New Experimental Approaches to Sand Hardening by Microbial Biocalcification

Abstract

Son yıllarda nüfustaki artışla birlikte barınma ihtiyacının giderilmesi için inşaat sektöründe hızlı bir büyüme olmuştur. Bu büyüme beraberinde çimento endüstrisinde hızlı gelişimi getirmiştir. Artan endüstrileşme sürecinde biyoteknolojik süreçler her geçen gün daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır. Çimento endüstrisinin en önemli alternatifi mikrobiyal biyokalsifikasyon prosesleridir. Bu proseste çimento benzeri yapılar oda sıcaklığı koşullarında bakteriler tarafından üretilmektedirler. Mikrobiyal biyo-kalsifikasyon prosesleri yüksek sıcaklıklarda üretimi gerçekleşen çimento proseslerine alternatif ve doğa dostu bir çözüm olarak son yıllarda araştırmacıların ilgisini özellikle kendi kendine iyileşme sürecinde çekmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında mikrobiyal biyo-kalsifikasyon işlemiyle kum sertleşmesinde farklı üretim yüzeyleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Agar, filtre kağıdı ve poliüretan destek malzemeleri kullanılarak Sporosarcina pasteurii ile kum sertleştirmesi proses verimleri incelenmiştir. Farklı CaCl₂ konsantrasyonlarının (25 mM, 50 mM ve 100 mM) ve kum kalınlığının (1 mm, 5 mm ve 10 mm) etkisi de test edilmiştir. CaCO₃ varlığı FTIR testleri ile belirlenmiş ve konsantrasyon karşılaştırmaları kimyasal yöntemlerle yapılmıştır. Ek olarak, numunelerin sertliği ve bütünlüğü de gözlenerek en uygun üretim yüzeyi karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir.  Sonuç olarak agar ve poliüretan destek malzemelerinin, kum sertleşmesinde destek malzemesi açısından daha etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Artan kum kalınlığının sertliği azalttığı ve 50 mM CaCl₂ konsantrasyonunun optimum miktar olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma yapı sektörü ve çimento sektörü açısından yenilikçi, çevre dostu ve biyoteknolojik bir yöntemin optimizasyonu niteliğindedir.

Keywords

• Biyo-kalsifikasyon,Biyo-çimento,Agar,Poliüretan,Filtre kâğıdı

Project Number

2209A

New Experimental Approaches to Sand Hardening by Microbial Biocalcification

Abstract

In recent years there has been a rapid growth in the construction sector in order to meet the need for housing with the increase in population. This growth led to the rapid development of the cement industry. In the process of increasing industrialization, biotechnological processes are becoming more important. The most important alternative of the cement industry is the microbial bio-calcification processes. In this process, cement-like structures are produced by bacteria at room temperature conditions. Microbial bio-calcification processes have attracted the interest of researchers especially in the process of self-healing in recent years as an alternative and nature-friendly solution to the cement processes that are being produced at high temperatures. This study presents a comparative study for sand hardening by microbial bio-calcification process. Different production surfaces was used for sand hardening with Sporosarcina pasteurii such as agar plates, filter paper and polyurethane support materials. The effect of different CaCl₂ concentrations (25 mM, 50 mM and 100 mM) and sand thickness (1mm, 5mm and 10 mm) was also tested. CaCO₃ was determined by FTIR and measured by chemical analysis. In addition, the hardness and integrity of the samples were observed. Agar and polyurethane support materials were found to be more effective in terms of support material for sand hardening. Increased thickness reduced the hardness and 50 mM CaCl₂ concentration was found to be optimum for these types of processes. This study shows the effects of sand hardness on innovative, environmentally friendly  and biotechnological approach optimization.

Keywords

• Bio-calcification,Bio-cement,Agar,Polyurethane,Filter paper

Supporting Institution

TUBİTAK

Project Number

2209A

Thanks

The authors wish to thank TUBITAK for financial support under 2209A programme.

