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Determination of pesticide residues and risk assessment in some vegetables grown in Tokat province

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 62 Sayı: 2, 26 - 35, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.1053952

Öz

This study was carried out to determine the pesticide residue levels and health risk assessments in tomato, pepper, and cucumber grown in Tokat province of Turkey. A residue analytical method was verified to determine 260 pesticides by using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Pesticide solutions at 10 and 50 µg kg­¹ doses were fortified with the pesticide-free cucumber matrix for verification of the method. The linearities (R2), the limit of detection (LODs), the limit of quantification (LOQs), and mean recovery values of the pesticides ranged between 0.990-0.999, 0.71-2.96 μg kg­¹, 2.36-9.86 μg kg­¹ and 77.25-117.61%, respectively. Pesticide residue levels of 28 vegetable samples collected from Tokat province were determined using the verified method. Seventeen different pesticides were detected in 16 samples, and pesticide concentrations in 3 samples were higher than the allowable limits of the European Union Maximum Residue Limits (EU-MRL). The pyridaben level in 1 pepper sample, metrafenone in 2 cucumber samples were higher than the threshold values stated by the EU-MRL. The results of health risk assessments indicated that these pesticides have chronic toxicity potential for consumers.

Destekleyen Kurum

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Proje Numarası

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Kaynakça

  • Adeniyi O., Hernandez A., LeBlanc M., King J., Janes M., 2016. Quantitation of Pesticide Residue in Water and Food in Louisiana, USA. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 8, 1145-1157. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2016.812089
  • Algharibeh G.R., Al Fararjeh M.S., 2019. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Jordan using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 12(1): 65-7. doi: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1548505
  • AOAC Official Method 2007.01 Pesticide Residues in Foods by Acetonitrile Extraction and Partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry First Action 2007. https://nucleus.iaea.org/fcris/methods/AOAC_2007_01.pdf
  • Bakırcı G.T., Acay D.B.Y., Bakırcı F., Ötleş S., 2014. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the Aegean region, Turkey. Food Chemistry 160: 379–392. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.051
  • Baldi I., Filleul L., Mohammed-Brahim B., Fabrigoule C., Dartigues J.F., Schwall S., Drevet J.P., Salamon R., Brochard P., 2001. Neuropsychologic effects of long-term exposure to pesticides: results from the French Phytoner study. Environmental Health Perspective ,109: 839–844. Doi: 10.1289/ehp.01109839
  • Bolor V.K., Boadi N.O., Borquaye L.S., Afful S., 2018. Human risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in vegetables from Kumasi Ghana. Journal of Chemistry, 3269065: 1-11. doi: 10.1155/2018/3269065
  • Cantor K.P., Blair A., Everett G., Gibson R., Burmeister L.F., Brown L.M., Shuman L., Dick F.R., 1992. Pesticides and other agricultural risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among men in Iowa and Minnesota. Cancer Research, 52: 2447–2455.
  • Darko G., Akoto O., 2008. Dietary intake of organophosphorus pesticide residues through vegetables from Kumasi, Ghana. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(12): 3703-3706. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.049
  • Elmastaş A., 2018. Quantitative determination of analysis of pesticide remains by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS in various conditions of fresh fruit vegetable products. PhD. Dicle Univesity, Diyarbakır, Turkey (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • Ersoy N., Tatlı Ö., Özcan S., Evcil E., Coşkun L.Ş., Erdoğan E., 2011. Determination of pesticide residues in some vegetable species by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. Selçuk Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi 25(3): 79-85 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • European Commission., 2002. Commission Directive 2002/63/EC of 11 July 2002 establishing community methods of sampling for the official control of pesticide residues in and on products of plant and animal origin and repealing Directive 79/700/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities, 2: 30–43.
  • European Commission., 2019. SANTE/12682/2019 Guidance document on analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticide residues and analysis in food and feed. 1–49.
  • Hepsağ F., 2019. Detection and Validation of Pesticide Residue Levels in Tomatoes Grown in the Mediterranean Region. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 5(1): 76-89 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English). doi: 10.24180/ijaws.502956
  • Holland J., Sinclair P., 2004. Environmental Fate of Pesticides and the Consequences for Residues in Food and Drinking Water. In: Hamilton D, Crossley S, editors. Pesticide Residues in Food and Drinking Water: Human Exposure and Risks. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, England, pp. 27–63.
