ANTRENMANLI SPORCULARDA BİR TEKRARLI MAKSİMAL KUVVET VE BAZI PERFORMANS PARAMETRELERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, antrenmanlı sporcularda bir tekrarlı maksimal kuvvet ve bazı performans parametreleri arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda; futbol, voleybol, bilek güreşi ve kickboks spor branşlarında mücadele eden 34 amatör sporcu yaş: 22,0 ± 3,03 yıl; boy: 179,2 ± 0,06 cm; kilo: 75,2 ± 8,9 kg; antrenman yılı: 9,0 ± 2,82 yıl çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katıldı. Deneklere tekrarlı sprint testi, çeviklik testi, durarak uzun atlama testi, dikey sıçrama testi ve bir tekrarlı maksimal 1TM kuvvet testi uygulandı. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistik ve tam squat SQ hareketindeki 1TM kuvvet ile bazı performans parametreleri arasında ilişki olup olmadığının belirlenmesi için Pearson korelasyon analiz yöntemi kullanıldı. Analiz sonuçlarına göre; araştırma grubunun tam SQ hareketindeki 1TM kuvvet değeri ile çeviklik r = - ,207 ve durarak uzun atlama r = ,157 performansları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişkinin olmadığı elde edilmiştir p > 0,05 . Buna karşılık tam SQ hareketindeki 1TM kuvvet değeri ve dikey sıçrama performansı r = ,415 arasında pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki elde edilmiştir p < 0,05 . Buna göre 1TM kuvvet değeri arttıkça, sporcuların dikey sıçrama testindeki sıçrama mesafeleri de artmaktadır. Ayrıca tam SQ hareketindeki 1TM değeri ile tekrarlı sprint testindeki toplam test zamanı r = ,038 ve yorgunluk indeksi r = ,142 arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığı elde edilmiştir p > 0,05 .

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kuvvet,Sıçrama,Tekrarlı Sprint,Çeviklik,Performans

INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOME PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS AND ONE REPETITION MAXIMAL STRENGTH IN TRAINED ATHLETES

Öz

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between some performance parameters and one repetition maximal strength in trained athletes. In accordance with this purpose, thirty four amateur athletes competed in football, volleyball, wrestling and kickboxing sport branches age: 22,0 ± 3,03 years; height: 179,2 ± 0,06 cm; weight: 75,2 ± 8,9 kg; training experince: 9,0 ± 2,82 years have participated voluntarily in this study. Repeated sprint test, agility test, standing long jump test, vertical jump test and one repetition maximal 1RM tests were applied to subjects. To assessment of data, descriptive statistics and Pearson Correlation analysis methods were used to determine whether there was a relationship between some performance parameters and 1RM strength values in full back squat SQ exercise. According to the analysis results, it was obtained that there wasn’t statistically significant relationship between standing long jump r = ,157 and agility r = - ,207 performances with 1RM strength values in full back SQ exercise of research group p > 0,05 . On the other hand, there was a positive, statistically significant relationship p < 0,05 between 1RM strength value in full back SQ and vertical jump performance r = ,415 . Accordingly, the more 1RM strength increases the more vertical jump distance increases in vertical jump test. In addition there weren’t any statistically significant p > 0,05 relationships between 1RM strength values with total test duration r = ,038 and fatigue index r = ,142 in repeated sprint test

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Strength,Jump,Repeated Sprint,Agility,Performance

Kaynakça

1. 1. Abrantes, C., Maças, V., Sampaio, J. “Variation in Football Players’s Sprint Test Performance Across Different Ages and Levels Competition’’, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 3(1). pp.44-49, 2004.
2. 2. Açıkada, C., Ergen, E. “Bilim ve Spor’’, Ankara: Büro Tek Ofset, 1990.
3. 3. Alcaraz, P.E., Romere-Arenas, S., Vila, H., Ferragut, C. “Power - Load Curve in Trained Sprinters’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 25(11). pp.3045-3050, 2011.
