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COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PRETRAINED DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR THE AUTOMATIC KELLGREN-LAWRENCE GRADING OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS USING PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS

Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1 15 Mart 2026
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COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PRETRAINED DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR THE AUTOMATIC KELLGREN-LAWRENCE GRADING OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS USING PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS

Öz

Objective: Radiographic assessment of knee osteoarthritis (OA) commonly relies on the Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) grading system; however, its subjective nature leads to considerable inter- and intra-observer variability, particularly in early disease stages. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate pre-trained deep learning models for automated KL grading of knee OA from plain radiographs using an ordinal-aware learning and evaluation framework. Materials and Methods: This retrospective experimental study utilized 8,260 knee radiographs obtained from the publicly available Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) dataset, with expert-assigned KL grades ranging from 0 to 4. Five pre-trained convolutional neural network architectures (VGG-16, ResNet-50, DenseNet-121, EfficientNetB0, and InceptionV3) were implemented using transfer learning. All models were trained under identical preprocessing, augmentation, class-balancing, and hyperparameter settings to ensure fair comparison. An ordinal CORAL-based loss function was employed to model the ordered nature of KL grades. Model performance was primarily evaluated using quadratic weighted kappa (QWK), along with accuracy, balanced accuracy, macro-F1 score, ROC–AUC, and precision–recall analyses. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was conducted at clinically relevant thresholds (KL ≥ 2 and KL ≥ 3) to assess potential clinical utility. Results: Among the evaluated architectures, VGG-16 achieved the highest ordinal agreement on the independent test set (QWK = 0.830), with a macro-F1 score of 0.676 and balanced accuracy of 0.684. Overall, model performance was higher for moderate-to-severe OA stages (KL grades 3 and 4), while lower discriminative performance was observed for early-stage disease, particularly KL grade 1. Confusion matrix analysis demonstrated that most misclassifications occurred between adjacent KL grades, indicating clinically plausible ordinal behavior. Decision curve analysis revealed that the proposed ordinal deep learning model provided a consistently higher net benefit than treat-all and treat-none strategies across a wide range of threshold probabilities for both KL ≥ 2 and KL ≥ 3 scenarios. Conclusion: Ordinal-aware deep learning models can effectively perform automated KL grading of knee osteoarthritis from plain radiographs, yielding clinically meaningful and interpretable results. The proposed framework reduces observer-dependent variability and demonstrates potential as a decision-support tool for both early and advanced stages of knee OA. Further validation using multi-center datasets is warranted to enhance clinical generalizability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

YOZGAT BOZOK ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı gerekip gerekmediğinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’na başvuruda bulunulmuştur.

Teşekkür

Çalışmamızın değerlendirilmesine zaman ayıran Sayın Editör’e ve değerli hakemlere, yapıcı geri bildirimleri ve bilimsel katkıları için teşekkür ederiz. Görüş ve önerilerinin, çalışmamızın bilimsel niteliğini ve sunum kalitesini artırmada önemli katkı sağladığına inanıyoruz.

Kaynakça

  1. 1. Karataş T, Yılmaz E, Polat Ü. Osteoartrit yönetimi, yaşam kalitesi ve hemşirenin destekleyici rolü. Med J SDU. 2022;29(2):265-71.
  2. 2. Yıldız K, Çelik S, Taşkın E, Boy F, Aygün Ü. Osteoartrit tanılı hastalarda platelet indekslerinin incelenmesi. Van Saglik Bilim Derg. 2024;17(3):131-5.
  3. 3. Bilge A, Ulusoy RG, Üstebay S, Öztürk Ö. Osteoartrit. Kafkas J Med Sci. 2018;8(1):133-42.
  4. 4. Misir A, Yildiz KI, Kizkapan TB, Incesoy MA. Kellgren–Lawrence grade of osteoarthritis is associated with change in certain morphological parameters. Knee. 2020;27(3):633-41.
  5. 5. Kohn MD, Sassoon AA, Fernando ND. Classifications in brief: Kellgren–Lawrence classification of osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474(8):1886-93.
  6. 6. Zhao H, Ou L, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Liu K, Kuang J. The value of deep learning-based X-ray techniques in detecting and classifying Kellgren–Lawrence grades of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2025;35:327-40.
  7. 7. Köse Ö, Acar B, Çay F, Yilmaz B, Güler F, Yüksel HY. Inter- and intraobserver reliabilities of four different radiographic grading scales of osteoarthritis of the knee joint. J Knee Surg. 2018;31(3):247-53.
  8. 8. Li W, Xiao Z, Liu J, Feng J, Zhu D, Liao J, et al. Deep learning-assisted knee osteoarthritis automatic grading on plain radiographs: the value of multiview X-ray images and prior knowledge. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2023;13(6):3587-601.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

İç Hastalıkları, Romatoloji ve Artrit

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

15 Mart 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

8 Ocak 2026

Kabul Tarihi

24 Şubat 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
Kızılkaya, H., Ortataş, F. N., & Üreten, K. (2026). COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PRETRAINED DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR THE AUTOMATIC KELLGREN-LAWRENCE GRADING OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS USING PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS. Bozok Tıp Dergisi, 16(1), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1859321
AMA
1.Kızılkaya H, Ortataş FN, Üreten K. COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PRETRAINED DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR THE AUTOMATIC KELLGREN-LAWRENCE GRADING OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS USING PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. 2026;16(1):115-125. doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1859321
Chicago
Kızılkaya, Hafize, Fatma Nur Ortataş, ve Kemal Üreten. 2026. “COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PRETRAINED DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR THE AUTOMATIC KELLGREN-LAWRENCE GRADING OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS USING PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS”. Bozok Tıp Dergisi 16 (1): 115-25. https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1859321.
EndNote
Kızılkaya H, Ortataş FN, Üreten K (01 Mart 2026) COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PRETRAINED DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR THE AUTOMATIC KELLGREN-LAWRENCE GRADING OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS USING PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS. Bozok Tıp Dergisi 16 1 115–125.
IEEE
[1]H. Kızılkaya, F. N. Ortataş, ve K. Üreten, “COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PRETRAINED DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR THE AUTOMATIC KELLGREN-LAWRENCE GRADING OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS USING PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS”, Bozok Tıp Dergisi, c. 16, sy 1, ss. 115–125, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.16919/bozoktip.1859321.
ISNAD
Kızılkaya, Hafize - Ortataş, Fatma Nur - Üreten, Kemal. “COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PRETRAINED DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR THE AUTOMATIC KELLGREN-LAWRENCE GRADING OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS USING PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS”. Bozok Tıp Dergisi 16/1 (01 Mart 2026): 115-125. https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1859321.
JAMA
1.Kızılkaya H, Ortataş FN, Üreten K. COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PRETRAINED DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR THE AUTOMATIC KELLGREN-LAWRENCE GRADING OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS USING PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. 2026;16:115–125.
MLA
Kızılkaya, Hafize, vd. “COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PRETRAINED DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR THE AUTOMATIC KELLGREN-LAWRENCE GRADING OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS USING PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS”. Bozok Tıp Dergisi, c. 16, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 115-2, doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1859321.
Vancouver
1.Hafize Kızılkaya, Fatma Nur Ortataş, Kemal Üreten. COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PRETRAINED DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR THE AUTOMATIC KELLGREN-LAWRENCE GRADING OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS USING PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. 01 Mart 2026;16(1):115-2. doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1859321