  • Hu D., Jiang M., Ge T., Liu X., Li Z., Liu J., Zhu K., 2020. Pesticide residues in vegetables in four regions of Jilin Province. International Journal of Food Properties, 23(1): 1150-1157. doi: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1784197
  • Kaya T., Tuna A.L., 2018. Investigation of pesticide residue levels in fruit and vegetables collected from three farmers market in İzmir Province. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(1): 32-38 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English). doi: 10.19159/tutad.437474
  • Keikotlhaile B.M., Spanoghe P., 2011. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. In: Stoytcheva M, editor, Pesticides-Formulations, Effects, Fate. Intechopen, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 243-252.
  • Kumari D., John S., 2019. Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from farms and markets of Western Indian Himalayan region. Chemosphere, 224: 162–167. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.091
  • Lehotay S.J., 2007. Determination of Pesticide Residues in Foods by Acetonitrile Extraction and Partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate: Collaborative Study. Journal of AOAC International, 90(2): 485–520.
  • Liu Y., Shen D., Li S., Ni Z., Ding M., Ye C., Tang F., 2016. Residue levels and risk assessment of pesticides in nuts of China. Chemosphere, 144: 645-651. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.008
  • Loughlin T.M.M., Peluso M.L., Etchegoyen M.A., Alonso L.L., de Castro M.C., Percudani M.C., Marino D.J.G., 2018. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables of the argentine domestic market: Occurrence and quality. Food Control, 93: 129-138. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.041
  • Lozowicka B., Abzeitova E., Sagitov A., Kaczynski P., Toleubayev K., Li A., 2015. Studies of pesticide residues in tomatoes and cucumbers from Kazakhistan and the associated health risks. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(609): 1-19. doi: 10.1007/s10661-015-4818-6
  • Magnusson B., Örnemark U., (eds.) 2014. Eurachem Guide: The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods – A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics, (2nd ed. 2014).
  • Odewale G.O., Sosan M.B., Oyekunle J.A.O., Adeleye A.O., 2021. Human health risk assessment of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28: 33133–33145. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12747-7
  • Osaili T.M., Al Sallagi M.S., Dhanasekaran D.K., Bani Odeh W.A.M., Al Ali H.J., Al Ali A.A.S.A., Radwan H., Obaid R.S., Holley R., 2022. Pesticide residues in fresh vegetables imported into the United Arab Emirates. Food Control, 133 (Part B,108663): 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108663
  • Polat B., Tiryaki O., 2018. Investigation of pesticide residues in tomato growing open-fields of Çanakkale Province by QuEChERS Method. COMU Journal of Agriculture Faculty, 6(1): 71–79. (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • Salamzadeh J., Shakoori A., Moradi V., 2018. Occurrence of multiclass pesticide residues in tomato samples collected from different markets of Iran. J Environ Health Sci Engineer, 16: 55–63. doi: 10.1007/s40201-018-0296-4
  • Soydan K.D., Turgut N., Yalçın M., Turgut C, Karakuş P.B.K., 2021. Evaluation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the Aegean region of Turkey and assessment of risk to consumers. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 28: 27511–27519. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12580-y
  • Szpyrka E., Kurdziel A., Matyaszek A., Podbielska M., Rupar J., Słowik-Borowiec M., 2015. Evaluation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the region of south-eastern Poland, Food Control, 48: 137-142.
  • TGK., 2021. Türk gıda kodeksi pestisitlerin maksimum kalıntı limitleri yönetmeliği. Republic of turkey ministry of agriculture and forestry general directorate of food and control. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/09/20210927M1-1.htm TURKAK., 2019. Metodun geçerli kılınması ve bilgilendirme kılavuzu. https://secure.turkak.org.tr/turkaksıte/docs/bilgilendirme_kilavuzlari/metodun_ge%c3%87erl%c4%b0_kılınması_ve_dogrulanması_ıcın_bılgılendırme_kılavuzu_20052019_1625.pdf
  • Tiryaki O., 2006. Method validation for the analysis of pesticide residues in grain by thin-layer chromatography. Accreditation and Quality Assurance, 11(10): 506-514. doi: 10.1007/s00769-006-0171-3
  • Tiryaki O., Baysoyu D., Seçer E., Aydın G., 2008. Testing the stability of pesticides during sample processing for the chlorpyrifos and malathion residue analysis in cucumber including matrix effects. Bull of Environ Contam Toxicol. 80(1): 38-43.
  • Tiryaki O., 2016. Validation of QuEChERS method for the determination of some pesticide residues in two apple varieties. Journal Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 51(10): 722-729.
  • Tiryaki O., Çatak H., 2020. Insecticide residue analyses in cucumbers sampled from Çanakkale open markets. Turkish Journal of Entomology. 44(4): 449-460. doi: 10.16970/entoted.767482
  • Zengin E., Karaca İ., 2017. Investigation of pesticide residue levels in fruit and vegetables Collected from Three Farmers Market in İzmir Province. Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 21(2): 554-559 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English). doi: 10.19113/sdufbed.72243