4. 4. Alemdaroğlu, U. “The Relationship Between Muscle Strength, Anaerobic Performance, Agility, Sprint Ability and Vertical Jump Performance in Professional Basketball Players’’, Journal of Human Kinetics. 31(1). pp. 99-106, 2012.
5. 5. Augustsson, S. R. “Maximum Strength in Squats Determines Jumping Height in Young Female Volleyball Players’’, The Open Sports Science Journal. 6(1). pp.41-46, 2013.
6. 6. Aziz, A.R., Chia, M., Teh, K. “The Relationship Between Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Repeated Sprint Performance Indices in Field Hockey and Soccer Players’’, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 40(3). pp.195-200, 2000.
7. 7. Baker, D., Nance, S. “The Relation Between Strength and Power in Professional Rugby League Players’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.13(3). pp.224-229, 1999.
8. 8. Bangsbo, J, Norregaard, L., Thorso F. “Activity Profile of Competition Soccer’’, Canadian Journal of Sport Science. 16(2). pp.110-116, 1991.

9. 9. Bangsbo, J. “Fitness Training for Football: A Scientific Approach’’, August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1994.
10. 10. Beachle, T.R., Earle, R.W., Wathen, D. Resistance Training. In Beachle, T.R., Earle, R. W. (Eds.). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (pp. 381-412). United States: Human Kinetics, 2008.
11. 11. Behm, D.G., Wahl, M.J., Button, D.C., Power, K.E., Anderson, K.G. “Relationship Between Hockey Skating Speed and Selected Performance Measure’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.19(2). pp.326-331, 2005.
12. 12. Bishop, D., Spencer, M., Duffield, R., Lawrence, S. “The Validity of A Repeated Sprint Ability Test’’, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 4(1). pp.19-29, 2001.
13. 13. Bishop, D., Edge, J., Goodman, C. “Muscle Buffer Capacity and Aerobic Fitness are Associated with Repeated-Sprint Ability in Women’’, European Journal of Applied Physiology. 92(4-5). pp.540-547, 2004.
14. 14. Bompa, T. “Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training’’, United States: Human Kinetics, 1994.
15. 15. Bompa, O.T., Di Pasquale, M., Cornacchia, L. “Serious Strength Training’’ (3rd edition). United States: Human Kinetics, 2012.
16. 16. Bonnette, R., Spaniol, F., Melrose, D., Ocker, L., Bain, J. “The Relationship Between Squat Strength, Vertical Jump and Power Score of High School Football Players’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 25(1). pp. 85-86, 2011.
17. 17. Boone, T. “Introduction to Exercise Physiology’’, United States: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2013.
18. 18. Can, İ. “Tam Squat Hareketinin İtme Evresindeki Kinetik - Kinematiklerin Sprint ve Sıçrama Performansı İle İlişkisi’’, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü (Doktora Tezi), 2014.
19. 19. Chaouachi, A., Brughelli, M., Chamari, K., Levin, G.T., Abdelkrim, N.B., Laurencelle, L., Castagna, C. “Lower Limb Maximal Dynamic Strength and Agility Determinants in Elite Basketball Players’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 23(5). Pp.1570- 1577, 2009.
20. 20. Cormie, P., McBride, J.M., McCaulley, G.O. “The Influence of Body Mass on Calculation of Power During Lower Body Resistance Training’, The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 21(4). pp.1042-1049, 2007.
21. 21. Cotterman, M.L., Darby, L.A., Skelly, W.A. “Comparison of Muscle Force Production Smith Machine and Free Weights for Bench Press and Squat Exercises’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.19(1). pp.169-176, 2005.
22. 22. Cronin, J.B., Hansen, K.T. “Strength and Power Predictors of Sports Speed’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 19(2). pp.349-357, 2005.
23. 23. Davis, D.S., Barnetta, B.J., Kiger, J.T., Mirasola, JJ., Young, S.M. “Physical Characteristics That Predict Functional Performance in Division I College Football Players’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 18(1). pp.115-120, 2004
24. 24. Earle, R.W., Beachle, T.R. Resistance Training and Spotting Techniques, In Beachle, T.R., Earle, R.W. (Eds.). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (pp. 325-376), United States: Human Kinetics, 2008.
