-

Öz

Hearing is the process of the collection of sound waves in the atmosphere by the ear, resulting in the perception of a certain character and meaning in the related centers in the brain. Hearing loss is one of the most frequently seen congenital anomalies in infants, with an incidence varying between 1/1000 to 3/1000 of healthy newborns and infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) have an additional risk of hearing loss. Infants at NICU form an important target group for hearing screening. Of the hearing screening methods of the newborn, two are widely accepted: Evoked Autoacustic Emission (EOAEs) and Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR).

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hearing loss; Newborn screening; Congenital.

YENİDOĞANDA İŞİTMENİN GELİŞİMİ VE İŞİTME TARAMA TESTLERİ

Öz

ÖZET
Atmosferde meydana gelen ses dalgalarının kulağımız tarafından toplanmasından beyin- deki merkezlerde karakter ve anlam olarak algılanmasına kadar olan süreç işitme olarak adlandırılır. İşitme kaybı, 1/1000 ile 3/1000 arasında değişen oranla yenidoğan bebekler- de en sık görülen konjenital anomalilerden biridir ve yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesinde (YDYBÜ) yatış bu riski arttırır. Bu nedenle YDYBÜ’de izlenen bebekler işitme taraması için hedef kitlelerden biridir. Yenidoğan döneminde kabul edilen iki işitme tarama yöntemi vardır: Uyarılmış Otoakustik Emisyonlar (EOAEs) ve İşitsel Beyinsapı Yanıtı (ABR).

Anahtar Kelimeler: İşitme kaybı; Yenidoğan taraması; Konjenital.

ABSTRACT

Hearing is the process of the collection of sound waves in the atmosphere by the ear, re- sulting in the perception of a certain character and meaning in the related centers in the brain. Hearing loss is one of the most frequently seen congenital anomalies in infants, with an incidence varying between 1/1000 to 3/1000 of healthy newborns and infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) have an additional risk of hearing loss. Infants at NICU form an important target group for hearing screening. Of the hea- ring screening methods of the newborn, two are widely accepted: Evoked Autoacustic Emission (EOAEs) and Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR).

Key Words: Hearing loss; Newborn screening; Congenital.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İşitme kaybı; Yenidoğan taraması; Konjenital.

Kaynakça

1. Pujol R, Lavigne-Rebillard M. Development of neurosensory structures in the human cochlea. Acta Otolaryngol. 1992;112(2):259-64.
2. Blackburn S. Enviromental impact of the NICU on developmental outcomes. J Pediatr Nurs. 1998;13(2):297-83. Gerhardt KJ. Characteristics of the fetal sheep sound enviroment. Semin Perinatol. 1989;13(5):362-70.
3. Salk L. The role of the heartbeat in the relations between mother and the infant. Sci Am. 1973;228(5):24-9.
4. Shahidullah S, Hepper PG. Frequency discrimination by the fetus. Early Hum Dev. 1994;36(1):13-26.
5. Gray L. Properties of sound. J Perinatol. 2000;20(8):6-11. Glass P. The vulnerable neonate and the neonate intensive care environment. In Avery GB, Fletcher MA, eds. Neonatology: pathophysiology and management of the newborn. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1999. p.91-108.
6. Akyıldız AN. İşitme fizyolojisi. In Akyıldız AN, ed. Kulak hastalıkları ve mikrocerrahisi. Ankara: Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi, 19 p.77-99. Kemp DT. Otoacoustic emissions, their origin in cochlear function, and use. Medicine Br Med Bull. 2002;63(3):223-41. Ovalı F. Fetus ve yenidoğanda işitme: temel kavramlar ve perspektifler. Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr. 2005;14(3):138-49.
7. Cunningham M, Cox EO. Hearing assesment in infants and children: recommendations beyond neonatal screening. Pediatrics. 2003;111(2):436-9.
8. White KR, Vohr BR, Behrens TR. Universal newborn hearing screening using transient evoked otoacoustic emissions: results of the Rhode Island hearing assessment Project. Semin Hear. 1993;14(1):18-29.

9. Joint Committee on Infant Hearing. Year 2007 position statement: principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. Pediatrics. 2007;120(4):898-921.
10. D’Agostino JA, Austin L. Auditory neuropathy: a potentially under-recognized neonatal intensive care unit sequela. Adv Neonatal Care. 2004;4(6):344-53.
11. Sininger YS, Cone-Wesson B, Folsom RC. Identification of neonatal hearing impairment: auditory brain stem responses in the neonatal period. Ear Hear. 2000;21(5):383
12. Özdamar Ö, Delgada RE, Eilers RE, Widen JE. Computer methods for on-line hearing testing with auditory brain stem responses. Ear Hear. 1990;11(6):417-29.
13. Jacobson JT, Jacobson CA, Spahr RC. Automated and conventional ABR screening techniques in high risk infants. J Am Acad Audiol. 1990;1(4):187-95.
14. Pool KD, Finitzo T. Evaluation of a computer-automated program for clinical assessment of the auditory brain stem response. Ear Hear. 1989;10(5):304-10.
15. Genç AG, Ertürk BB, Belgin E. Yenidoğan işitme taraması: başlangıçtan günümüze. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2005;48(2):109-18.
16. Kemp DT, Ryan S. The use of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in neonatal hearing screening programs. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1991;482(1):73-84.
17. Gorga MP, Norton SJ, Sininger YS. Identification of neonatal hearing impairment: distortion product otoacoustic emissions during the perinatal period. Ear Hear. 2000;21(5):348-56.
18. Lonsbury Martin BL, Martin GK. The clinical utility of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions. Ear Hear. 1990;11(2):144-54.
19. Salata JA, Jacobson JT, Strasnick B. Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions hearing screening in high-risk newborns. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;118(1):37-43.