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Waste to Energy: Review on the Development of Land Fill Gas for Power Generation in Sub-Saharan Africa

Yıl 2023, , 296 - 307, 01.07.2023

Dıckson Davıd Olodu , Andrew Erameh

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1195247

Öz

This study focused on the development of land fill gas for power generation in Sub-Saharan Africa. In rapidly expanding cities in developing and emerging nations, it has been observed that municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased dramatically, raising public concern about the effects on the environment and public health. In Sub-Saharan Africa today, the garbage of people within this region especially in Nigeria is carelessly disposed. Environmental pollution and its effects on people's quality of life have become more sensitive topics among residents and decision-makers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is becoming a more important topic on the local political agenda. Local decision-makers routinely debate whether to invest in waste-to-energy technologies as part of their effort to modernize waste management systems. Waste-to-Energy technologies are being promoted more and more as an alluring solution to a number of problems, including the urgent issue of waste disposal. These issues include inadequate power production, a shortage of landfill space, and greenhouse gas emissions from improper waste management. As an alternative to waste burning and composting, landfilling is one of the municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal techniques that are most frequently used. Due to its financial benefits, the sanitary landfill method is still often employed in various nations for the final disposal of solid waste. Landfill gas (LFG) is mostly produced by the anaerobic breakdown of the biodegradable component of municipal solid waste (MSW), specifically kitchen and yard trash, which is disposed of in landfills. Due to the anaerobic breakdown of the organic portion of solid waste, landfill gas is continuously produced. As a result, if an extraction system is not constructed in a landfill, there will be an overpressure that will force the biogas to be released into the atmosphere, which will have an adverse effect on the environment. Methane and carbon dioxide make up the majority of the gases that make up landfill gas, which is a mixture of other gases. Many landfill sites include an operational gas collection system that draws gas from both horizontal and vertical gas wells using a blower. The gas from the landfill was thought to only include carbon dioxide and methane. Methane's typical volume composition is 49%, hence it was believed that carbon dioxide would have a volume composition of 51%. Reviewing the information gathered by numerous studies regarding the volume of waste being dumped in landfills reveals that the waste produced in sub-Saharan Africa is sufficient to power the area with electricity. It was discovered that the quantity of electricity generated will fluctuate over time based on the flow rate of landfill gas. It will initially rise until a peak is attained. A million tons of landfill waste typically emits 434,000 cubic feet of LFG each day, which is sufficient to generate 0.80 MW of power. About 70% of LFG projects use internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and micro-turbines to produce power.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Landfill gas Power generation Sub-Saharan Africa Waste management Waste-to-energy technologies

