Determination of the Relationship Between Three-Factor Eating Scale and Chronotypes in Healthcare Workers
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 467 - 475
Mısra Beste Köleoğlu
,
Emre Batuhan Kenger
Öz
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and chronotypes of healthcare workers.
Material and Method: This study was conducted between April and May 2023 on 261 healthcare workers. An online questionnaire form consisting of a general information section, Three-Factor Nutrition Questionnaire and Morning and Evening Questionnaire questions was applied to the participants via Google Forms.
Results: The age and body mass index of the morning people was found to be significantly higher (p<0.05). The cognitive restraint behaviour sub-score of the evening individuals was found to be significantly lower than the morning and intermediate types (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The chronotypes of healthcare workers were similar to the general population. In addition, it was observed that healthcare workers exhibited nutritional attitudes such as uncontrolled eating and cognitive restriction, which may cause eating behaviour disorder.
Etik Beyan
Ethics committee approval for this study was obtained from Istanbul Bahçeşehir University Ethics Committee (Meeting Date: 25.01.2023, No: 20021704-604.02.02-56144) and the study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki
Kaynakça
- Adan, A., Archer, S. N., Hidalgo, M. P., Di Milia, L., Natale, V., Randler, C. (2012). Circadian typology: a comprehensive review. Chronobiology international, 29(9), 1153-1175. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2012.719971.
- Anothaisintawee, T., Lertrattananon, D., Thamakaison, S., Thakkinstian, A., Reutrakul, S. (2018). The relationship among morningness-eveningness, sleep duration, social jetlag, and body mass index in Asian patients with prediabetes. Frontiers in endocrinology, 9, 435. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00435
- Aoun, C., Nassar, L., Soumi, S., El Osta, N., Papazian, T., Rabbaa Khabbaz, L. (2019). The cognitive, behavioral, and emotional aspects of eating habits and association with impulsivity, chronotype, anxiety, and depression: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 204. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00204
- Arora, T., Taheri, S. (2015). Associations among late chronotype, body mass index and dietary behaviors in young adolescents. International journal of obesity, 39(1), 39-44. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2014.157
- Aykut, M. K. (2018) Duygusal yeme davranışlarının yeme bozukluğu ve beslenme durumu ile ilişkisi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Beaulieu, K., Oustric, P., Alkahtani, S., Alhussain, M., Pedersen, H., Salling Quist, J., ... Finlayson, G. (2020). Impact of meal timing and chronotype on food reward and appetite control in young adults. Nutrients, 12(5), 1506. doi: 10.3390/nu12051506
- Braet, C., Claus, L., Goossens, L., Moens, E., Van Vlierberghe, L., Soetens, B. (2008). Differences in eating style between overweight and normal-weight youngsters. Journal of health psychology, 13(6), 733-743. doi: 10.1177/1359105308093850
- de Punder, K., Heim, C., Entringer, S. (2019). Association between chronotype and body mass index: The role of C-reactive protein and the cortisol response to stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 109, 104388. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104388
- Demir, H. P., Elkin, N., Barut, A. Y., Bayram, H. M., Averi, S. (2017). Vardiyalı Çalışan Sağlık Personelinin Uyku Süresi ve Beslenme Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, (2), 89-107.
- Druiven, S. J. M., Riese, H., Kamphuis, J., Haarman, B. C. M., Antypa, N., Penninx, B. W. J. H., ... Meesters, Y. (2021). Chronotype changes with age; seven-year follow-up from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety cohort. Journal of affective disorders, 295, 1118-1121. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.095
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior research methods, 39(2), 175-191. doi: 10.3758/bf03193146
- Fischer, D., Lombardi, D. A., Marucci-Wellman, H., Roenneberg, T. (2017). Chronotypes in the US–influence of age and sex. PloS one, 12(6), e0178782. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178782
- Garcez, M. R., de Castro, M. A., Cesar, C. L. G., Goldbaum, M., Fisberg, R. M. (2021). A chrononutrition perspective of diet quality and eating behaviors of Brazilian adolescents in associated with sleep duration. Chronobiology international, 38(3), 387-399. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1851704
- Guerrero-Vargas, N. N., Espitia-Bautista, E., Buijs, R. M., Escobar, C. (2018). Shift-work: is time of eating determining metabolic health? Evidence from animal models. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 77(3), 199-215. doi: 10.1017/S0029665117004128.
- Horne, J. A., Ostberg, O. (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. International journal of chronobiology, 4(2), 97-110.