Tokat ilinde üretilen bazı sebzelerde pestisit kalıntılarının tespiti ve risk değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 62 Sayı: 2, 26 - 35, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.1053952

Öz

Bu çalışma, Tokat ve çevresinde üretilen domates, biber ve hıyarda pestisit kalıntı düzeylerini tespit etmek ve bu ürünler için sağlık risk değerlendirmelerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Sıvı kromatografi-tandem kütle spektrometresi (LC–MS/MS) ile bu sebzelerdeki 260 pestisit kalıntısının belirlenmesi için analitik metot doğrulaması yapılmıştır. Bunun için, pestisit içermeyen salatalık matrisine 10 ve 50 µg kg­¹ seviyelerinde pestisit çözeltisi eklenmiştir. Pestisitlerin doğrusallıkları (R2), tayin limitleri (LOD), tespit limitleri (LOQ) ve ortalama geri kazanımları sırasıyla 0.990-0.999, 0.71-2.96 μg kg­¹, 2.36-9.86 μg kg­¹ ve %77.25-117.61 arasında bulunmuştur. Bu yöntemle, Tokat (Türkiye) ilinden toplanan 28 sebze örneği analiz edilmiştir. 16 örnekte 17 farklı pestisit tespit edilmiş ve bunların 3’ünde pestisit konsantrasyonları Avrupa Birliği Maksimum Kalıntı Limitlerinden (AB-MRL) yüksek bulunmuştur. 1 biber örneğinde pyridaben ve 2 hıyar örneğinde metrafenone için AB-MRL değerleri aşılmıştır. Örneklerde tespit edilen pestisitlere yönelik risk değerlendirmesinde adı geçen pestisit kalıntı değerlerinin tüketiciler için kronik toksisite potansiyeline sahip olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır.

Proje Numarası

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Kaynakça

  • Adeniyi O., Hernandez A., LeBlanc M., King J., Janes M., 2016. Quantitation of Pesticide Residue in Water and Food in Louisiana, USA. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 8, 1145-1157. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2016.812089
  • Algharibeh G.R., Al Fararjeh M.S., 2019. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Jordan using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 12(1): 65-7. doi: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1548505
  • AOAC Official Method 2007.01 Pesticide Residues in Foods by Acetonitrile Extraction and Partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry First Action 2007. https://nucleus.iaea.org/fcris/methods/AOAC_2007_01.pdf
  • Bakırcı G.T., Acay D.B.Y., Bakırcı F., Ötleş S., 2014. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the Aegean region, Turkey. Food Chemistry 160: 379–392. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.051
  • Baldi I., Filleul L., Mohammed-Brahim B., Fabrigoule C., Dartigues J.F., Schwall S., Drevet J.P., Salamon R., Brochard P., 2001. Neuropsychologic effects of long-term exposure to pesticides: results from the French Phytoner study. Environmental Health Perspective ,109: 839–844. Doi: 10.1289/ehp.01109839
  • Bolor V.K., Boadi N.O., Borquaye L.S., Afful S., 2018. Human risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in vegetables from Kumasi Ghana. Journal of Chemistry, 3269065: 1-11. doi: 10.1155/2018/3269065
  • Cantor K.P., Blair A., Everett G., Gibson R., Burmeister L.F., Brown L.M., Shuman L., Dick F.R., 1992. Pesticides and other agricultural risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among men in Iowa and Minnesota. Cancer Research, 52: 2447–2455.
  • Darko G., Akoto O., 2008. Dietary intake of organophosphorus pesticide residues through vegetables from Kumasi, Ghana. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(12): 3703-3706. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.049
  • Elmastaş A., 2018. Quantitative determination of analysis of pesticide remains by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS in various conditions of fresh fruit vegetable products. PhD. Dicle Univesity, Diyarbakır, Turkey (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • Ersoy N., Tatlı Ö., Özcan S., Evcil E., Coşkun L.Ş., Erdoğan E., 2011. Determination of pesticide residues in some vegetable species by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. Selçuk Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi 25(3): 79-85 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • European Commission., 2002. Commission Directive 2002/63/EC of 11 July 2002 establishing community methods of sampling for the official control of pesticide residues in and on products of plant and animal origin and repealing Directive 79/700/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities, 2: 30–43.
  • European Commission., 2019. SANTE/12682/2019 Guidance document on analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticide residues and analysis in food and feed. 1–49.
  • Hepsağ F., 2019. Detection and Validation of Pesticide Residue Levels in Tomatoes Grown in the Mediterranean Region. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 5(1): 76-89 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English). doi: 10.24180/ijaws.502956
  • Holland J., Sinclair P., 2004. Environmental Fate of Pesticides and the Consequences for Residues in Food and Drinking Water. In: Hamilton D, Crossley S, editors. Pesticide Residues in Food and Drinking Water: Human Exposure and Risks. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, England, pp. 27–63.
  • Hu D., Jiang M., Ge T., Liu X., Li Z., Liu J., Zhu K., 2020. Pesticide residues in vegetables in four regions of Jilin Province. International Journal of Food Properties, 23(1): 1150-1157. doi: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1784197
  • Kaya T., Tuna A.L., 2018. Investigation of pesticide residue levels in fruit and vegetables collected from three farmers market in İzmir Province. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(1): 32-38 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English). doi: 10.19159/tutad.437474
  • Keikotlhaile B.M., Spanoghe P., 2011. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. In: Stoytcheva M, editor, Pesticides-Formulations, Effects, Fate. Intechopen, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 243-252.
  • Kumari D., John S., 2019. Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from farms and markets of Western Indian Himalayan region. Chemosphere, 224: 162–167. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.091
  • Lehotay S.J., 2007. Determination of Pesticide Residues in Foods by Acetonitrile Extraction and Partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate: Collaborative Study. Journal of AOAC International, 90(2): 485–520.
  • Liu Y., Shen D., Li S., Ni Z., Ding M., Ye C., Tang F., 2016. Residue levels and risk assessment of pesticides in nuts of China. Chemosphere, 144: 645-651. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.008
  • Loughlin T.M.M., Peluso M.L., Etchegoyen M.A., Alonso L.L., de Castro M.C., Percudani M.C., Marino D.J.G., 2018. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables of the argentine domestic market: Occurrence and quality. Food Control, 93: 129-138. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.041
  • Lozowicka B., Abzeitova E., Sagitov A., Kaczynski P., Toleubayev K., Li A., 2015. Studies of pesticide residues in tomatoes and cucumbers from Kazakhistan and the associated health risks. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(609): 1-19. doi: 10.1007/s10661-015-4818-6
  • Magnusson B., Örnemark U., (eds.) 2014. Eurachem Guide: The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods – A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics, (2nd ed. 2014).
  • Odewale G.O., Sosan M.B., Oyekunle J.A.O., Adeleye A.O., 2021. Human health risk assessment of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28: 33133–33145. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12747-7
  • Osaili T.M., Al Sallagi M.S., Dhanasekaran D.K., Bani Odeh W.A.M., Al Ali H.J., Al Ali A.A.S.A., Radwan H., Obaid R.S., Holley R., 2022. Pesticide residues in fresh vegetables imported into the United Arab Emirates. Food Control, 133 (Part B,108663): 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108663
  • Polat B., Tiryaki O., 2018. Investigation of pesticide residues in tomato growing open-fields of Çanakkale Province by QuEChERS Method. COMU Journal of Agriculture Faculty, 6(1): 71–79. (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • Salamzadeh J., Shakoori A., Moradi V., 2018. Occurrence of multiclass pesticide residues in tomato samples collected from different markets of Iran. J Environ Health Sci Engineer, 16: 55–63. doi: 10.1007/s40201-018-0296-4
  • Soydan K.D., Turgut N., Yalçın M., Turgut C, Karakuş P.B.K., 2021. Evaluation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the Aegean region of Turkey and assessment of risk to consumers. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 28: 27511–27519. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12580-y
  • Szpyrka E., Kurdziel A., Matyaszek A., Podbielska M., Rupar J., Słowik-Borowiec M., 2015. Evaluation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the region of south-eastern Poland, Food Control, 48: 137-142.
  • TGK., 2021. Türk gıda kodeksi pestisitlerin maksimum kalıntı limitleri yönetmeliği. Republic of turkey ministry of agriculture and forestry general directorate of food and control. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/09/20210927M1-1.htm TURKAK., 2019. Metodun geçerli kılınması ve bilgilendirme kılavuzu. https://secure.turkak.org.tr/turkaksıte/docs/bilgilendirme_kilavuzlari/metodun_ge%c3%87erl%c4%b0_kılınması_ve_dogrulanması_ıcın_bılgılendırme_kılavuzu_20052019_1625.pdf
  • Tiryaki O., 2006. Method validation for the analysis of pesticide residues in grain by thin-layer chromatography. Accreditation and Quality Assurance, 11(10): 506-514. doi: 10.1007/s00769-006-0171-3
  • Tiryaki O., Baysoyu D., Seçer E., Aydın G., 2008. Testing the stability of pesticides during sample processing for the chlorpyrifos and malathion residue analysis in cucumber including matrix effects. Bull of Environ Contam Toxicol. 80(1): 38-43.
  • Tiryaki O., 2016. Validation of QuEChERS method for the determination of some pesticide residues in two apple varieties. Journal Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 51(10): 722-729.
  • Tiryaki O., Çatak H., 2020. Insecticide residue analyses in cucumbers sampled from Çanakkale open markets. Turkish Journal of Entomology. 44(4): 449-460. doi: 10.16970/entoted.767482
  • Zengin E., Karaca İ., 2017. Investigation of pesticide residue levels in fruit and vegetables Collected from Three Farmers Market in İzmir Province. Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 21(2): 554-559 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English). doi: 10.19113/sdufbed.72243
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tarık Balkan 0000-0003-4756-4842

