COVID-19 Salgınının Küresel Boyutta Çevresel Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

COVID-19 salgını döneminde, dünya genelinde virüsün yayılmasını kontrol altına almak için alınan önlemler; sosyal, ekonomik ve ticari faaliyetlerin yavaşlamasına neden olmuştur. Bu durum kaçınılmaz olarak çevre bileşenlerini de doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak etkilemiştir. COVID-19 kısıtlamalarının uygulanmasıyla, dünyanın farklı şehirlerinde hava kalitesinin önemli ölçüde iyileştiği, sera gazı emisyonunun düştüğü, su kirliliği ve gürültü seviyesinin azaldığı, yüzey ve yer altı su kalitesinin iyileştiği ve trafik yoğunluğunun azaldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Fakat çevre üzerindeki bu olumlu etkilerine rağmen, yeni koronavirüs salgınında düşük iç hava kalitesi, tek kullanımlık plastiklerin kullanımlarının artması, maske ve eldiven gibi medikal atık miktarlarının artması, geri dönüşüm atık miktarının azalması gibi olumsuz etkilerin de ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmayla, salgın döneminden itibaren COVID-19'un çevresel faktörler ve üzerindeki etkilerine ilişkin çalışmaları içeren mevcut bilimsel literatürler gözden geçirilerek, COVID-19 salgınının olumlu ve olumsuz çevresel etkilerini sebepleriyle birlikte ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• Salgın
• Hava
• Atık
• Su
• Gürültü

Assessment of the Global Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic

Öz

During the COVID-19 pandemic period, measures taken to control the spread of the virus worldwide; caused a decrease in social, economic and commercial activities. This situation inevitably affected the environmental components directly or indirectly. With the implementation of COVID-19 restrictions, it has been observed that air quality has improved significantly, greenhouse gas emissions have decreased, water pollution and noise levels have slowdown, surface and ground water quality has enhanced and traffic density has reduced in different cities of the world. However, despite these positive effects on the environment, the new corona virus epidemic also caused negative effects such as low indoor air quality, increased use of disposable plastics and medical waste such as masks and gloves, and decreased amount of recycling waste. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the positive and negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on environment by reviewing the scientific literatures.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• Pandemic
• Air
• Waste
• Water
• Noise

Kaynakça

1. Abouleish MYZ. 2021. Indoor air quality and COVID-19. Public Health, 191: 1-2.
2. Afshari R. 2020. Indoor Air Quality and Severity of COVID-19: Where Communicable and Non-communicable Preventive Measures Meet. Asia Pac J Med Toxicol,9(1): 1-2.
3. Amazon Basın Bülteni. 2020. Amazon.com Announces First Quarter Results. URL:https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazoncom-announces first-quarter-results (erişim tarihi: 23 Mart 2021).
4. Amoatey P, Omidvarborna H, Baawain MS, Al-Mamun A. 2020. Impact of buildingventilation systems and habitual indoor incense burning on SARS-CoV-2 virus transmissionsin Middle Eastern countries. Sci Total Environ, 733: 139356.
5. Arif M, Kumar RK, Parveen S, Verma N. 2020. Reduction in water pollution in Yamuna River due tolockdown under COVID-19 Pandemic. J Pharm Innov, 9(12) : 84-89.
6. Baldasano JM.2020. COVID-19 lockdown effects on air quality by NO2 in the cities of Barcelona and Madrid (Spain). Sci Total Environ, 741: 140353.
7. Bashir MF, Ma BJ, Bilal B, Bashir MA, Farooq TH, Bashir M.2020. Correlation betweenenvironmental pollution indicators and COVID-19 pandemic: A brief study in Californiancontext. Environ Res, 187: 109652.
8. Basu B, Murphy E, Molter A, Sarkar A, Sannigrahi S, Belmonte M, Pilla F. 2021.Investigating changes in noise pollution due to the COVID-19 lockdown: The case of Dublin, Ireland. Sustain Cities Soc, 65: 102597.