- Hulsegge, G., Picavet, H. S. J., van der Beek, A. J., Verschuren, W. M., Twisk, J. W., Proper, K. I. (2019). Shift work, chronotype and the risk of cardiometabolic risk factors. European journal of public health, 29(1), 128-134. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cky092
- James, S. M., Honn, K. A., Gaddameedhi, S., Van Dongen, H. P. (2017). Shift work: disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep—implications for health and well-being. Current sleep medicine reports, 3, 104-112. doi: 10.1007/s40675-017-0071-6
- Jiang, J., Chen, G., Song, X., Lu, J., Wang, J., Ding, F., ... Mei, J. (2024). Effects of chronotype on sleep, mood and cardiovascular circadian rhythms in rotating night shift medical workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 97(4), 461-471. doi: 10.1007/s00420-024-02060-4
- Kıraç, D., Kaspar, E. Ç., Avcılar, T., Çakır, Ö. K., Ulucan, K., Kurtel, H., ... Güney, A. İ. (2015). Obeziteyle ilişkili beslenme alışkanlıklarının araştırılmasında yeni bir yöntem “Üç faktörlü beslenme anketi”. Clinical and
Experimental Health Sciences, 5(3), 162-169. doi: 10.5455/musbed.20150602015512
- Kivelä, L., Papadopoulos, M. R., Antypa, N. (2018). Chronotype and psychiatric disorders. Current sleep medicine reports, 4, 94-103. doi: 10.1007/s40675-018-0113-8
- Leung, M., Tranmer, J., Hung, E., Korsiak, J., Day, A. G., Aronson, K. J. (2016). Shift work, chronotype, and melatonin patterns among female hospital employees on day and night shifts. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention, 25(5), 830-838. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-1178
- Loef, B., Baarle, D. V., Van Der Beek, A. J., Beekhof, P. K., Van Kerkhof, L. W., Proper, K. I. (2019). The association between exposure to different aspects of shift work and metabolic risk factors in health care workers, and the role of chronotype. PLoS One, 14(2), e0211557. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211557
- Lucassen, E. A., Zhao, X., Rother, K. I., Mattingly, M. S., Courville, A. B., De Jonge, L., ... Sleep Extension Study Group. (2013). Evening chronotype is associated with changes in eating behavior, more sleep apnea, and increased stress hormones in short sleeping obese individuals. PloS one, 8(3), e56519. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056519
- Manohar, S., Thongprayoon, C., Cheungpasitporn, W., Mao, M. A., Herrmann, S. M. (2017). Associations of rotational shift work and night shift status with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of hypertension, 35(10), 1929-1937.doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001442.
- Maukonen, M., Kanerva, N., Partonen, T., Männistö, S. (2019). Chronotype and energy intake timing in relation to changes in anthropometrics: a 7-year follow-up study in adults. Chronobiology international, 36(1), 27-41. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1515772
- Mazri, F. H., Manaf, Z. A., Shahar, S., Mat Ludin, A. F., Abdul Basir, S. M. (2022). Development and evaluation of integrated chrono-nutrition weight reduction program among overweight/obese with morning and evening chronotypes. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(8), 4469. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19084469.
- Mendoza, J. (2019). Food intake and addictive-like eating behaviors: time to think about the circadian clock (s). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 106, 122-132. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.003
- Montaruli, A., Castelli, L., Mulè, A., Scurati, R., Esposito, F., Galasso, L., Roveda, E. (2021). Biological rhythm and chronotype: new perspectives in health. Biomolecules, 11(4), 487. doi:10.3390/biom11040487
- Pündük, Z., Gür, H., Ercan, İ. (2005). Sabahçil-Akşamcil Anketi Türkçe uyarlamasinda güvenilirlik çalişmasi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(1), 40–45.
- Randler, C., Faßl, C., Kalb, N. (2017). From Lark to Owl: developmental changes in morningness-eveningness from new-borns to early adulthood. Scientific reports, 7(1), 45874. doi: 10.1038/srep45874
- Reid, K. J., Abbott, S. M. (2015). Jet lag and shift work disorder. Sleep medicine clinics, 10(4), 523-535. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.08.006.