25. 25. Fitzsimons, M., Dawson, B, Ward, D., Wilkinson, A. “Cycling and Running Tests of Repeated Sprint Ability’’, Australian Journal of Science and Medicine Sport. 25. pp.82-87, 1993.
26. 26. Gambetta, V. “How to Develop Sport Specific Speed’’, Sports Coach. 19(3). pp.22-24, 1996.
27. 27. Garcia-Pallares, J., Sanchez-Medina, L., Perez, C.E., De La Cruz-Sanchez, E., Mora-Rodriguez, R. “Imposing a Pause Between the Eccentric and Concentric Phases Increases the Reliability of Isoinertial Strength Assessments’’, Journal of Sports Sciences. 32(1). pp.1165-1175, 2014.
28. 28. Getchell, B. “Physical Fitness: A Way of Life’’, (2nd edition), New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1979.
29. 29. Girard, O., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Bishop, D. “Repeated Sprint Ability - Part I: Factors Contributing to Fatigue’’, Sports Medicine. 41 (8). pp.673-694, 2011.
30. 30. Glaister, M. “Multiple Sprint Work: Physiological Responses, Mechanisms of Fatigue and the Influence of Aerobic Fitness’’, Sports Medicine. 35(9). pp.757-777, 2005.
31. 31. Graham, J.F. “Agility Training’’, In: Brown, L.E., Ferrigno, V.A., Santana, J.C., (Eds), Training For Speed, Agility, and Quickness, United Stated: Human Kinetics, 2000.
32. 32. Haff, G.G., Whitley, A., Potteiger, J.A. “A Brief Review: Explosive Exercises and Sports Performance’’, National Strength and Conditioning Association. 23(3). pp.13-20, 2001.
33. 33. Harris, N.K., Cronin, J.B., Hopkins, W.G., Hansen, K.T. “Relationship Between Sprint Times and the Strength / Power Outputs of a Machine Squat Jump’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.22(3). pp.691-698, 2008.
34. 34. Hedrick, A., Anderson, J.C. “The Vertical Jump: A Review of the Literatüre and A Team Case Study’’, National Strength and Conditioning Association. 18(1). pp.7-12, 1996.
35. 35. Hennessy, L., Kilty, J. “Relationship of the StretchShortening Cycle to Sprint Performance in Trained Female Athletes’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 15(3). pp.326-331, 2001.
36. 36. Hoffman, J.R, Epstein, S., Einbinder, M., Weinstein, Y. “A Comparison Between the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test to Both Vertical Jump and Line Drill Tests in Basketball Players’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 14(3). pp.261-264, 2000.
37. 37. Iglesias-Soler, E., Carballeira, E., Sanchez-Otero, T., Mayo, X., Jimenez, A., Chapman, M. L. “Acute Effects of Distribution of Rest Between Repetitions’’, International Journal of Sports Medicine. 33(5). pp.351-358, 2012.
38. 38. Izquierdo, M., Ibanez, J., Hakkinen, K., Kraemer, W.J., Ruesta, M., Gorostiaga, E. M. “Maximal Strength and Power, Muscle Mass, Endurance and Serum Hormones in Weightlifters and Road Cyclists’’, Journal of Sports Sciences. 22(5). pp.465-478, 2004.
39. 39. Komi, P.V., Bosco, C. “Utalization of Stored Elastic Energy in Leg Extensor Muscles of Men and Women’’, Medicine Science and Sports. 10(4). pp.261-265, 1978.
40. 40. Kraska, J.M., Ramsey, M.W., Haff, G.G., Fethke, N., Sands, W.A., Stone, M.E., Stone, M.H. “Relationship Between Strength Characteristics and Unweighted and Weighted Vertical Jump Height’’, International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 4(4). pp. 461-473, 2009.
41. 41. Mackenzie, B. “101 Performance Evaluation Tests’, London: Electric Word Plc, 2015.
42. 42. Manilal, K.P. “Science of Strength Training. New Delhi: Sports Publication, 2006.