References

1. [1]Alam, A. Naseer, and Shah A. 2015. Economical stabilization of clay for earth buildings construction in rainy and flood prone areas. Construction and Building Materials, v77 :154–159. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.046)
2. [2]Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ekonomi Bakanlığı İhracat Genel Müdürlüğü Kimya Ürünleri ve Özel İhracat Daire Başkanlığı. “Çimento Sektör Raporu”. Ankara, Turkey, 2016. (https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5b87000813b8761450e18d7b/Cimento.pdf)
3. [3] Wiktor V. and Jonkers, H. M. 2011. Quantification of crack-healing in novel bacteria-based self-healing concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 33 (7) : 763–770. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.03.012)
4. [4] Türkkan A. 2015.Çimento Fabrikalarının Sağlık Etkileri". Türk Tabipler Birliği Bursa Tabip Odası, Bursa, Turkey, 1-36. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alpaslan_Turkkan/publication/312627595_Cimento_Fabrikalarinin_Saglik_Etkileri/links/58872dfe4585150dde4c8903/Cimento-Fabrikalarinin-Saglik-Etkileri.pdf
5. [5] Minke G.2012.Building With Earth Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture. Birkhauser Basel: Walter de Gruyter.
6. [6] Fjørtoft J. and Sageie J. 2000. The natural environment as a playground for children. Landscape and Urban Planning, 48 (1) : 83–97. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00045-1)
7. [7] Taya M. 2003. Bio-inspired design of intelligent materials. Smart Structures and Materials 2003: Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD), 50 (51): 54–66.https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/5051/0000/Bio-inspired-design-of-intelligent-materials/10.1117/12.484425.short
8. [8] Siddique R.and Chahal N.K. 2011. Effect of ureolytic bacteria on concrete properties. Construction and Building Materials 25 (10): 3791–3801.( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.010)

9. [9] Olivera-Severo D., Wassermann G., and Carlini C.2006. Bacillus pasteurii urease shares with plant ureases the ability to induce aggregation of blood platelets. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 452 (2) : 149–155. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2006.06.001)
10. [10] Stocks-Fischer S. , Galinat J.K., and Bang S.S. 1999 .Microbiological precipitation of CaCO3. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 31( 11): 1563–1571. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00082-6)
11. [11] Yoon J. H., Lee K. C., Weiss N., Kho Y. H., Kang K. H., and Park Y. H.2001. Sporosarcina aquimarina sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from seawater in Korea, and transfer of Bacillus globisporus (Larkin and Stokes 1967), Bacillus psychrophilus (Nakamura 1984) and Bacillus pasteurii (Chester 1898) to the genus Sporosarcina as Sporosarcina globispora comb. nov., Sporosarcina psychrophila comb. nov. and Sporosarcina pasteurii comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Sporosarcina,” International Journal Of Systematic And Evolutionary Microbiology, 51( 3): 1079–1086. (https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-51-3-1079)
12. [12] Wiley W. R., Stokes J. L. 1962. Requirement of an alkaline pH and ammonia for substrate oxidation by Bacillus pasteuri. Journal of Bacteriology, 84(4):730-734.(https://jb.asm.org/content/jb/84/4/730.full.pdf)
13. [13] Chunxiang Q., Jianyun W., Ruixing R., and Liang C.2009.Corrosion protection of cement-based building materials by surface deposition of CaCO3 by Bacillus pasteurii. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 29(4): 1273–1280.(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2008.10.025)
14. [14] Wang J, Tittelboom K. V., Belie N. D., and Verstraete W. 2012. Use of silica gel or polyurethane immobilized bacteria for self-healing concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 26 (1): 532–540. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.054)
15. [15] Jonkers H.M., Schlangen E. 2007. Crack repair by concrete-immobilized bacteria. In Proceedings of the first international conference on Self Healing Materials, Noordwijk aan Zee, The Netherlands, 18-20 April. (http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-6250-6/documents/9.pdf)
16. [16] Eryürük K., Yang S., Suzuki D. ,Sakaguchi X., Akatsuka T., Tsuchiya T., and Katayama A.2015. Reducing hydraulic conductivity of porous media using CaCO3 precipitation induced by Sporosarcina pasteurii. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 119 (3): 331–336. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.08.009)
17. [17]. Webbook.nist.gov. (2019). Calcium carbonate (precipitated). [online] Available at: https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C471341&Mask=80) [Accessed 1 Apr. 2019]. (https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C471341&Mask=80)
18. [18]Sarmast M., Farpoor M.H., Sarcheshmehpoor M., Eghbal M.K..2014. Micromorphological and biocalcification effects of Sporosarcina pasteurii and Sporosarcina ureae in sandy soil columns. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 16 (3): 681-693. http://mjms.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7564-en.pdf
19. [19] Bhaduri S., Debnath N., Mitra S., Liu Y., and Kumar A. 2016. Microbiologically Induced Calcite Precipitation Mediated by Sporosarcina pasteurii. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 110:54-63.(https://doi.org/10.3791/53253)
20. [20] Okwadha G.D. and Li J. 2010. Optimum conditions for microbial carbonate precipitation Chemosphere, 81 (9). 1143–1148. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.066)
21. [21] AchalV., Mukherjee A., Reddy M.S.2010. Microbial concrete: way to enhance the durability of building structures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 23, (6): 730-734. https://ascelibrary.org/doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000159