Yetişkin Memeli Beyninde Nörogenez ve Koku Duyusu ile İlişkisi

Öz

Amaç: Bu derlemenin amacı; beyindeki nörogenez merkezleri, bu merkezlerin mikro mimarisi, nörogenezi etkileyen faktörleri, nöroblastların göç etmeleri, farklılaşmaları ve olgun nöron oluşturma mekanizmaları hakkında bilgiler sunmaktadır. İnsan ve diğer memeliler arasındaki farklara değinilerek nörogenez ve koku duyusu arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma, yetişkin memeli beyninde nörogenez ve koku duyusu hakkında literatür taraması yapılarak derlenmiştir. Bulgular: Nörogenez, kök hücrelerin bölünüp farklılaşarak yeni nöron üretmesidir. Yetişkin memeli beyninde nörogenezin varlığı gösterilmiştir. Beyinde, Subventriküler zon (SVZ) ve Subgranüler zon (SGZ) iki ana nöral kök hücre topluluğu olarak bilinmektedir. Bu bölgelerdeki nöral kök hücreler bölünüp farklılaşarak nöroblastları meydana getirmektedir. Nöroblastlar göç ederek hedef bölgelerinde olgun nöron halini almaktadırlar. SVZ’de üretilen nöroblastlar olfaktör bulbusta, SGZ’de üretilenler ise hipokampusun granüler katmanında olgun nöron olarak işlev görmektedir. Koku duyusu, burunda olfaktör epitelde başlamaktadır. Olfaktör epitelde koku molekülleri, kendilerine özgü reseptörlerine bağlanarak, olfaktör duyu nöronlarında sinirsel uyarıyı başlatmaktadır. Sinirsel uyarı beyinde önce olfaktör bulbusta işlenmekte daha sonra koku merkezlerine iletilmektedir. Koku bilgisinin iletildiği yapılar arasında; priform korteks, ön koku alma çekirdeği, koku alma tüberkülü, amigdala, hipotalamus, orbitofrontal korteks, entorinal korteks ve hipokampus bulunmaktadır. Sonuç: Yetişkin memeli beyninde nörogenez ile meydana gelen yeni nöronlar, koku duyusu alanları ile doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak bağlantı kurmaktadır. Yeni nöronlar olfaktör bulbusta ara nöron halini alarak doğrudan koku duyusuyla ilişki kurarken, hipokampustaki yeni nöronlar koku hafızası oluşumunda dolaylı olarak katkı sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• nörogenez
• koku alma sistemi
• beyin
• kök hücre

Neurogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Brain and Its Relationship to the Sense of Smell

Öz

Objectives: The aim of this review is to provide information about neurogenesis centers in the brain, microarchitecture of these centers, factors affecting neurogenesis, migration and differentiation of neuroblasts and mechanisms of mature neuron formation. It is aimed to examine the relationship between neurogenesis and the sense of smell by mentioning the differences between humans and other mammals. Material and Methods: This study was compiled by reviewing the literature on neurogenesis and the sense of smell in the adult mammalian brain. Results: Neurogenesis is the production of new neurons by stem cells dividing and differentiating. The existence of neurogenesis has been demonstrated in the adult mammalian brain. In the brain, Subventricular zone (SVZ) and Subgranular zone (SGZ) are known as two main neural stem cell populations. Neural stem cells in these regions divide and differentiate to form neuroblasts. Neuroblasts migrate and become mature neurons in their target areas. Neuroblasts produced in the SVZ function as mature neurons in the olfactory bulb, and those produced in the SGZ function as mature neurons in the granular layer of the hippocampus. The sense of smell begins in the olfactory epithelium in the nose. In the olfactory epithelium, odor molecules bind to their specific receptors and initiate neural stimulation in olfactory sensory neurons. The neural stimulus is first processed in the olfactory bulb in the brain and then transmitted to the olfactory centers. Among the structures through which odor information is transmitted, pyriform cortex, anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, hypothalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Conclusion: New neurons formed through neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain establish direct or indirect connections with olfactory areas. While new neurons become interneurons in the olfactory bulb and directly establish a relationship with the sense of smell, new neurons in the hippocampus indirectly contribute to the formation of olfactory memory.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Neurogenesis
• Oldfactory System
• Brain
• Stem Cell

Kaynakça

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