Kaynakça

  • Aghdam EF, Fredenslund AM, Chanton J, Kjeldsen P, Scheutz C. 2018. Determination of gas recovery efficiency at two danish landfills by performing downwind methane measurements and stable carbon isotopic analysis. Waste Manag, 73: 220-229. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.049.
  • Aguilar-Virgen QP, Taboada-González S, Ojeda-Benítez M. 2014. Power generation with biogas from municipal solid waste: prediction of gas generation with in situ parameters. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 30: 412-419. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.014.
  • Aronica S, Bonanno A, Piazza V, Pignato L, Trapani S. 2009. Estimation of biogas produced by the landfill of palermo, applying a gaussian model. Waste Manag, 29: 233-239. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.026.
  • Barbaro S, Bonanno A, Boscia ML, Rizzo G, Aronica S. 2009. The impact of landfills on the air quality of towns – A simple heuristic model for the city of Palermo. Int J Environ Pollut, 36: 287-304. DOI: 10.1504/IJEP.2009.021833.
  • Bogner J, Spokas K. 1993. Landfill CH4: Rates, fates, and role in global carbon cycle. Chemosphere, 26: 369-386. DOI: 10.1016/0045-6535(93)90432-5.
  • Calabro PS, Gorib M, Lubello C. 2015. European trends in greenhouse gases emissions from integrated solid waste management. Environ Technol, 36(16): 2125-2137. DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1022230.
  • Calabro PS, Orsi S, Gentili E, Carlo M. 2011. Modelling of biogas extraction at an Italian landfill accepting mechanically and biologically treated municipal solid waste. Waste Manag Res, 29: 1277-1285. DOI: 10.1177/0734242X11417487.
  • Calabro PS. 2009. Greenhouse gases emission from municipal waste management: The role of separate collection. Waste Manage, 29(7): 2178-2187. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.02.011.
  • Christensen TH, Manfredi S, Knox K. 2011. Landfilling: Reactor landfills. In Solid Waste Technology Management, ed. H. Thomas Christensen, John Wiley and Sons, New York, US, pp: 772-787.
  • Cossu R, Muntoni A. 1997. Biogas emission measurement using static and dynamic flux chambers and infrared method. Sixth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy, pp: 97.
  • Czepiel PM, Shorter JH, Mosher B, Allwine E, McManu JB, Harriss RC, Kolb CE, Lamb BK. 2003. The influence of atmospheric pressure on landfill methane emissions. Waste Manag, 23: 593-598. DOI: 10.1016/S0956-053X(03)00103-X.
  • Ehsan FA, Anders MF, Jeffrey C, Peter K, Charlotte S. 2019. Determination of gas recovery efficiency at two Danish landfills by performing downwind methane measurements and stable carbon isotopic analysis. Waste Manage, 73: 220-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.049.
  • Emkes H, Coulon F, Wagland S. 2015. A decision support tool for landfill methane generation and gas collection. Waste Manag, 43: 307-318. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.003.
  • Fecil B, Heroux M, Guy C. 2003. Development of a method for the measurement of net methane emission from MSW landfills. Ninth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, October 6-10, 2003, Cagliari, Italy.
  • Friedrich E, Trois C. 2010. GHG accounting and reporting for waste management – A South African perspective. Waste Manag, 30: 2336-2346. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.05.016.
  • Gollapalli M, Kota H. 2018. Methane emissions from a landfill in north-east India: Performance of various landfill gas emission models. Environ Pollut, 234: 174-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.064.
  • Guermoud N, Ouadjnia F, Abdelmalek F, Taleb F. 2009. Municipal solid waste in Mostaganem city (Western Algeria). Waste Manag, 29(2): 896-902. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.03.027.
  • Idehai IM, Akujieze CN. 2015. Estimation of landfill gas and its renewable energy potential in Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Energy Environ Eng, 6: 329-343. DOI: 10.1007/s40095-015-0178-9.
  • Ishigaki T, Yamada M, Nagamori M, Ono Y, Inoue Y. 2005. Estimation of methane emission from whole waste landfill site using correlation between flux and ground temperature. Environ Geol, 48: 845-853. DOI: 10.1007/s00254-005-0008-0.
  • Jaramillo P, Matthews HS. 2005. Landfill-gas-to-energy projects: Analysis of net private and social benefits. Environ Sci Tech, 39: 7365-7373. DOI: 10.1021/es050633j.
  • Johari A, Ahmed SI, Hashim H, Alkali H, Ramli M. 2012. Economic and environmental benefits of landfill gas from municipal solid waste in Malaysia. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 16(5): 2907-2912. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.005.
  • Kaplan PO, Decarolis J, Thorneloe S. 2009. Is it better to burn or bury waste for clean electricity generation? Environ Sci Tech, 43: 1711-1717. DOI: 10.1021/es802395e.
  • Karanjekar RV, Bhatt A, Altouqui S, Jangikhatoonabad N, Durai V, Sattler ML, Hossain MDS, Chen V. 2015. Estimating methane emissions from landfills based on rainfall, ambient temperature, and waste composition: The CLEEN model. Waste Manag, 46: 389-398. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.030.
  • Kumar A, Sharma MP. 2014. Estimation of GHG emission and energy recovery potential from MSW landfill sites. Sust Energy Tech Assess, 5: 50-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2013.11.004.
  • Loening A. 2003. Predictions and projections; looking at the power generation potential of landfill gas. Waste Management World International Solid Waste Association, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Lou XF, Nair J. 2009. The impact of landfilling and composting on greenhouse gas emissions – A review. Bioresource Tech, 100: 3792-3798. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.006.
  • Niskanen A, Värri H, Havukainen J, Uusitalo V, Horttanainen M. 2013. Enhancing landfill gas recovery. J Clean Produc, 55: 67-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.05.042.
  • Salihoglu G, Salihoglu NK, Ucaroglu S, Banar M. 2018. Food loss and waste management in Turkey. Bioresour Tech, 248(Part A): 88-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.083.
  • Scarlat N, Motola V, Dallemand JF, Monforti-Ferrario F, Mofor L. 2015. Evaluation of energy potential of municipal solid waste from African urban areas. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 50: 1269-1286. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.067.
  • Scharff H, Jacobs J. 2006. Applying guidance for methane emission estimation for landfills. Waste Manag, 26(4): 417-429. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.11.015.
  • Scheutz C, Fredenslund AM, Chanton J, Pedersen GB, Kjeldsen P. 2011. Mitigation of methane emission from Fakse landfill using a biowindow system. Waste Manag, 31: 1018-1028. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.01.024.
  • Taherzadeh MJ. 2009. Waste to wealth. Vetenskap för Pprofes, 10: 38-73.
  • Themelis NJ, Ulloa PA. 2007. Methane generation in landfills. Renew Energy, 32(7): 1243-1257. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2006.04.020.
  • Trapani DD, Bella GD, Viviani G. 2013. Uncontrolled methane emissions from a MSW landfill surface: Influence of landfill features and side slopes. Waste Manag, 33: 2108-2115. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.032.
  • Troschinetz AM, Mihelcic JR. 2009. Sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste in developing countries. Waste Manag, 29: 915-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.04.016.
  • Tsai WT. 2007. Bioenergy from landfill gas (LFG) in Taiwan. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 11(2): 331-344. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2005.01.001.
  • U.S.EPA. 2011. Operating gas engines at landfill sites in new LFGTE countries. URL: https://www.epa.gov/sites/ production /files/2016-06/documents/pirker.pdf (access date: December 29, 2017).
  • Vaverkova M, Adamcova D. 2015. Long-term temperature monitoring of a municipal solid waste landfill. Polish J Environ Stud, 24(3): 1373-1378. DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/29940.
  • Weitz KA, Thorneloe SA, Nishtala SR, Yarkosky S, Zannes M. 2002. The impact of municipal solid waste management on greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 52(9): 1000-1011. DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2002.10470843.
  • Willumsen H, Barlaz MA. 2011. Landfilling: gas production, extraction and utilizatin. In Solid Waste Technology Management, Editor: Christensen, Blackwell Publishing, Malaysia, pp: 1022.
  • Yang L, Chen ZL, Zhang X, Liu YY, Xie Y. 2015. Comparison study of landfill gas emissions from subtropical landfill with various phases: A case study in Wuhan, China. J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 65(8): 980-986. DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1051605.
  • Yechiel A, Shevah Y. 2016. Optimization of energy generation using landfill biogas. J Energy Stor, 7: 93-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2016.05.002.
  • Zuber MJS, Ali SF. 2015. Greenhouse effect reduction by recovering energy from waste landfills in Pakistan. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 44: 117-131. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.028.

