STILLWATER’DA OKLAHOMA BEDEN EĞİTİMİ ÖĞRETİMİN İNCELENMESİ

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Oklahoma, Stillwater'da beden eğitimi öğretimini incelemektir. Çalışma Şubat-Mayıs 2019 tarihleri arasında yapıldı. İlk olarak, ABD Beden Eğitimi Ulusal Eğitim Müfredatı, Oklahoma Eyalet Beden Eğitimi Standartları ve Ulusal Eyalet Lisesi Dernekleri Federasyonu ile ilgili web sitelerine incelendi. İkinci olarak, Beden Eğitimi BE öğretmelerin öğretim yöntemleri ile okulların spor tesisleri ve araçları incelendi. Üçüncü olarak, her kademedeki gönüllü Beden Eğitimi öğretmenleri ve antrenörler ile görüşmeler yapıldı. ABD'de, ilkokuldan başlayarak liseye kadar devam eden beden eğitimi ve sporla ilgili kapsamlı ve çok yönlü bir sistem var. İlkokulda, beden eğitimi dersleri temel hareket becerilerini geliştirmeyi ve fiziksel aktiviteyi arttırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Lisede ise beden eğitimi dersleri farklı spor becerileri geliştirmeyi ve fiziksel aktiviteyi arttırmayı amaçlar. Spora katılımda çeşitlilik ve ileriki yaşlarda sporda uzmanlaşma önerilmektedir. Erken yaşta tek bir sporda uzmanlaşma önerilmemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• fiziksel aktivite,eğitim,spor,okul

EXAMINING PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHING IN STILLWATER OKLAHOMA

Öz

The aim of the present study is to examine the physical education teaching in Stillwater, Oklahoma. The study was conducted from February to May 2019. Firstly, the web sites about the National Curriculum for Physical Education in the U.S., Oklahoma State Physical Education Standards and the National Federation of State High School Associations were accessed. The second is an observation of teaching methods of the physical educators PE , and sports facilities and tools. The third is the interviews made with volunteer PE teachers at all levels and coaches at secondary level schools. In the U.S. there is a comprehensive and well-rounded system related to physical education and sports starting from elementary school to high school. In elementary school, physical education classes are aimed at developing basic movement skills and increasing physical activity. While, in high school, physical education classes are aimed at developing different sport skills and increasing physical activity. Diversity in sport participation and delayed specialization is recommended, while specialization in a single sport at an early age isn't recommended

Anahtar Kelimeler

• physical activity,training,sports,school

Kaynakça

1. 1. Allender S., Cowburn G., Foster C. Understanding participation in sport and physical activity among children and adults: a review of qualitative studies. Health Educ Res. 21(6). pp. 826-35. 2006.
2. 2. Bailey R. Physical Education and Sport in Schools: A Review of Benefits and Outcomes. Journal of School Health. 76(8). pp. 397-401. 2006.
3. 3. Bailey R. Evaluating the relationship between physical education, sport and social inclusion. Educational Review. 57:1. pp. 71- 90. 2005.
4. 4. Barney D., Pleban F.T., Wilkinson C., Prusak K. A. Identifying High School Physical Education Physical Activity Patterns After High School, The Physical Educator. 72(2). pp. 278–293. 2015.
5. 5. Bernstein E., Phillips S.R., & Silverman S. Attitudes and perceptions of middle school students toward competitive activities in physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 30. pp. 69–83. 2011.
6. 6. Bornstein D.B., Pate R.R., and Buchner D.M. Development of a National Physical Activity Plan for the United States. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 11. pp. 463-469. 2014.
7. 7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. School health guidelines to promote healthy eating and physical activity. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6005.pdf. 2011.
8. 8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Comprehensive school physical activity programs: a guide for schools. 2013.

9. 9. Colley R.C., Garriguet D., Janssen I., Craig C.L., Clarke J., Tremblay M.S. Physical activity of canadian children and youth: accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian health measures survey. Health Report. 22. pp. 15-23. 2011.
10. 10. Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment; Food and Nutrition Board; Institute of Medicine. Educating the Student Body Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School. Editors: Harold W. Kohl, III and Heather D. Cook. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). 2013.
11. 11. Fairclough S., Stratton G. Physical activity levels in middle and high school physical education: a review. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 17: pp 217-236. 2005.
12. 12. Fu A., Cobley S.P. and Sanders R.H. Motor Coordination Training and Pedagogical Approach for Combating Childhood Obesity. Open Journal of Social Sciences. 4. 1-12. 2016.
13. 13. Gallahue D.L., Ozmun J., & Goodway J. Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2011.
14. 14. Geidne S., Quennerstedt M., & Eriksson C. The youth sports club as a healthpromoting setting: an integrative review of research. Scandinavian journal of public health. 41(3). pp. 269-83. 2013.
15. 15. Graham G., Holt/Hale S.A., & Parker M. Children Moving. A Reflective Approach to teaching Physical Education 4th Edition. Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing Company. 1998.
16. 16. Haibach P.S., Reid G., & Collier D.J. (2011). Motor learning and development. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 2011.
17. 17. Hallal P.C, Andersen L.B, Bull F.C, Guthold R., Haskell W., Ekelund U., et al. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet. 380. pp. 247-257. 2012.
18. 18. Hills A.P., Dengel D.R., Lubans D.R. Supporting Public Health Priorities: Recommendations for Physical Education and Physical Activity Promotion in Schools. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 57(4). pp. 368-374. 2015.
19. 19. Houlihan B. and Green M. Modernization and sport: the reform of sport England and UK sport. Public Administration, 87 (3), pp. 678 – 698. 2009. Available at (12.11.2018): https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/15823
20. 20. Jaitman L, Scartascini C. Sports for development. Monograf. 2017. Avaılable at (13.11.2018): https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/ 11319/8713/Sports-forDevelopment.PDF?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
21. 21. Kirk D., & Gorely T. (2000). Challenging Thinking about the Relationship Between School Physical Education and Sport Performance. European Physical Education Review. 6(2). pp. 119-134. 2000.
22. 22. Knowles A, Wallhead T.L., Readdy T. Exploring the Synergy Between Sport Education and In-School Sport Participation. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education. 37. pp. 113-122. 2018.
23. 23. Lai S.K., Costigan S.A., Morgan P.J., Lubans D.R., Stodden D.F., Salmon J., et al. Do school-based interventions focusing on physical activity, fitness, or fundamental movement skill competency produce a sustained impact in these outcomes in children and adolescents? A systematic review of follow-up studies. Sports Med. 44. pp. 67-79. 2014
24. 24. Lee S.M., Burgeson C.R., Fulton J.E., Spain C.G. Physical education and physical activity: results from the school health policies and programs study 2006. J Sch Health. 77. pp. 435-463. 2007.
25. 25. Lonsdale C, Rosenkranz RR, Peralta LR, Bennie A, Fahey P, Lubans DR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school physical education lessons. Prev Med. 56. pp. 152-161. 2013.
26. 26. Lubans D.R., Morgan P.J., Aguiar E.J., Callister R. Randomized controlled trial of the physical activity leaders (PALS) program for adolescent boys from disadvantaged secondary schools. Prev Med. 52. pp. 239- 246. 2011.
27. 27. Lubans D.R., Morgan P.J., Okely A.D., Dewar D., Collins C.E., Batterham M, et al. Preventing obesity among adolescent girls: one-year outcomes of the nutrition and enjoyable activity for teen girls (NEAT girls) cluster randomized.
28. 28. McKenzie T.L., Smith N.J. Studies of Physical Education in the United States Using SOFIT: A Review. Res Q Exerc Sport. 88(4). pp. 492-502. 2017.
29. 29. Mendes R., Sousa N., Barata J.L. Physical activity and public health: recommendations for exercise prescription. Acta Med Port. 24(6). pp. 1025-1030. 2011.
30. 30. Monnat S.M., Lounsbery M.A.F., Smith N.J. Correlates of state enactment of elementary school physical education laws. Preventive Medicine. 69(S5-S11). 2014.
31. 31. National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS). 2017-218 annual report. http://www.nfhs.org/media/1019857/2017- 18_annual_report.pdf. 2018.
32. 32. National Physical Activity Plan. Available at (02.11.2018): http://physicalactivityplan.org/docs/2016NPA P_Finalforwebsite.pdf
33. 33. NCAA Sports Sponsorship and Participation Rates Report. Student-athlete participation 1981-82 – 2015-16. Available at (14.11.2018): https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/Partici pation%20Rates%20Final.pdf.
34. 34. Norris S.R. Long-Term Athlete Development Canada: Attempting System Change and Multi-Agency Cooperation. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 9(6). pp. 379-382. 2010.
35. 35. OASPE. Oklahoma Academic Standards for Physical Education, Available at 02.11.2018: https://sde.ok.gov/sites/ok.gov.sde/files/docu ments/files/Revised%20PE%20Standards%2 0%20For%20Legislature.pdf. 2014.
36. 36. Pangrazi R.P., & Beighle A. Dynamic physical education for elementary school children. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. 2010.
37. 37. Sallis J.F., McKenzie T.L., Beets M.W., Beighle A., Erwin H., Lee S. Physical education's role in public health: steps forward and backward over 20 years and HOPE for the future. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. 83. pp. 125–135. 2012.
38. 38. SHAPE America. National Standards & Grade-Level Outcomes for K-12 Physical Education, Human Kinetics. 2014.
39. 39. SHAPE of the Nation. Status of Physical Education in U.S. Available at (03.12.2018) https://www.shapeamerica.org/uploads/pdfs/s on/Shape-of-the-Nation-2016_web.pdf. 2016.
40. 40. Smolianov P., Author Zakus D., & Gallo J. Sport Development in the United States: High Performance and Mass Participation, Publ Routledge, NY. 2015.
41. 41. Troiano R.P., Berrigan D., Dodd K.W., Mâsse .LC., Tilert T., McDowell M. Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 40. pp.181-188. 2008.
42. 42. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Healthy people 2010: understanding and improving health. 2000.
43. 43. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, Available at (25.10.2018): https://health.gov/paguidelines/2008/pdf/pagu ide.pdf. 2008.
44. 44. UNESCO. Declaration of Athens: Fourth International Conference of Ministers and Senior Officials Responsible for Physical Education and Sport, MINEPS IV, December 6-8, 2004; Athens, Greece. Paris, France: UNESCO; 2004.
45. 45. Webber L.S., Catellier D.J., Lytle L.A., et al. Promoting physical activity in middle school girls: trial of activity for adolescent girls. Am. J. Prev. Med. 34 (3). pp. 173–184. 2008.
46. 46. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. World Health Organization, Geneva. 2010.
47. 47. Zygmunt-Fillwalk E., Bilello T.E. Parents' victory in reclaiming recess for their children. Child Educ. 82(1):19-23. 2005