlic, from remedy to stimulant: evaluation of antifungal potential reveals diversity in phytoalexin allicin content among garlic cultivars; allicin containing aqueous garlic extracts trigger antioxidants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7,15.
• Haydock, P., Woods, S., Grove, I. 2013. Chemical control of nematodes. In: Perry Rn, Moens M (Eds) Plant Nematology, 2nd Edn. Cab International, Wallingford, Pp 459–479.
• Hibar, K., Edel-Herman, V., Steinberg, Ch., Gautheron, N., Daamiremadi, M., Alabouvette, C., Elmahjoub, M. 2007. Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum populations isolated from tomato plants in Tunisia. Journal of Phytopathology, 155, 136–142.
• Jardim, I. N., Oliveira, D. F., Campos, V. P., Silva, G. H., Souza, P. E. 2020. Garlic essential oil reduces the population of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato plants. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 157(1),197-209.
• Jiménez-Díaz, R. M., Castillo, P., Del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, M., Landa, B. B., Navas-Cortés, J. A. 2015. Fusarium wilt of chickpeas: biology, ecology and management. Crop Protection, 73: 16-27.
• Kabera, J. N., Semana, E., Mussa, A. R., He, X. 2014. Plant secondary metabolites: biosynthesis, classification, function and pharmacological properties. Journal of Pharmacology, 2(7), 377-392.
• Khairan, K., Yusra, N., Eriana, C. N., Bahi, M., Syaukani, S., Sriwati, R., Jacob, C. 2021. Termiticidal and nematicidal activities of five extracts from garlic (Allium sativum). In Journal Of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1882, No. 1, P. 012121). Iop Publishing.
• Khashan, A. A. 2014. Antibacterial activity of garlic extract (Allium sativum) against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Global Journal of Bio-Science and Biotechnology, 3(2), 346-348.
• Koçak, R., Boyraz, N. 2006. Fungicidal and fungistatic effects of essential oils of some plants. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 20(38), 76-81.
• Krzyśko-Łupicka, T., Sokół, S., Piekarska-Stachowiak, A. 2020. Evaluation of fungistatic activity of eight selected essential oils on four heterogeneous fusarium isolates obtained from cereal grains in southern poland. Molecules, 25(2), 292.
• Lamondia, J. A., 2003. Interaction of Pratylenchus penetrans and Rhizoctonia fragariae in strawberry black root rot. Journal of Nematology, 35(1), 17-22.
• Lei, J., Leser, M., Enan, E. 2010. Nematicidal activity of two monoterpenoids and ser-2 tyramine receptor of Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochemical Pharmacology, 79(7), 1062-1071.
• Lobna, H., Aymen, E. M., Hajer, R., Naima, M., Najet, H. R. 2017. Biochemical and plant nutrient alterations induced by Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici co-infection on tomato cultivars with differing level of resistance to M. javanica. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 148(2), 463-472.
• Lobna, H., Mayssa, C., Hajer, R., Ali, R., Najet, H. R. 2016. Biocontrol effectiveness of ındigenous Trichoderma species against Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici on tomato. International Journal Of Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering, 10(10), 613-617.
• Ma, C.Z., Li, S.D., Miao, Z.Q., Guo, R.J., Yang, S.J., Gu, Z.R. 2009. Efficacy evaluation of applying organic sulfide fumigants to plant pathogens-polluted soil in vegetable greenhouse. Acta. Agr. Shanghai, 25, 41–46.
• Maleita, C., J. Cardoso, L. Rusinque, I. Esteves, I. Abrantes, 2021. Species-specific molecular detection of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne luci. Biology, 10(8),775. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Biology10080775
• Mcgawely, E. C. 2001. Disease Complex. Maloy, Oc And Murray, Td Encyclopedia Of Plant Pathology (Eds). John Wiley & Sons, Usa, 326-330.
• Mullin, B.A., Abawi, G.S., Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Kornegay, J.L., 1991. Reactions of selected bean pure lines and accessions to Meloidogyne species. Plant Disease, 75: 1212-1216.
• Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., Maipas, S., Kotampasi, C., Stamatis, P., Hens, L. 2016. Chemical pesticides and human health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture. Frontiers İn Public Health, 4, 148.
• Oka, Y., Nacar, S., Putievsky, E., Ravid, U., Yaniv, Z., Spiegel, Y. 2000. Nematicidal activity of essential oils and their components against the root-knot nematode. Phytopathology, 90(7): 710-715.
• Ozbay, N., Newman, S.E., Brown, W.M. 2004. Evaluatıon of Trıchoderma harzıanum straıns to control crown and root rot of greenhouse fresh market tomatoes. Acta Horticulture, 635, 79-85.
• Ozdemir, E., Gozel, U. 2018. Nematicidal activities of essential oils against Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plant. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(6), 4511-4517.