Waste to Energy: Review on the Development of Land Fill Gas for Power Generation in Sub-Saharan Africa

Yıl 2023, , 296 - 307, 01.07.2023

Dıckson Davıd Olodu , Andrew Erameh

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1195247

Öz

This study focused on the development of land fill gas for power generation in Sub-Saharan Africa. In rapidly expanding cities in developing and emerging nations, it has been observed that municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased dramatically, raising public concern about the effects on the environment and public health. In Sub-Saharan Africa today, the garbage of people within this region especially in Nigeria is carelessly disposed. Environmental pollution and its effects on people's quality of life have become more sensitive topics among residents and decision-makers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is becoming a more important topic on the local political agenda. Local decision-makers routinely debate whether to invest in waste-to-energy technologies as part of their effort to modernize waste management systems. Waste-to-Energy technologies are being promoted more and more as an alluring solution to a number of problems, including the urgent issue of waste disposal. These issues include inadequate power production, a shortage of landfill space, and greenhouse gas emissions from improper waste management. As an alternative to waste burning and composting, landfilling is one of the municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal techniques that are most frequently used. Due to its financial benefits, the sanitary landfill method is still often employed in various nations for the final disposal of solid waste. Landfill gas (LFG) is mostly produced by the anaerobic breakdown of the biodegradable component of municipal solid waste (MSW), specifically kitchen and yard trash, which is disposed of in landfills. Due to the anaerobic breakdown of the organic portion of solid waste, landfill gas is continuously produced. As a result, if an extraction system is not constructed in a landfill, there will be an overpressure that will force the biogas to be released into the atmosphere, which will have an adverse effect on the environment. Methane and carbon dioxide make up the majority of the gases that make up landfill gas, which is a mixture of other gases. Many landfill sites include an operational gas collection system that draws gas from both horizontal and vertical gas wells using a blower. The gas from the landfill was thought to only include carbon dioxide and methane. Methane's typical volume composition is 49%, hence it was believed that carbon dioxide would have a volume composition of 51%. Reviewing the information gathered by numerous studies regarding the volume of waste being dumped in landfills reveals that the waste produced in sub-Saharan Africa is sufficient to power the area with electricity. It was discovered that the quantity of electricity generated will fluctuate over time based on the flow rate of landfill gas. It will initially rise until a peak is attained. A million tons of landfill waste typically emits 434,000 cubic feet of LFG each day, which is sufficient to generate 0.80 MW of power. About 70% of LFG projects use internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and micro-turbines to produce power.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Landfill gas Power generation Sub-Saharan Africa Waste management Waste-to-energy technologies