- Schubert, E., Randler, C. (2008). Association between chronotype and the constructs of the Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire. Appetite, 51(3), 501-505. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.03.018
- Silva, C. M., Mota, M. C., Miranda, M. T., Paim, S. L., Waterhouse, J., Crispim, C. A. (2016). Chronotype, social jetlag and sleep debt are associated with dietary intake among Brazilian undergraduate students. Chronobiology international, 33(6), 740-748. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2016.1167712
- Silva, R. M. D., Zeitoune, R. C. G., Beck, C. L. C., Martino, M. M. F. D., Prestes, F. C., & Loro, M. M. (2017). Chronotype and work shift in nursing workers of university hospitals. Revista brasileira de enfermagem, 70(5), 958-964.
- Snoek, H. M., Engels, R. C., Van Strien, T., Otten, R. (2013). Emotional, external and restrained eating behaviour and BMI trajectories in adolescence. Appetite, 67, 81-87. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.03.014
- Şen, G., Kabaran, S. (2021). Beslenme Durumunun Duygusal Yeme, Gece Yeme ve Uyku Kalitesi Üzerindeki Etkileri. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(3), 284-295. doi: 10.30934/kusbed.952227
- Taş, E., Kabaran, S. (2020). Sezgisel yeme, duygusal yeme ve depresyon: Antropometrik ölçümler üzerinde etkileri var mı? Sağlık ve Toplum. 20(3), 127-139.
- van Strien, T., Herman, C. P., Verheijden, M. W. (2014). Dietary restraint and body mass change. A 3-year follow up study in a representative Dutch sample. Appetite, 76, 44-49. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.015
- Walker, R. J., Christopher, A. N., Wieth, M. B., Buchanan, J. (2015). Personality, time-of-day preference, and eating behavior: The mediational role of morning-eveningness. Personality and individual differences, 77, 13-
17. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.026
- Xiao, Q., Garaulet, M., Scheer, F. A. (2019). Meal timing and obesity: interactions with macronutrient intake and chronotype. International journal of obesity, 43(9), 1701-1711. doi: 10.1038/s41366-018-0284-x
- Yang, H., Kim, S., Yoo, S. H., Mun, Y., Choi, M. L., Lee, J. A., … Song, E. (2024). Sleep quality according to chronotype in nurses working 8-hour shifts. Occupational Medicine, 74(4), 290-296. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqae029
Sağlık Çalışanlarında Üç Faktörlü Yeme Ölçeğiyle Kronotipleri Arasındaki İlişkinin Saptanması
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 467 - 475
Mısra Beste Köleoğlu
,
Emre Batuhan Kenger
Öz
Amaç: Bu araştırmada sağlık çalışanlarının beslenme durumları ve kronotipleri arasındaki ilişkinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma Nisan-Mayıs 2023 tarihleri aralığında 261 sağlık çalışanı üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılara; Google Forms aracılığıyla genel bilgiler bölümü, Üç Faktörlü Beslenme Anketi ve Sabahçıl-Akşamcıl Anketi sorularından oluşan bir online anket formu uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: Sabahçıl kişilerin yaşları ve beden kütle indeksleri anlamlı olarak daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Akşamcıl bireylerin bilişsel kısıtlama davranış alt puanı sabahçıl ve ara tipe göre anlamlı olarak daha düşük bulunmuştur (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Sağlık çalışanlarının kronotipleri toplumun geneli ile benzerlik göstermektedir. Ayrıca sağlık çalışanlarının kontrolsüz yeme, bilişsel kısıtlama gibi yeme davranış bozukluğuna sebep olabilecek beslenme tutumları sergiledikleri görülmüştür.
Kaynakça
- Adan, A., Archer, S. N., Hidalgo, M. P., Di Milia, L., Natale, V., Randler, C. (2012). Circadian typology: a comprehensive review. Chronobiology international, 29(9), 1153-1175. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2012.719971.
