The Bush Administration Fiasco From Hegemony to Empire and the Obama Restoration

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 115 - 136, 01.06.2010

Muharrem Ekşi

Öz

As the Bush administration started to implement the empire project, the US transformed from hegemony to an empire. However, since the project failed, the US, which could not be an empire either, passed into a revision period, as there is no way going back to hegemony. From that point on, the US lost its luxury to dictate “be either on our side or against us” like it did during Bush’s term. During the Bush administration the US tried to use its advantageous status in the changing world with its empire project and strived to shape the said change in favor of its own interests. However, it could not succeed and, on the contrary, ended up weakening its present effectiveness and lost its superiority in many fields. Subsequently the Obama administration will mostly clean up the mess left by the Bush administration and will go for a revision. To start with, the Obama administration has to be on good terms with the Islamic World because of the badly distorted relations during Bush’s term. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hegemony, Empire, Bush, Obama, Neo-Cons, Globalization, Unipolar, US Foreign Policy

Hegemonyadan İmparatorluğa Bush Yönetiminin Fiyaskosu ve Obama Restorasyonu

Öz

Bush yönetiminin imparatorluk projesini uygulamaya başlamasıyla ABD, hegemonyadan imparatorluğa doğru bir dönüşüm içerisine girmiştir. Ancak, Bush yönetiminin imparatorluk projesinin başarısızlığa uğramasıyla birlikte ABD, artık ne imparatorluktu ne de bu ülkenin hegemonyaya geri dönüşü söz konusuydu. Bu noktadan itibaren ABD, artık Bush dönemindeki gibi dünyaya “ya bizimlesiniz ya da bize karşı” şeklinde dikte etme lüksünü de kaybetmiştir. Bush yönetimi döneminde ABD, değişen dünyada avantajlı konumunu kullanarak imparatorluk projesini uygulamaya ve dünyayı kendi çıkarlarına göre şekillendirmeye çalışmıştı, fakat bu politikalar başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmakla kalmamış, pek çok alanda da ABD’nin üstünlüğünü kaybetmesine ve dünyadaki prestijinin de ciddi derecede zarar görmesine yol açmıştır. İşte bütün bunlardan sonra iktidara gelen Obama ile ABD’nin Bush yönetiminin enkazını temizlemeye ve yeni bir restorasyon/revizyon politikasına yöneldiği ifade edilebilir. Bu da Bush döneminde iyice bozulan ilişkiler nedeniyle Obama yönetiminin ilk olarak İslam dünyasıyla ilişkilerini düzeltmeye yönelik politika izleyeceği/diği anlaşılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hegemonya, İmparatorluk, Bush, Obama, Neo-Kon, Küreselleşme, Tek Kutupluluk, Amerikan Dış Politikası

Kaynakça

• Agnew, John A. Hegemony: The New Shape of Global Power. Temple University Press, 2005.
• Agnew, John A. “American Hegemony into American Empire? Lessons from the Invasion of Iraq.” Antipode (2003): 871–885.
• Campbell, David. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1998.
• Chomsky, Noam. Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance (American Empire Project). Holt Paperbacks, 2004.
• Davis, John. Barack Obama & US Foreign Policy: Road Map for Change or Disaster? AuthorHouse, 2009.
• DuBoff, Richard B. “U.S. Hegemony: Continuing Decline, Enduring Danger.” Monthly Review (December 2003).
• Eland, Ivan. “The Empire Strikes Out: The New Imperialism and the Its Fatal Flaws.” Policy Analysis No 459. Cato Institute, November 26, 2002, 1–23.
• Falk, Richard A. Dünya Düzeni Nereye?: Amerikan Emperyal Jeopolitikası. Metis Press.: 2005. Ferguson, Niall. (September/October 2003). “Hegemony or Empire?” Foreign Affairs
• Ferguson, Niall. Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire. Gardners Books, 2004.
• Ferguson, Niall. Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power. Basic Books, 2004.
• Gates, Robert M. “A Balanced Strategy: Reprogramming the Pentagon for a New Age.” Foreign Affairs (January–February 2009).
• Hardt and Negri. Empire. Harvard University Press, September 15, 2001.
• Harootunian, Harry D. The Empire's New Clothes: Paradigm Lost, and Regained. Prickly Paradigm Press, 1. Edition, 2004.
• Harvey, David. “Globalization and ‘the Spatial Fix’.” Geographicshe Revue 2 (2001): 23–30.
• Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Simon, 1998.
• Ikenberry, G. John. Liberal Order and Imperial Ambition. Polity, 2006.
• Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict since the 16th Century. Is Bankasi Pub., 2006.
• Klare, M. “New Geography of Conflict.” in Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict. First Owl Books, 2002.
• Lal, Deepak. In Praises of Empires: Globalization and Order. NY: Palgrave, 2004.
• Layne, Christopher. “The Unipolar Illusion Revisited: The Coming End of the United States’ Unipolar Moment.” International Security Vol 31 No 2 (Winter 2008): 7–41.
• Marshall, Joshua Micale. “Power: Rangers: Did the Bush Administration Create a new American Empire or weaken the all done?” The New Yorker, 02.02.2004.
• McCormick, James M. American Foreign Policy and Process. Wadsworth Publishing, 2009.
• Obama, Barack. “Renewing American leadership.” Foreign Affairs (July- August 2007).
• Padgen, Anthony. “Imperialism, liberalism & the quest for perpetual peace. (Empires, history; American imperialism).” Daedalus Vol 134 Issue 2 (2005): 46
• Parmar, Inderjeet, Linda B. Miller, and Mark Ledwidge. New Directions in US Foreign Policy (Routledge Studies in Us Foreign Policy). Routledge, 2009.
• Polanyi, Karl. The Great Transformation. Beacon Press, 2. Edition, March 28, 2001.
• Saul, Richard. “Empire, Imperialism, and Contemporary Global Power.” International Studies Perspectives 9 (2008): 309–318.
• The Geopolitics of American Insecurity: Terror, Power and Foreign Policy (Prio New Security Studies). Editors J Peter Burgess, Francois Debrix, Mark Lacy. Routledge, 2009.
• Uzgel, İlhan. “ABD Hegemonyasının Yeniden İnşaası, Orta Doğu ve NATO.” Mülkiye Vol XXVIII No 243: 7-20.
• Vogler, John and Charlotte Bretherton. The European Union as a Global Actor. Routledge, 2006.
• White, Donald W. The American Century: The Rise and Decline of the United States as a World Power. Yale University Press, 1999.
• Wolf, Martin. “The Dependent Superpower.” Financial Times, December 17, 2003.
• Yıldızoğlu, Ergin. Hegemonyadan İmparatorluğa. Everest Press, June 2003