Kaynakça

  • Aghdam EF, Fredenslund AM, Chanton J, Kjeldsen P, Scheutz C. 2018. Determination of gas recovery efficiency at two danish landfills by performing downwind methane measurements and stable carbon isotopic analysis. Waste Manag, 73: 220-229. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.049.
  • Aguilar-Virgen QP, Taboada-González S, Ojeda-Benítez M. 2014. Power generation with biogas from municipal solid waste: prediction of gas generation with in situ parameters. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 30: 412-419. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.014.
  • Aronica S, Bonanno A, Piazza V, Pignato L, Trapani S. 2009. Estimation of biogas produced by the landfill of palermo, applying a gaussian model. Waste Manag, 29: 233-239. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.026.
  • Barbaro S, Bonanno A, Boscia ML, Rizzo G, Aronica S. 2009. The impact of landfills on the air quality of towns – A simple heuristic model for the city of Palermo. Int J Environ Pollut, 36: 287-304. DOI: 10.1504/IJEP.2009.021833.
  • Bogner J, Spokas K. 1993. Landfill CH4: Rates, fates, and role in global carbon cycle. Chemosphere, 26: 369-386. DOI: 10.1016/0045-6535(93)90432-5.
  • Calabro PS, Gorib M, Lubello C. 2015. European trends in greenhouse gases emissions from integrated solid waste management. Environ Technol, 36(16): 2125-2137. DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1022230.
  • Calabro PS, Orsi S, Gentili E, Carlo M. 2011. Modelling of biogas extraction at an Italian landfill accepting mechanically and biologically treated municipal solid waste. Waste Manag Res, 29: 1277-1285. DOI: 10.1177/0734242X11417487.
  • Calabro PS. 2009. Greenhouse gases emission from municipal waste management: The role of separate collection. Waste Manage, 29(7): 2178-2187. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.02.011.
  • Christensen TH, Manfredi S, Knox K. 2011. Landfilling: Reactor landfills. In Solid Waste Technology Management, ed. H. Thomas Christensen, John Wiley and Sons, New York, US, pp: 772-787.
  • Cossu R, Muntoni A. 1997. Biogas emission measurement using static and dynamic flux chambers and infrared method. Sixth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy, pp: 97.
  • Czepiel PM, Shorter JH, Mosher B, Allwine E, McManu JB, Harriss RC, Kolb CE, Lamb BK. 2003. The influence of atmospheric pressure on landfill methane emissions. Waste Manag, 23: 593-598. DOI: 10.1016/S0956-053X(03)00103-X.
  • Ehsan FA, Anders MF, Jeffrey C, Peter K, Charlotte S. 2019. Determination of gas recovery efficiency at two Danish landfills by performing downwind methane measurements and stable carbon isotopic analysis. Waste Manage, 73: 220-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.049.
  • Emkes H, Coulon F, Wagland S. 2015. A decision support tool for landfill methane generation and gas collection. Waste Manag, 43: 307-318. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.003.
  • Fecil B, Heroux M, Guy C. 2003. Development of a method for the measurement of net methane emission from MSW landfills. Ninth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, October 6-10, 2003, Cagliari, Italy.
  • Friedrich E, Trois C. 2010. GHG accounting and reporting for waste management – A South African perspective. Waste Manag, 30: 2336-2346. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.05.016.
  • Gollapalli M, Kota H. 2018. Methane emissions from a landfill in north-east India: Performance of various landfill gas emission models. Environ Pollut, 234: 174-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.064.
  • Guermoud N, Ouadjnia F, Abdelmalek F, Taleb F. 2009. Municipal solid waste in Mostaganem city (Western Algeria). Waste Manag, 29(2): 896-902. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.03.027.
  • Idehai IM, Akujieze CN. 2015. Estimation of landfill gas and its renewable energy potential in Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Energy Environ Eng, 6: 329-343. DOI: 10.1007/s40095-015-0178-9.
  • Ishigaki T, Yamada M, Nagamori M, Ono Y, Inoue Y. 2005. Estimation of methane emission from whole waste landfill site using correlation between flux and ground temperature. Environ Geol, 48: 845-853. DOI: 10.1007/s00254-005-0008-0.
  • Jaramillo P, Matthews HS. 2005. Landfill-gas-to-energy projects: Analysis of net private and social benefits. Environ Sci Tech, 39: 7365-7373. DOI: 10.1021/es050633j.
  • Johari A, Ahmed SI, Hashim H, Alkali H, Ramli M. 2012. Economic and environmental benefits of landfill gas from municipal solid waste in Malaysia. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 16(5): 2907-2912. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.005.
