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Karın Ağrısı ile Acil Servise Başvuran Hastalarda Hospitalizasyonu Öngörmede İmmatür Granülosit Değerleri ve C-Reaktif Proteinin Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 135 - 147, 15.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1836596
https://izlik.org/JA43TE56PK

Öz

Özet
Giriş: İmmatür granülosit sayısı (IGc) ve yüzdesi (IG%), yeni gelişen inflamatuvar belirteçler arasında yer almakla birlikte, acil serviste ayırıcı tanısı konmamış karın ağrısında erken dönemdeki prognostik değerleri hâlâ belirsizdir. Bu çalışmada IGc, IG% ve C-reaktif protein (CRP) düzeylerinin hospitalizasyon ve cerrahi müdahale gereksinimini öngörmedeki performanslarını karşılaştırmak amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu prospektif gözlemsel çalışmaya karın ağrısı ile başvuran yetişkin acil servis hastaları dahil edilmiştir. Öngörü doğruluğu ROC analizi ile değerlendirilmiş ve AUC değerleri DeLong testi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Hospitalizasyonun bağımsız belirleyicileri, IG düzeyleri, CRP ve temel klinik değişkenler ile ayarlanan çok değişkenli lojistik regresyon analizi ile belirlenmiştir.
Bulgular: Toplam 526 hasta analiz edilmiştir. Hastaneye yatırılan hastaların CRP, IG sayısı ve IG% düzeyleri anlamlı olarak daha yüksektir (tümü p<0,001). Hospitalizasyonu öngörmede en güçlü belirteç CRP olmuştur (AUC=0,728). IG sayısı (AUC=0,673) ve IG% (AUC=0,619) ise daha sınırlı performans göstermiştir. Cerrahi tedavi uygulanan hastalarda tüm belirteçler yüksek seyretmiş olsa da ayırıcı performansları zayıf kalmıştır. Çok değişkenli analizde CRP ve IG sayısı hospitalizasyonun bağımsız belirleyicileri olarak kalırken, IG% anlamlılığını korumamıştır.
Sonuç: IG yüzdesinin prognostik değeri sınırlı görünmekle birlikte, IG sayısı CRP ve klinik bulgularla birlikte değerlendirildiğinde bağımsız bir risk faktörü olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak IG%, IG sayısı ve CRP’nin hiçbiri cerrahi gereksinimini güvenilir biçimde öngörememiştir. Bu durum, acil serviste karın ağrısı yönetiminde kapsamlı klinik değerlendirme ve görüntülemenin önemini sürdürdüğünü göstermektedir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı, Ankara Etlik Şehir Hastanesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan alınmıştır(AEŞH-EK1-2023-356) .