- Anothaisintawee, T., Lertrattananon, D., Thamakaison, S., Thakkinstian, A., Reutrakul, S. (2018). The relationship among morningness-eveningness, sleep duration, social jetlag, and body mass index in Asian patients with prediabetes. Frontiers in endocrinology, 9, 435. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00435
- Aoun, C., Nassar, L., Soumi, S., El Osta, N., Papazian, T., Rabbaa Khabbaz, L. (2019). The cognitive, behavioral, and emotional aspects of eating habits and association with impulsivity, chronotype, anxiety, and depression: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 204. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00204
- Arora, T., Taheri, S. (2015). Associations among late chronotype, body mass index and dietary behaviors in young adolescents. International journal of obesity, 39(1), 39-44. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2014.157
- Aykut, M. K. (2018) Duygusal yeme davranışlarının yeme bozukluğu ve beslenme durumu ile ilişkisi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Beaulieu, K., Oustric, P., Alkahtani, S., Alhussain, M., Pedersen, H., Salling Quist, J., ... Finlayson, G. (2020). Impact of meal timing and chronotype on food reward and appetite control in young adults. Nutrients, 12(5), 1506. doi: 10.3390/nu12051506
- Braet, C., Claus, L., Goossens, L., Moens, E., Van Vlierberghe, L., Soetens, B. (2008). Differences in eating style between overweight and normal-weight youngsters. Journal of health psychology, 13(6), 733-743. doi: 10.1177/1359105308093850
- de Punder, K., Heim, C., Entringer, S. (2019). Association between chronotype and body mass index: The role of C-reactive protein and the cortisol response to stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 109, 104388. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104388
- Demir, H. P., Elkin, N., Barut, A. Y., Bayram, H. M., Averi, S. (2017). Vardiyalı Çalışan Sağlık Personelinin Uyku Süresi ve Beslenme Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, (2), 89-107.
- Druiven, S. J. M., Riese, H., Kamphuis, J., Haarman, B. C. M., Antypa, N., Penninx, B. W. J. H., ... Meesters, Y. (2021). Chronotype changes with age; seven-year follow-up from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety cohort. Journal of affective disorders, 295, 1118-1121. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.095
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior research methods, 39(2), 175-191. doi: 10.3758/bf03193146
- Fischer, D., Lombardi, D. A., Marucci-Wellman, H., Roenneberg, T. (2017). Chronotypes in the US–influence of age and sex. PloS one, 12(6), e0178782. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178782
- Garcez, M. R., de Castro, M. A., Cesar, C. L. G., Goldbaum, M., Fisberg, R. M. (2021). A chrononutrition perspective of diet quality and eating behaviors of Brazilian adolescents in associated with sleep duration. Chronobiology international, 38(3), 387-399. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1851704
- Guerrero-Vargas, N. N., Espitia-Bautista, E., Buijs, R. M., Escobar, C. (2018). Shift-work: is time of eating determining metabolic health? Evidence from animal models. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 77(3), 199-215. doi: 10.1017/S0029665117004128.
- Horne, J. A., Ostberg, O. (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. International journal of chronobiology, 4(2), 97-110.
- Hulsegge, G., Picavet, H. S. J., van der Beek, A. J., Verschuren, W. M., Twisk, J. W., Proper, K. I. (2019). Shift work, chronotype and the risk of cardiometabolic risk factors. European journal of public health, 29(1), 128-134. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cky092
- James, S. M., Honn, K. A., Gaddameedhi, S., Van Dongen, H. P. (2017). Shift work: disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep—implications for health and well-being. Current sleep medicine reports, 3, 104-112. doi: 10.1007/s40675-017-0071-6
- Jiang, J., Chen, G., Song, X., Lu, J., Wang, J., Ding, F., ... Mei, J. (2024). Effects of chronotype on sleep, mood and cardiovascular circadian rhythms in rotating night shift medical workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 97(4), 461-471. doi: 10.1007/s00420-024-02060-4
- Kıraç, D., Kaspar, E. Ç., Avcılar, T., Çakır, Ö. K., Ulucan, K., Kurtel, H., ... Güney, A. İ. (2015). Obeziteyle ilişkili beslenme alışkanlıklarının araştırılmasında yeni bir yöntem “Üç faktörlü beslenme anketi”. Clinical and
Experimental Health Sciences, 5(3), 162-169. doi: 10.5455/musbed.20150602015512
- Kivelä, L., Papadopoulos, M. R., Antypa, N. (2018). Chronotype and psychiatric disorders. Current sleep medicine reports, 4, 94-103. doi: 10.1007/s40675-018-0113-8
- Leung, M., Tranmer, J., Hung, E., Korsiak, J., Day, A. G., Aronson, K. J. (2016). Shift work, chronotype, and melatonin patterns among female hospital employees on day and night shifts. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention, 25(5), 830-838. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-1178
- Loef, B., Baarle, D. V., Van Der Beek, A. J., Beekhof, P. K., Van Kerkhof, L. W., Proper, K. I. (2019). The association between exposure to different aspects of shift work and metabolic risk factors in health care workers, and the role of chronotype. PLoS One, 14(2), e0211557. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211557
- Lucassen, E. A., Zhao, X., Rother, K. I., Mattingly, M. S., Courville, A. B., De Jonge, L., ... Sleep Extension Study Group. (2013). Evening chronotype is associated with changes in eating behavior, more sleep apnea, and increased stress hormones in short sleeping obese individuals. PloS one, 8(3), e56519. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056519
- Manohar, S., Thongprayoon, C., Cheungpasitporn, W., Mao, M. A., Herrmann, S. M. (2017). Associations of rotational shift work and night shift status with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of hypertension, 35(10), 1929-1937.doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001442.