  • Kaplan PO, Decarolis J, Thorneloe S. 2009. Is it better to burn or bury waste for clean electricity generation? Environ Sci Tech, 43: 1711-1717. DOI: 10.1021/es802395e.
  • Karanjekar RV, Bhatt A, Altouqui S, Jangikhatoonabad N, Durai V, Sattler ML, Hossain MDS, Chen V. 2015. Estimating methane emissions from landfills based on rainfall, ambient temperature, and waste composition: The CLEEN model. Waste Manag, 46: 389-398. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.030.
  • Kumar A, Sharma MP. 2014. Estimation of GHG emission and energy recovery potential from MSW landfill sites. Sust Energy Tech Assess, 5: 50-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2013.11.004.
  • Loening A. 2003. Predictions and projections; looking at the power generation potential of landfill gas. Waste Management World International Solid Waste Association, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Lou XF, Nair J. 2009. The impact of landfilling and composting on greenhouse gas emissions – A review. Bioresource Tech, 100: 3792-3798. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.006.
  • Niskanen A, Värri H, Havukainen J, Uusitalo V, Horttanainen M. 2013. Enhancing landfill gas recovery. J Clean Produc, 55: 67-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.05.042.
  • Salihoglu G, Salihoglu NK, Ucaroglu S, Banar M. 2018. Food loss and waste management in Turkey. Bioresour Tech, 248(Part A): 88-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.083.
  • Scarlat N, Motola V, Dallemand JF, Monforti-Ferrario F, Mofor L. 2015. Evaluation of energy potential of municipal solid waste from African urban areas. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 50: 1269-1286. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.067.
  • Scharff H, Jacobs J. 2006. Applying guidance for methane emission estimation for landfills. Waste Manag, 26(4): 417-429. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.11.015.
  • Scheutz C, Fredenslund AM, Chanton J, Pedersen GB, Kjeldsen P. 2011. Mitigation of methane emission from Fakse landfill using a biowindow system. Waste Manag, 31: 1018-1028. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.01.024.
  • Taherzadeh MJ. 2009. Waste to wealth. Vetenskap för Pprofes, 10: 38-73.
  • Themelis NJ, Ulloa PA. 2007. Methane generation in landfills. Renew Energy, 32(7): 1243-1257. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2006.04.020.
  • Trapani DD, Bella GD, Viviani G. 2013. Uncontrolled methane emissions from a MSW landfill surface: Influence of landfill features and side slopes. Waste Manag, 33: 2108-2115. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.032.
  • Troschinetz AM, Mihelcic JR. 2009. Sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste in developing countries. Waste Manag, 29: 915-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.04.016.
  • Tsai WT. 2007. Bioenergy from landfill gas (LFG) in Taiwan. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 11(2): 331-344. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2005.01.001.
  • U.S.EPA. 2011. Operating gas engines at landfill sites in new LFGTE countries. URL: https://www.epa.gov/sites/ production /files/2016-06/documents/pirker.pdf (access date: December 29, 2017).
  • Vaverkova M, Adamcova D. 2015. Long-term temperature monitoring of a municipal solid waste landfill. Polish J Environ Stud, 24(3): 1373-1378. DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/29940.
  • Weitz KA, Thorneloe SA, Nishtala SR, Yarkosky S, Zannes M. 2002. The impact of municipal solid waste management on greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 52(9): 1000-1011. DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2002.10470843.
  • Willumsen H, Barlaz MA. 2011. Landfilling: gas production, extraction and utilizatin. In Solid Waste Technology Management, Editor: Christensen, Blackwell Publishing, Malaysia, pp: 1022.
  • Yang L, Chen ZL, Zhang X, Liu YY, Xie Y. 2015. Comparison study of landfill gas emissions from subtropical landfill with various phases: A case study in Wuhan, China. J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 65(8): 980-986. DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1051605.
  • Yechiel A, Shevah Y. 2016. Optimization of energy generation using landfill biogas. J Energy Stor, 7: 93-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2016.05.002.
  • Zuber MJS, Ali SF. 2015. Greenhouse effect reduction by recovering energy from waste landfills in Pakistan. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 44: 117-131. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.028.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Reviews
Yazarlar