Kaynakça

  • 1. Vaghef-Davari F, Ahmadi-Amoli H, Sharifi A, Teymouri F, Paprouschi N. Approach to Acute Abdominal Pain: Practical Algorithms. Adv J Emerg Med. 2019;4(2):e29.
  • 2. Breidthardt T, Brunner-Schaub N, Balmelli C, Insenser JJS, Burri-Winkler K, Geigy N, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers and clinical judgment in the emergency diagnosis of urgent abdominal pain. Clin Chem. 2019;65(2):302-12.
  • 3. Karakulak S, Narci H, Ayrik C, Erdoğan S, Üçbilek E. The prognostic value of immature granulocyte in patients with acute pancreatitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2021:44:203-7.
  • 4. Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, et al. Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(7):102567.
  • 5. Narci H, Berkesoglu M, Ucbilek E, Ayrik C. The usefulness of the percentage of immature granulocytes in predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;46:646-50.
  • 6. Ünal Y, Barlas AM. Role of increased immature granulocyte percentage in the early prediction of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2019;25(2):177-82.
  • 7. Soh JS, Lim SW. Delta neutrophil index as a prognostic marker in emergent abdominal surgery. J Clin Lab Anal. 2019;33(6):e22895.
  • 8. Börner N, Kappenberger AS, Weber S, Scholz F, Kazmierczak P, Werner J. The Acute Abdomen: Structured Diagnosis and Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2025;122(5):137-44.
  • 9. Gans SL, Atema JJ, Stoker J, Toorenvliet BR, Laurell H, Boermeester MA. C-reactive protein and white blood cell count as triage test between urgent and nonurgent conditions in 2961 patients with acute abdominal pain. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(9):e569.
  • 10. Paolillo C, Spallino I; Gruppo di Autoformazione Metodologica (GrAM). Can C-reactive protein and white blood cell count alone rule out an urgent condition in acute abdominal pain? Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11(1):141-2.
  • 11. Güler O, Bozan MB, Alkan Baylan F, Öter S. The utility of immature granulocyte count and percentage in the prediction of acute appendicitis according to the Alvarado scoring system: A retrospective cohort study. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2022;33(10):891-8.
  • 12. Jeon K, Lee N, Jeong S, Park MJ, Song W. Immature granulocyte percentage for prediction of sepsis in severe burn patients: A machine learning-based approach. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1258.
  • 13. Özcan P, Çatak Aİ. Immature granulocyte percentage as a practical marker of acute inflammation in pediatric familial Mediterranean fever: A retrospective observational case-control study. Clin Rheumatol. 2025;44(11):4629-36.
  • 14. Ayres LS, Sgnaolin V, Munhoz TP. Immature granulocytes index as early marker of sepsis. Int J Lab Hematol. 2019;41(3):392-6.
  • 15. Senthilnayagam B, Kumar T, Sukumaran J, Rao KR. Automated measurement of immature granulocytes: Performance characteristics and utility in routine clinical practice. Patholog Res Int. 2012;2012:483670.
  • 16. Dadeh A. Factors associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with acute abdominal pain visiting the emergency department. BMC Emerg Med. 2022;22(1):195.
  • 17. Mocanu V, Dang JT, Switzer N, Madsen K, Birch DW, Karmali S. Sex and race predict adverse outcomes following bariatric surgery: An MBSAQIP analysis. Obes Surg. 2020;30(3):1093-101.
  • 18. Guzikevits M, Gordon-Hecker T, Rekhtman D, Salameh S, Israel S, Shayo M, et al. Sex bias in pain management decisions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024;121(33):e2401331121.
  • 19. Mathews EK, Griffin RL, Mortellaro V, Beierle EA, Harmon CM, Chen MK, et al. Utility of immature granulocyte percentage in pediatric appendicitis. J Surg Res. 2014;190(1):230-4.
  • 20. Velissaris D, Karanikolas M, Pantzaris N, Kipourgos G, Bampalis V, Karanikola K, et al. Acute abdominal pain assessment in the emergency department: Experience of a Greek university hospital. J Clin Med Res. 2017;9(12):987-93.

Comparison of Immature Granulocyte Values and C-Reactive Protein in Predicting Hospitalization Among Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Abdominal Pain

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 135 - 147, 15.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1836596
https://izlik.org/JA43TE56PK

Öz

Abstract
Introducdion: Immature granulocyte count (IGc) and percentage (IG%) are emerging inflammatory markers, yet their early prognostic value in undifferentiated abdominal pain in the emergency department (ED) remains unclear. In this study we aimed to compare the predictive performance of IGc, IG%, and C-reactive protein (CRP) for hospitalization and surgical intervention.
Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study included adult ED patients presenting with abdominal pain. Predictive accuracy was assessed using ROC analysis with AUC values compared by the DeLong test. Independent predictors of hospitalization were identified using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for IG levels, CRP and key clinical variables.
Results: A total of 526 patients were analyzed. Hospitalized patients had higher CRP, IG count, and IG% levels (all p<0.001). CRP showed the strongest predictive value for hospitalization (AUC=0.728), while IG count (AUC=0.673) and IG% (AUC=0.619) demonstrated limited performance. All markers were elevated in surgically treated patients but showed poor discriminatory ability. In multivariable analysis, CRP and IG count remained independent predictors of hospitalization, whereas IG% did not retain significance.
Conclusion: Although the prognostic value of IG percentage remained limited, the absolute IG count appeared to be an independent risk factor when considered alongside CRP and clinical findings. However, none of the markers—IG%, IG count, or CRP—reliably identified patients requiring surgery, emphasizing the continued need for comprehensive clinical assessment and imaging in ED abdominal pain management.