- Maukonen, M., Kanerva, N., Partonen, T., Männistö, S. (2019). Chronotype and energy intake timing in relation to changes in anthropometrics: a 7-year follow-up study in adults. Chronobiology international, 36(1), 27-41. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1515772
- Mazri, F. H., Manaf, Z. A., Shahar, S., Mat Ludin, A. F., Abdul Basir, S. M. (2022). Development and evaluation of integrated chrono-nutrition weight reduction program among overweight/obese with morning and evening chronotypes. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(8), 4469. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19084469.
- Mendoza, J. (2019). Food intake and addictive-like eating behaviors: time to think about the circadian clock (s). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 106, 122-132. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.003
- Montaruli, A., Castelli, L., Mulè, A., Scurati, R., Esposito, F., Galasso, L., Roveda, E. (2021). Biological rhythm and chronotype: new perspectives in health. Biomolecules, 11(4), 487. doi:10.3390/biom11040487
- Pündük, Z., Gür, H., Ercan, İ. (2005). Sabahçil-Akşamcil Anketi Türkçe uyarlamasinda güvenilirlik çalişmasi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(1), 40–45.
- Randler, C., Faßl, C., Kalb, N. (2017). From Lark to Owl: developmental changes in morningness-eveningness from new-borns to early adulthood. Scientific reports, 7(1), 45874. doi: 10.1038/srep45874
- Reid, K. J., Abbott, S. M. (2015). Jet lag and shift work disorder. Sleep medicine clinics, 10(4), 523-535. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.08.006.
- Schubert, E., Randler, C. (2008). Association between chronotype and the constructs of the Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire. Appetite, 51(3), 501-505. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.03.018
- Silva, C. M., Mota, M. C., Miranda, M. T., Paim, S. L., Waterhouse, J., Crispim, C. A. (2016). Chronotype, social jetlag and sleep debt are associated with dietary intake among Brazilian undergraduate students. Chronobiology international, 33(6), 740-748. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2016.1167712
- Silva, R. M. D., Zeitoune, R. C. G., Beck, C. L. C., Martino, M. M. F. D., Prestes, F. C., & Loro, M. M. (2017). Chronotype and work shift in nursing workers of university hospitals. Revista brasileira de enfermagem, 70(5), 958-964.
- Snoek, H. M., Engels, R. C., Van Strien, T., Otten, R. (2013). Emotional, external and restrained eating behaviour and BMI trajectories in adolescence. Appetite, 67, 81-87. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.03.014
- Şen, G., Kabaran, S. (2021). Beslenme Durumunun Duygusal Yeme, Gece Yeme ve Uyku Kalitesi Üzerindeki Etkileri. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(3), 284-295. doi: 10.30934/kusbed.952227
- Taş, E., Kabaran, S. (2020). Sezgisel yeme, duygusal yeme ve depresyon: Antropometrik ölçümler üzerinde etkileri var mı? Sağlık ve Toplum. 20(3), 127-139.
- van Strien, T., Herman, C. P., Verheijden, M. W. (2014). Dietary restraint and body mass change. A 3-year follow up study in a representative Dutch sample. Appetite, 76, 44-49. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.015
- Walker, R. J., Christopher, A. N., Wieth, M. B., Buchanan, J. (2015). Personality, time-of-day preference, and eating behavior: The mediational role of morning-eveningness. Personality and individual differences, 77, 13-
17. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.026
- Xiao, Q., Garaulet, M., Scheer, F. A. (2019). Meal timing and obesity: interactions with macronutrient intake and chronotype. International journal of obesity, 43(9), 1701-1711. doi: 10.1038/s41366-018-0284-x
- Yang, H., Kim, S., Yoo, S. H., Mun, Y., Choi, M. L., Lee, J. A., … Song, E. (2024). Sleep quality according to chronotype in nurses working 8-hour shifts. Occupational Medicine, 74(4), 290-296. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqae029