Effects of CO2 and temperature levels on glyphosate activity and growth of seven weed species

Öz

Changes in environmental conditions have a major impact on weed growth and their susceptibility to applied herbicides. We studied the effects of CO2 and temperature levels on the glyphosate (480 g/l Glyphosate Isopropylamin salt) activity and growth of seven weed species. Three temperature levels (control or normal temperature 26/16 °C (14/10 day/night), normal temperature + 3°C i.e., 29/19 °C and normal temperature + 6 °C i.e., 32/22 °C), and four CO2 levels (control i.e., 400 ppm, 600 ppm, 800 ppm, and 1000 ppm) were tested. Six doses of glyphosate were: i) ¼, ii) ½, iii) full dose (1440 g a.i./ha), iv) 2-times, v) 4-times, and vi) 8-times of the recommended dose, at 4-6 leaf stage. Generally, the increase in CO2 and temperature improved weed growth. For most weed species, the most favourable temperature and CO2 levels were 29 oC and 800 ppm to 1000 ppm. The ED50 (effective dose 50) value for Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson, Portulacaa oleracea L., Solanum nigrum L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. and Physalis angulata L. showed that some weeds will likely become tolerant to glyphosate with climate change. With increasing temperature and CO2 concentration, ED value increases, meaning higher herbicide doses are required to control these weeds. As a result, using more herbicides in agricultural areas in the coming years will cause producers to experience more costs and the herbicide resistance problem in weeds will increase to much higher levels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• climate change
• herbicide
• plant growth
• weed control

CO2 ve sıcaklık seviyelerinin glifosat aktivitesi ve yedi yabancı ot türünün büyümesi üzerindeki etkileri

Öz

Çevresel koşullardaki değişikliklerin yabancı otların büyümesi ve uygulanan herbisitlere duyarlılıkları üzerinde büyük etkisi vardır. Bu çalışmada, CO2 ve sıcaklık seviyelerinin glifosat (480 g/l Glyphosate Isopropylamin Tuzu) aktivitesi ile yedi yabancı ot türünün büyümesi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Üç sıcaklık seviyesi (kontrol veya normal sıcaklık 26/16 °C (14/10 gün/gece), normal sıcaklık +3 °C, 29/19 °C ve normal sıcaklık +6 °C, 32/22 °C) ve dört CO2 seviyesi (kontrol 400 ppm, 600 ppm, 800 ppm ve 1000 ppm) test edilmiştir. Altı doz glifosat: i) önerilen dozun ¼’ü, ii) ½’si, iii) tam doz (1440 g a.i./ha), iv) önerilen dozun 2 katı, v) 4 katı ve vi) 8 katı, 4-6 yaprak aşamasında uygulanmıştır. Genel olarak, artan CO2 ve sıcaklık seviyelerinde, yabancı otların büyümesini artırmıştır. Yabancı ot türlerinin çoğu için en uygun sıcaklık ve CO2 seviyeleri sırasıyla 29 oC ve 800 ppm ile 1000 ppm olarak tespit edilmiştir. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson, Portulaca oleracea L., Solanum nigrum L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. ve Physalis angulata L. için ED50 (etkili doz 50) değeri, iklim değişikliğiyle birlikte bazı yabancı otların glifosata karşı tolerans geliştirme olasılığının yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Sıcaklık ve CO2 konsantrasyonundaki artışla birlikte ED değeri de artmakta olup, bu durum yabancı otların kontrolü için daha yüksek herbisit dozlarına ihtiyaç duyulacağına işaret etmektedir. Sonuçta ileriki yıllarda tarımsal alanlarda daha fazla herbisit kullanımı üreticilerin ekonomik olarak daha fazla masraf yaşamasına ve yabancı otlarda dayanıklılık sorununun çok daha yüksek seviyelere çıkacağına sebebiyet verebilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• iklim değişikliği
• herbisit
• bitki büyümesi
• yabancı ot mücadelesi

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