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ankara Etlik City Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee (AEŞH-EK1-2023-356).

Kaynakça

  • 1. Vaghef-Davari F, Ahmadi-Amoli H, Sharifi A, Teymouri F, Paprouschi N. Approach to Acute Abdominal Pain: Practical Algorithms. Adv J Emerg Med. 2019;4(2):e29.
  • 2. Breidthardt T, Brunner-Schaub N, Balmelli C, Insenser JJS, Burri-Winkler K, Geigy N, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers and clinical judgment in the emergency diagnosis of urgent abdominal pain. Clin Chem. 2019;65(2):302-12.
  • 3. Karakulak S, Narci H, Ayrik C, Erdoğan S, Üçbilek E. The prognostic value of immature granulocyte in patients with acute pancreatitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2021:44:203-7.
  • 4. Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, et al. Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(7):102567.
  • 5. Narci H, Berkesoglu M, Ucbilek E, Ayrik C. The usefulness of the percentage of immature granulocytes in predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;46:646-50.
  • 6. Ünal Y, Barlas AM. Role of increased immature granulocyte percentage in the early prediction of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2019;25(2):177-82.
  • 7. Soh JS, Lim SW. Delta neutrophil index as a prognostic marker in emergent abdominal surgery. J Clin Lab Anal. 2019;33(6):e22895.
  • 8. Börner N, Kappenberger AS, Weber S, Scholz F, Kazmierczak P, Werner J. The Acute Abdomen: Structured Diagnosis and Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2025;122(5):137-44.
  • 9. Gans SL, Atema JJ, Stoker J, Toorenvliet BR, Laurell H, Boermeester MA. C-reactive protein and white blood cell count as triage test between urgent and nonurgent conditions in 2961 patients with acute abdominal pain. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(9):e569.
  • 10. Paolillo C, Spallino I; Gruppo di Autoformazione Metodologica (GrAM). Can C-reactive protein and white blood cell count alone rule out an urgent condition in acute abdominal pain? Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11(1):141-2.
  • 11. Güler O, Bozan MB, Alkan Baylan F, Öter S. The utility of immature granulocyte count and percentage in the prediction of acute appendicitis according to the Alvarado scoring system: A retrospective cohort study. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2022;33(10):891-8.
  • 12. Jeon K, Lee N, Jeong S, Park MJ, Song W. Immature granulocyte percentage for prediction of sepsis in severe burn patients: A machine learning-based approach. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1258.
  • 13. Özcan P, Çatak Aİ. Immature granulocyte percentage as a practical marker of acute inflammation in pediatric familial Mediterranean fever: A retrospective observational case-control study. Clin Rheumatol. 2025;44(11):4629-36.
  • 14. Ayres LS, Sgnaolin V, Munhoz TP. Immature granulocytes index as early marker of sepsis. Int J Lab Hematol. 2019;41(3):392-6.
  • 15. Senthilnayagam B, Kumar T, Sukumaran J, Rao KR. Automated measurement of immature granulocytes: Performance characteristics and utility in routine clinical practice. Patholog Res Int. 2012;2012:483670.
  • 16. Dadeh A. Factors associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with acute abdominal pain visiting the emergency department. BMC Emerg Med. 2022;22(1):195.
  • 17. Mocanu V, Dang JT, Switzer N, Madsen K, Birch DW, Karmali S. Sex and race predict adverse outcomes following bariatric surgery: An MBSAQIP analysis. Obes Surg. 2020;30(3):1093-101.
  • 18. Guzikevits M, Gordon-Hecker T, Rekhtman D, Salameh S, Israel S, Shayo M, et al. Sex bias in pain management decisions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024;121(33):e2401331121.
  • 19. Mathews EK, Griffin RL, Mortellaro V, Beierle EA, Harmon CM, Chen MK, et al. Utility of immature granulocyte percentage in pediatric appendicitis. J Surg Res. 2014;190(1):230-4.
  • 20. Velissaris D, Karanikolas M, Pantzaris N, Kipourgos G, Bampalis V, Karanikola K, et al. Acute abdominal pain assessment in the emergency department: Experience of a Greek university hospital. J Clin Med Res. 2017;9(12):987-93.
Toplam 20 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Acil Tıp
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Tuba Şafak 0000-0001-7329-1513