43. 43. Markovic, G. “Poor Relationship Between Strength and Power Qualities and Agility Performance’’, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 47(3). pp.276-283, 2007.
44. 44. Masamoto, N., Larson, R., Gates, T., Faigenbaum, A. “Acute Effects of Plyometric Exercise on Maximum Squat Performance in Male Athletes’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 17(1). pp.68- 71, 2003.
45. 45. McGuigan, M.R., Doyle, T.L.A., Newton, M., Edwards, D.J., Nimphius, S., Newton, R.U. “Eccentric Utilization Ratio: Effect of Sport and Phase of Training. Journal of Strength and Conditining Research.20(4). pp.992-995, 2006.
46. 46. McInnes, S.E., Carlson, J.S., Jones, C.J., McKenna, M.J. “The Physiological Load Imposed Upon Basketball Players During Competition’’, Journal of Sports Science. 13(5). pp.387-397, 1995.
47. 47. McMillan, K., Helgerud, J., MacDonald, R., Hoff, J. “Physiological Adaptations to Soccer Spesific Endurance Training in Professional Youth Soccer Players’’, British Journal of Sports Medicine. 39(5). pp.273-277, 2005.
48. 48. Metikos, D., Markovic, G., Prot, F., Jakic, I. “Latent Structure of Agility Obtained by A Battery Tests’’, Kinesiology. 35(2). pp.14-29, 2003.
49. 49. Moir, L.G. “Muscular Stregth. In Miller, T. (Eds.). Science of Strength and Conditioning Series: NSCA’s Guide to Tests and Assessment (pp. 147-191). United States: Human Kinetics, 2012.
50. 50. Nande, J.P., Vali, A. S. “Fitness Evaluation Tests for Competitive Sports’’, Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House, 2010.
51. 51. Newman, M.A., Tarpenning, K.M., Marino, F.E. “Relationship Between Isokinetic Knee Strength, Single-Sprint Performance, and Repeated Sprint Ability in Football Players’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 18(4). pp. 867-872, 2004.
52. 52. Newton, R.U., Dugan, E. “Application of Strength Diagnosis’’, Strength and Conditioning Association Journal. 24(5). pp.50-59, 2002.
53. 53. Nimphius, S., McGuigan, M.R., Newton, R.U. “Relationship Between Strength, Power, Speed, and Change of Direction Performance of Female Softball Players’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 24(4). pp.885-895, 2010.
54. 54. Oliver, J.L. “Is A Fatigue Index A Worthwhile Measure of Repeated Sprint Ability’’, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 12(1). pp.20-23, 2009.
55. 55. Pareja-Blanco, F., Sanchez-Medina, L., SuarezArrones, L., Gonzales-Badillo, J.J. “Resistance Training with Lower Velocity Loss Within a Set Produces Greater Strength’ 16th Annual Congress of the ECSS, 6-9 July, Liverpool, UK, 2011.
56. 56. Parsons, L.S., Jones, M. “Development of Speed, Agility and Quickness for Tennis Athletes’’, Strength and Conditioning Journal. 20(3). pp.14-19, 1998.
57. 57. Perez-Gomez, J., Rodriguez, G.V., Ara, I., Olmedillas, H., Chavarren, J., Gonzales-Henriquez, J. J., Dorado, C., Calbet, C.A. “Role of Muscle Mass on Sprint Performance: Gender Differences’’; European Journal of Applied Physiology. 102(6). pp 685-694, 2008.
58. 58. Ratamess, N. “ACSM'S Foundations of Strength Training and Conditioning’’, Chine: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.
59. 59. Requena, B., Gonzales-Badillo, J.J., Villareal, E.S.S., Ereline, J., Garcia, I., Gapeyeva, H., Paasuke, M. “Functional Performance, Maximal Strength, and Power Characteristics in Isometric and Dynamic Actions of Lower Extremities in Soccer Players’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 23(5). Pp.1391-1401, 2009.
