Araştırma Makalesi

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN DURING RIGID CYSTOSCOPY: A SINGLE-SURGEON EXPERIENCE UNDER STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS

Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3 25 Eylül 2026
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FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN DURING RIGID CYSTOSCOPY: A SINGLE-SURGEON EXPERIENCE UNDER STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS

Öz

Objective: Pain during cystoscopy remains an important clinical concern, particularly in male patients undergoing rigid cystoscopy under local anesthesia. This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with pain during rigid cystoscopy performed under standardized conditions and to identify independent predictors of severe pain.
Material and Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, a total of 123 male patients who underwent rigid cystoscopy between October 2024 and December 2025 were analyzed. All procedures were performed by a single urologist using identical instrumentation and a standardized local anesthesia protocol. Pain severity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and patients were categorized into two groups according to VAS scores (<5 and ≥5). Demographic and clinical variables were compared between groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of severe pain. Results: A total of 123 patients were included in the study. Severe pain (VAS ≥5) was observed in 47 patients (38.2%). Patients in the VAS ≥5 group were significantly younger (p<0.001) and had longer procedure times (p=0.011). No significant differences were observed regarding comorbidity status, alpha-blocker use, cystoscopy indication, final diagnosis, or history of previous urethral intervention. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that younger age [odds ratio (OR)=0.885, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83-0.94; p<0.001] and longer procedure time (OR=1.326, 95% CI 1.09-1.60; p=0.004) were independently associated with severe pain.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that procedure-related factors may contribute substantially to pain perception during rigid cystoscopy. Improving procedural efficiency and appropriate patient counseling may  help enhance patient comfort.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

The authors declares that no financial or institutional support was received for this work.

Etik Beyan

The study was initiated after obtaining approval from the Kastamonu University Local Ethics Committee (approval date: 15/01/2026; approval number: 2026-07).

Teşekkür

None.

Kaynakça

  1. Desai AP, Smith AB, Lotan Y. Guidance for avoiding patient pain and discomfort during transurethral cystoscopy. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2025;22(12):1361-7.
  2. Babjuk M, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen, D., Compérat EM, Dominguez Escrig JL, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and Carcinoma in Situ). Eur Urol. 2022;81(1):75-94.
  3. Kukreja JB, Schroeck FR, Lotan Y, Gore, JL, Ullman R, Lipman RR, et al. Discomfort and relieving factors among patients with bladder cancer undergoing office-based cystoscopy. Urol Oncol. 2022;40(1):9.e19-9.27.
  4. Greenstein A, Greenstein I, Senderovich S, Mabjeesh NJ. Is diagnostic cystoscopy painful?Analysis of 1,320 consecutive procedures. Int Braz J Urol. 2014;40(4):533-8.
  5. Feng D, Chen G, Yang Y, Wei W, Wei X. Does office-based flexible cystoscopy provide better pain perception than rigid cystoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(6):6228-35.
  6. Lokeshwar SD, Rahman SN, Choksi A, Press BH, Shaheen D, Soloway MS. Patient tolerability during office cystoscopy and bladder tumor cauterization: a multivariate analysis of risk factors. Actas Urol Esp (Engl Ed). 2023;47(3):165-71.
  7. Zamuner M, Falcone CE, Amstalden Neto A, Moretti TB, Magna LA, Denardi F, et al. Impact of benign prostatic hyperplasia pharmacological treatment on transrectal prostate biopsy adverse effects. Adv Urol. 2014;2014:271304.
  8. Kaygisiz O, Inal G, Tas M, Ugurlu O, Ozturk B, Adsan O. Can pain during digital rectal examination help us to decide the necessity and the method of anesthesia for transrectal ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsy?. Int Braz J Urol. 2007;33(4):470-6.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Üroloji

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

25 Eylül 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

1 Nisan 2026

Kabul Tarihi

3 Ağustos 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA
Sandıkçı, F., & Ekenci, B. Y. (2026). FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN DURING RIGID CYSTOSCOPY: A SINGLE-SURGEON EXPERIENCE UNDER STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS. Bozok Tıp Dergisi, 16(3), 376-383. https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1920956
AMA
1.Sandıkçı F, Ekenci BY. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN DURING RIGID CYSTOSCOPY: A SINGLE-SURGEON EXPERIENCE UNDER STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. 2026;16(3):376-383. doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1920956
Chicago
Sandıkçı, Fatih, ve Berk Yasin Ekenci. 2026. “FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN DURING RIGID CYSTOSCOPY: A SINGLE-SURGEON EXPERIENCE UNDER STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS”. Bozok Tıp Dergisi 16 (3): 376-83. https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1920956.
EndNote
Sandıkçı F, Ekenci BY (01 Eylül 2026) FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN DURING RIGID CYSTOSCOPY: A SINGLE-SURGEON EXPERIENCE UNDER STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS. Bozok Tıp Dergisi 16 3 376–383.
IEEE
[1]F. Sandıkçı ve B. Y. Ekenci, “FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN DURING RIGID CYSTOSCOPY: A SINGLE-SURGEON EXPERIENCE UNDER STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS”, Bozok Tıp Dergisi, c. 16, sy 3, ss. 376–383, Eyl. 2026, doi: 10.16919/bozoktip.1920956.
ISNAD
Sandıkçı, Fatih - Ekenci, Berk Yasin. “FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN DURING RIGID CYSTOSCOPY: A SINGLE-SURGEON EXPERIENCE UNDER STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS”. Bozok Tıp Dergisi 16/3 (01 Eylül 2026): 376-383. https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1920956.
JAMA
1.Sandıkçı F, Ekenci BY. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN DURING RIGID CYSTOSCOPY: A SINGLE-SURGEON EXPERIENCE UNDER STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. 2026;16:376–383.
MLA
Sandıkçı, Fatih, ve Berk Yasin Ekenci. “FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN DURING RIGID CYSTOSCOPY: A SINGLE-SURGEON EXPERIENCE UNDER STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS”. Bozok Tıp Dergisi, c. 16, sy 3, Eylül 2026, ss. 376-83, doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1920956.
Vancouver
1.Fatih Sandıkçı, Berk Yasin Ekenci. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN DURING RIGID CYSTOSCOPY: A SINGLE-SURGEON EXPERIENCE UNDER STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. 01 Eylül 2026;16(3):376-83. doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1920956