Ahmet Burak Erdem 0000-0002-3618-6252

Gülşah Çıkrıkçı Işık 0000-0002-6067-7051

Nur Vahapoğlu Vural 0009-0003-4391-0477

Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Şubat 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1836596
IZ https://izlik.org/JA43TE56PK
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Şafak, T., Erdem, A. B., Çıkrıkçı Işık, G., & Vahapoğlu Vural, N. (2026). Comparison of Immature Granulocyte Values and C-Reactive Protein in Predicting Hospitalization Among Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Abdominal Pain. Bozok Tıp Dergisi, 16(1), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1836596
AMA 1.Şafak T, Erdem AB, Çıkrıkçı Işık G, Vahapoğlu Vural N. Comparison of Immature Granulocyte Values and C-Reactive Protein in Predicting Hospitalization Among Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Abdominal Pain. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. 2026;16(1):135-147. doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1836596
Chicago Şafak, Tuba, Ahmet Burak Erdem, Gülşah Çıkrıkçı Işık, ve Nur Vahapoğlu Vural. 2026. “Comparison of Immature Granulocyte Values and C-Reactive Protein in Predicting Hospitalization Among Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Abdominal Pain”. Bozok Tıp Dergisi 16 (1): 135-47. https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1836596.
EndNote Şafak T, Erdem AB, Çıkrıkçı Işık G, Vahapoğlu Vural N (01 Mart 2026) Comparison of Immature Granulocyte Values and C-Reactive Protein in Predicting Hospitalization Among Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Abdominal Pain. Bozok Tıp Dergisi 16 1 135–147.
IEEE [1]T. Şafak, A. B. Erdem, G. Çıkrıkçı Işık, ve N. Vahapoğlu Vural, “Comparison of Immature Granulocyte Values and C-Reactive Protein in Predicting Hospitalization Among Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Abdominal Pain”, Bozok Tıp Dergisi, c. 16, sy 1, ss. 135–147, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.16919/bozoktip.1836596.
ISNAD Şafak, Tuba - Erdem, Ahmet Burak - Çıkrıkçı Işık, Gülşah - Vahapoğlu Vural, Nur. “Comparison of Immature Granulocyte Values and C-Reactive Protein in Predicting Hospitalization Among Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Abdominal Pain”. Bozok Tıp Dergisi 16/1 (01 Mart 2026): 135-147. https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1836596.
JAMA 1.Şafak T, Erdem AB, Çıkrıkçı Işık G, Vahapoğlu Vural N. Comparison of Immature Granulocyte Values and C-Reactive Protein in Predicting Hospitalization Among Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Abdominal Pain. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. 2026;16:135–147.
MLA Şafak, Tuba, vd. “Comparison of Immature Granulocyte Values and C-Reactive Protein in Predicting Hospitalization Among Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Abdominal Pain”. Bozok Tıp Dergisi, c. 16, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 135-47, doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1836596.
Vancouver 1.Tuba Şafak, Ahmet Burak Erdem, Gülşah Çıkrıkçı Işık, Nur Vahapoğlu Vural. Comparison of Immature Granulocyte Values and C-Reactive Protein in Predicting Hospitalization Among Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Abdominal Pain. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. 01 Mart 2026;16(1):135-47. doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1836596
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