60. 60. Sanchez-Medina, L., Garcia-Pallares, J., Perez, C.E., Fernandes, J., Gonzales-Badillo, J.J. “Estimation of Relative Load from Mean Velocity in the Full Squat Exercise’’, 16th Annual Congress of the ECSS, 6-9 July, Liverpool, UK, 2011.
61. 61. Sheppard JM., Young W.B. “Agility Literature Review: Classifications, Training and Testing’’, Journal of Sports Science. 24(9). pp 919-932, 2006.
62. 62. Simonsen, E.B., Magnuson, S.P., Bencke, J., Naesborg, H., Havkrog, M., Ebstrup, J.F., Sorensen, H. “Can Hamsting Muscles Protect the Anterior Cruciate Ligament During A Side Cutting Maneuver, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science Sports. 10(2). pp.78-84, 2000.
63. 63. Spencer, M., Bishop, D., Dawson, B., Goodman, C. “Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Repeated Sprint Activities: Specific to Field - Based Team Sports’’, Sports Medicine. 35(12). pp.1025-1044, 2005.
64. 64. Sporis, G., Milanovic, Z., Trajkovic, N., Erceg, M., Novak, D. “Relationship Between Functional Capacities and Performance Parameters in Soccer Journal of Sports Medicine and Doping Studies. 2012.
65. 65. Thomas, G.A., Kreamer, W.J., Spiering, B.A., Volek, J.S., Anderson, J.M., Maresh, C.M. “Maximal Power at Different Percentages of One Repetition Maximal: Influence of Resistance and Gender’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 21(2). pp.336- 342, 2007.
66. 66. Trininic, S., Markovic, G., Heimer, G. “Effects of Development Training of Basketball Cadets Realised in the Competitive Period, Collegium Antropologicum. 25(2). pp.591-604, 2001.
67. 67. Twist, P.W., Benicky, D. “Conditioning Lateral Movements for Multisport Athletes: Practical Strength and Quickness Drills’’. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 18(5). pp.10-19, 1996.
68. 68. Wadley, G., Rossignol, P. “The Relationship Between Repeated Sprint Ability and the Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Systems’’, Journal of Science and Medicine Sport. 1(12). pp.100-110, 1998. 69. Wiggins-James, N., James, R., Thompson, G. “AS PE for Aqua’’, Chine: Harcourt Education Limited, 2005.
69. 70. Wilson, G.J., Murphy, A J., Walshe, A. “The Specificity of Strength Training: The Effect of Posture’’, European Journal of Applied Physiology. 73(3-4). pp.346-352, 1996.
70. 71. Wisloff, U., Castagna, C., Helgerud, J., Jones, R., and Hoff, J. “Strong Correlation of Maximal Squat Strength with Sprint Performance and Vertical Jump Height in Elite Soccer Players’’, British Journal of Sports Medicine. 38(3). pp. 285-288, 2004.
71. 72. Young, W.B., Bilby, G.E., “The Effect of Voluntary Effort to Influence Speed of Contraction on Strength, Muscular Power, and Hypertrophy Development’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 7(3). pp.172-178, 1993.
72. 73. Young, W.B,. McLean, B., Ardagna, J. “Relationship Between Strength Qualities and Sprinting Performance’’, Journal of Sport Medicine and Physical Fittness. 35(1). pp.13-19, 1995.
73. 74. Young, W.B., Mcdowell, H.M., Scarlett, B.J. “Specificity of Sprint and Agility Training Methods’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 15(3). pp.315-319, 2001.
74. 75. Young, W.B., James, R., Montgomery, I. “Is Muscle Power Related to Running Speed with Changes of Direction’’, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 42(3). pp.282-288, 2002.
75. 76. Young, W.B., Farrow, D. “A Review of Agility: Practical Applications for Strength and Conditioning’’, National Strength and Conditioning Association. 28(5). pp.24-29, 2006.
76. 77. Zink, A.J., Perry, A.C. Robertson, B.L., Roach, K. E., Signorile, J.F. “Peak Power, Ground Reaction Forces, and Velocity During the Squat Exercise Performed at Different Loads’’, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 20(3). pp.658-664, 2006.