Dıckson Davıd Olodu 0000-0003-3383-2543

Andrew Erameh 0000-0002-6463-143X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 11 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Ekim 2022
Kabul Tarihi 28 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Olodu, D. D., & Erameh, A. (2023). Waste to Energy: Review on the Development of Land Fill Gas for Power Generation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 6(3), 296-307. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1195247
AMA Olodu DD, Erameh A. Waste to Energy: Review on the Development of Land Fill Gas for Power Generation in Sub-Saharan Africa. BSJ Eng. Sci. Temmuz 2023;6(3):296-307. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1195247
Chicago Olodu, Dıckson Davıd, ve Andrew Erameh. “Waste to Energy: Review on the Development of Land Fill Gas for Power Generation in Sub-Saharan Africa”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 6, sy. 3 (Temmuz 2023): 296-307. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1195247.
EndNote Olodu DD, Erameh A (01 Temmuz 2023) Waste to Energy: Review on the Development of Land Fill Gas for Power Generation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 6 3 296–307.
IEEE D. D. Olodu ve A. Erameh, “Waste to Energy: Review on the Development of Land Fill Gas for Power Generation in Sub-Saharan Africa”, BSJ Eng. Sci., c. 6, sy. 3, ss. 296–307, 2023, doi: 10.34248/bsengineering.1195247.
ISNAD Olodu, Dıckson Davıd - Erameh, Andrew. “Waste to Energy: Review on the Development of Land Fill Gas for Power Generation in Sub-Saharan Africa”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 6/3 (Temmuz 2023), 296-307. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1195247.
JAMA Olodu DD, Erameh A. Waste to Energy: Review on the Development of Land Fill Gas for Power Generation in Sub-Saharan Africa. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2023;6:296–307.
MLA Olodu, Dıckson Davıd ve Andrew Erameh. “Waste to Energy: Review on the Development of Land Fill Gas for Power Generation in Sub-Saharan Africa”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, c. 6, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 296-07, doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1195247.
Vancouver Olodu DD, Erameh A. Waste to Energy: Review on the Development of Land Fill Gas for Power Generation in Sub-Saharan Africa. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2023;6(3):296-307.

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