FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN DURING RIGID CYSTOSCOPY: A SINGLE-SURGEON EXPERIENCE UNDER STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS
Öz
Objective: Pain during cystoscopy remains an important clinical concern, particularly in male patients undergoing rigid cystoscopy under local anesthesia. This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with pain during rigid cystoscopy performed under standardized conditions and to identify independent predictors of severe pain.
Material and Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, a total of 123 male patients who underwent rigid cystoscopy between October 2024 and December 2025 were analyzed. All procedures were performed by a single urologist using identical instrumentation and a standardized local anesthesia protocol. Pain severity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and patients were categorized into two groups according to VAS scores (<5 and ≥5). Demographic and clinical variables were compared between groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of severe pain. Results: A total of 123 patients were included in the study. Severe pain (VAS ≥5) was observed in 47 patients (38.2%). Patients in the VAS ≥5 group were significantly younger (p<0.001) and had longer procedure times (p=0.011). No significant differences were observed regarding comorbidity status, alpha-blocker use, cystoscopy indication, final diagnosis, or history of previous urethral intervention. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that younger age [odds ratio (OR)=0.885, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83-0.94; p<0.001] and longer procedure time (OR=1.326, 95% CI 1.09-1.60; p=0.004) were independently associated with severe pain.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that procedure-related factors may contribute substantially to pain perception during rigid cystoscopy. Improving procedural efficiency and appropriate patient counseling may help enhance patient comfort.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
Etik Beyan
Teşekkür
Kaynakça
- Desai AP, Smith AB, Lotan Y. Guidance for avoiding patient pain and discomfort during transurethral cystoscopy. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2025;22(12):1361-7.
- Babjuk M, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen, D., Compérat EM, Dominguez Escrig JL, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and Carcinoma in Situ). Eur Urol. 2022;81(1):75-94.
- Kukreja JB, Schroeck FR, Lotan Y, Gore, JL, Ullman R, Lipman RR, et al. Discomfort and relieving factors among patients with bladder cancer undergoing office-based cystoscopy. Urol Oncol. 2022;40(1):9.e19-9.27.
- Greenstein A, Greenstein I, Senderovich S, Mabjeesh NJ. Is diagnostic cystoscopy painful?Analysis of 1,320 consecutive procedures. Int Braz J Urol. 2014;40(4):533-8.
- Feng D, Chen G, Yang Y, Wei W, Wei X. Does office-based flexible cystoscopy provide better pain perception than rigid cystoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(6):6228-35.
- Lokeshwar SD, Rahman SN, Choksi A, Press BH, Shaheen D, Soloway MS. Patient tolerability during office cystoscopy and bladder tumor cauterization: a multivariate analysis of risk factors. Actas Urol Esp (Engl Ed). 2023;47(3):165-71.
- Zamuner M, Falcone CE, Amstalden Neto A, Moretti TB, Magna LA, Denardi F, et al. Impact of benign prostatic hyperplasia pharmacological treatment on transrectal prostate biopsy adverse effects. Adv Urol. 2014;2014:271304.
- Kaygisiz O, Inal G, Tas M, Ugurlu O, Ozturk B, Adsan O. Can pain during digital rectal examination help us to decide the necessity and the method of anesthesia for transrectal ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsy?. Int Braz J Urol. 2007;33(4):470-6.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Üroloji
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yayımlanma Tarihi
25 Eylül 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
1 Nisan 2026
Kabul Tarihi
3 Ağustos 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3