• Özdemir, F. G. G., Karaman, R. 2020. Bazı Maş Fasulyesi (Vigna radiata Wilczek) genotiplerinin Meloidogyne incognita ırk 2 ile reaksiyonu. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(3): 274-279 (in Turkish).
• Özdemir, F. G. G., Arıcı, Ş. E., & Elekcioğlu, İ. H. 2022. Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919)(Nemata: Meloidogynidae) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker in tomato f1 hybrids with differing levels of resistance to these pathogens. Turkish Journal Of Entomology, 46(1), 63-73.
• Özdemir, F. G. G., Tosun, B., Şanlı, A., Karadoğan, T. 2021. Türkiye’de Yetişen Bazı Apiaceae Türlerinin Uçucu Yağlarının Kök Lezyon Nematodlarına Karşı Nematisidal Aktiviteleri. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31(2), 425-433 (in Turkish).
• Park, I. K., Park, J. Y., Kim, K. H., Choi, K. S., Choi, I. H., Kim, C. S., Shin, S. C. 2005. Nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from garlic (Allium sativum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) oils against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Nematology, 7(5), 767–774.
• Paşa, C. 2019. Diurnal variation of essential oil and contents of Thymus zygioides Griseb.(Lamiaceae) growing naturally in Turkey. Ksu J. Agric Nat, 22(Suppl 1), 6-9.
• Patil, J. A., Yadav, S., Kumar, A. 2021. Management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and soil borne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum in cucumber using three bioagents under polyhouse conditions. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(12),7006-7011.
• Rahman, Z., Afsheen, Z., Hussain, A., Khan, M. 2022. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of garlic (Allium sativum) against common pathogens. Bioscientific Review, 4(2).
• Shuping, D. S. S., Eloff, J. N. 2017. The use of plants to protect plants and food against fungal pathogens: a review. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary And Alternative Medicines, 14(4), 120-127.
• Silva, J. D. O., Loffredo, A., Da Rocha, M. R., Becker, J. O. 2019. Efficacy of new nematicides for managing Meloidogyne incognita in tomato crop. Journal of Phytopathology, 167(5), 295-298.
• Singh, G., Tiwari, A., Choudhir, G., Kumar, A., Kumar, S., Hariprasad, P., Sharma, S. 2022. Deciphering the role of Trichoderma sp. bioactives in combating the wilt causing cell wall degrading enzyme polygalacturonase produced by Fusarium oxysporum: an in-silico approach. Microbial Pathogenesis, 105610.
• Sivakumar, D., Bautista-Baños, S. 2014. A Review on the use of essential oils for postharvest decay control and maintenance of fruit quality during storage. Crop Protection, 64: 27-37.
• Stavropoulou, E., Nasiou, E., Skiada, P. & Giannakou, I. O. 2021. Effects of four terpenes on the mortality of Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 160(1): 137-146.
• Şimşek, N. 2020. Bazı Bitkisel Kökenli Yağların Kök-Ur Nematodu (Meloidogyne incognita) Üzerine Etkisi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı, 68 pp. (in Turkish)
• Tijjani, A., Musa, D. D., Aliyu, Y. 2017. Antibacterial activity of garlic (Allium sativum) on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherihia coli. International Journal of Current Scientific Study, 1: 1410-1703.
• Tosun, B., Göze özdemir, F.G., Şanlı, A., Karadoğan, T., Cirit, Y. 2018. ‘’Determination of nematicidal activity of some essential oils against Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris saccharifera L.), 127-135’’. 6th ASM International Congress of Agriculture and Environment, Antalya, Turkey.
• Türktaş, M., Koral, A. Ö. 2018. Resistance and biological control of fusarium wilt disease in eggplant. Çukurova Journal of Agriculture Food Science, 33(1), 111-124.
• Uysal, G., Söğüt, M. A., Elekçioğlu, İ. H. 2017. Identification and distribution of root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) in vegetable growing areas of lakes region in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 41 (1), 105-122.
• Viketoft, M., Flöhr, A., Englund, J. E., Kardell, J. & Edin, E. 2020. Additive effect of the Root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans and the fungus Rhizoctonia solani on potato yield and damage. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 127(6), 821-829.
• Wang, Y., Wei, K., Han, X., Zhao, D., Zheng, Y., Chao, J., Zhang, C. S. 2019. The antifungal effect of garlic essential oil on Phytophthora nicotianae and the inhibitory component involved. Biomolecules, 9(10), 632.
• Wolde, T., Kuma, H., Trueha, K., Yabeker, A. 2018. Anti-Bacterial activity of garlic extract against human pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Pharmacovigil, 6(253), 2-8.
• Xiang, C., Liu, Y., Liu, S. M., Huang, Y. F., Kong, L. A., Peng, H., Huang, W. K. 2020. Αβ-Dehydrocurvularin isolated from the fungus Aspergillus welwitschiae effectively inhibited the behaviour and development of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice roots. Bmc Microbiology, 20(1), 1-10.