Kenan Kara 0000-0003-0439-5639

Proje Numarası -
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Haziran 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Ocak 2022
Kabul Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 62 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Balkan, T., & Kara, K. (2022). Determination of pesticide residues and risk assessment in some vegetables grown in Tokat province. Plant Protection Bulletin, 62(2), 26-35. https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.1053952
AMA Balkan T, Kara K. Determination of pesticide residues and risk assessment in some vegetables grown in Tokat province. Plant Protection Bulletin. Haziran 2022;62(2):26-35. doi:10.16955/bitkorb.1053952
Chicago Balkan, Tarık, ve Kenan Kara. “Determination of Pesticide Residues and Risk Assessment in Some Vegetables Grown in Tokat Province”. Plant Protection Bulletin 62, sy. 2 (Haziran 2022): 26-35. https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.1053952.
EndNote Balkan T, Kara K (01 Haziran 2022) Determination of pesticide residues and risk assessment in some vegetables grown in Tokat province. Plant Protection Bulletin 62 2 26–35.
IEEE T. Balkan ve K. Kara, “Determination of pesticide residues and risk assessment in some vegetables grown in Tokat province”, Plant Protection Bulletin, c. 62, sy. 2, ss. 26–35, 2022, doi: 10.16955/bitkorb.1053952.
ISNAD Balkan, Tarık - Kara, Kenan. “Determination of Pesticide Residues and Risk Assessment in Some Vegetables Grown in Tokat Province”. Plant Protection Bulletin 62/2 (Haziran 2022), 26-35. https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.1053952.
JAMA Balkan T, Kara K. Determination of pesticide residues and risk assessment in some vegetables grown in Tokat province. Plant Protection Bulletin. 2022;62:26–35.
MLA Balkan, Tarık ve Kenan Kara. “Determination of Pesticide Residues and Risk Assessment in Some Vegetables Grown in Tokat Province”. Plant Protection Bulletin, c. 62, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 26-35, doi:10.16955/bitkorb.1053952.
Vancouver Balkan T, Kara K. Determination of pesticide residues and risk assessment in some vegetables grown in Tokat province. Plant Protection Bulletin. 2022;62(2):26-35.

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