9. BBC. 2021. Covid: Disposable masks pose pollutants risk, study finds. URL: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-56972074 (erişim tarihi:8 Mart 2021).
10. Berman JD, Ebisu K. 2020. Changes in U.S. air pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Total Environ, 739: 139864.
11. Broomandi P, Karaca F, Nikfal A, Jahanbakhshi A, Tamjidi M, Kim JR. 2020. Impact of COVID-19 Event on the Air Quality in Iran. Aerosol Air Qual Res, 20(8) : 1793-1804.
12. Caine P. 2020. Environmental Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns Seen from Space. URL:https://news.wttw.com/2020/04/02/environmental-impact-covid-19-lockdowns-seen-space (erişim tarihi: 4 Nisan 2021).
13. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Zhang L. 2020. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223) : 507-513.
14. Clifford C. 2020. The water in Venice, Italy’s canals is running clear amid the COVID-19 lockdown - take a look. URL:https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/18/photos-water-in-venice-italys-canals-clear-amid-covid-19-lockdown.html (erişim tarihi:01 Mart 2021).
15. Čurović L, Jeram S, Murovec J, Novaković T, Rupnik K, Prezelj J. 2021. Impact of COVID-19 on environmental noise emitted from the port. Sci Total Environ, 756: 144147.
16. Cüce H, Uğur O. 2021. Nevşehir İlinde Karayolu Ulaşımından Kaynaklanan Sera Gazı Emisyonlarının Covid-19 Salgını Başlangıç Döneminde Değerlendirilmesi. Karadeniz Fen Bilim Derg, 11 (1) : 118-134.
17. Dantas G, Siciliano B, França BB, da Silva CM, Arbilla G. 2020. The impact of COVID-19 partial lockdown on the air quality of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sci Total Environ, 729: 139085.
18. Davidson H. 2020. Dolphin numbers up in Hong Kong after Covid crisis halts ferries. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/15/dolphins-return-hong-kong-covidcrisis-halts-ferries (erişim tarihi: 26 Şubat 2021).
19. Daventry M. 2020. Dolphins take advantage of Turkey's lockdown to explore Istanbul's Bosphorus. URL:https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/26/dolphins-take-advantage-of-turkey-s-lockdown-to-explore-istanbul-s-bosphorus (erişim tarihi: 15 Şubat 2021).
20. Domínguez-Amarillo S, Fernández-Agüera J, Cesteros-García S, González-Lezcano RA. 2020. Bad air can also kill: residential ındoor air quality and pollutant exposure risk during the COVID-19 Crisis. Int J Environ Res Pub Health, 17(19): 7183.
21. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. 2020a. Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). URL:https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov_old (erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2020).
22. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. 2020b. Shortage of personal protective equipment endangering health workers worldwide.URL: https://www.who.int/news/item/03-03-2020-shortage-of-personal-protective-equipment-endangering-health-workers-worldwide (erişim tarihi: 27 Ocak 2021).
23. Espejo W, Celis JE, Chiang G, Bahamonde P. 2020. Environment and COVID-19: Pollutants, impacts, dissemination, management and recommendations for facing future epidemic threats. Sci Total Environ, 747: 141314.
24. Fadare OO, Okoffo ED. 2020. Covid-19 face masks: A potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment. Sci Total Environ, 737: 140279-140279.
25. Faridi S, Niazi S, Sadeghi K, Naddafi K, Yavarian J, Shamsipour M, MokhtariT. 2020. A field indoor air measurement of SARS-CoV-2 in the patient rooms of the largest hospital in Iran. Sci Total Environ, 725: 138401.
26. Filho WL, Voronova V, Kloga M, Paço A, Minhas A, Salvi, AL, Sivapalan S. 2021. COVID-19 and waste production in households: A trend analysis. Sci Total Environ, 777: 145997.
27. Gandhiok J. Ibrar M. 2020. Covid-19: Noise pollution falls as lockdown rings in sound of silence. URL:https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-19-noise-pollution-falls-as-lockdown-rings-in-sound-of-silence/articleshow/75309318.cms (erişim tarihi: 25 Mart 2021).
28. Giuliani-Hoffman F. 2020. Conservationists warn Covid waste may result in 'more masks than jellyfish' in the sea.URL: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/24/us/plastic-pollution-ocean-covid-waste-trnd/index.html (erişim tarihi: 05 Nisan 2021).
29. Girdhar A, Kapur H, Kumar V, Kaur M, Singh D, Damasevicius R. 2021. Effect of COVID-19 outbreak on urban health and environment. Air Qual Atmos Health,14(3) : 389-397.
30. Gulzar F. 2020. Coronavirus: Has India's Yamuna River gotten cleaner during lockdown? URL:https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/coronavirus-has-indias-yamuna-river-gotten-cleaner-during-lockdown-1.1586097472778 (erişim tarihi: 22 Mart 2021).
31. He G, Pan Y, Tanaka T. 2020. COVID-19, City Lockdowns, and Air Pollution: Evidence from China. medRxiv, 2020: 2003.2029.20046649.
32. Hosseini MR, Fouladi-Fard R, Ali R. 2020. COVID-19 pandemic and sick building syndrome. Indoor Built Environ, 29(8): 1181-1183.
33. Houwman C. 2020. Decreased air pollution resulting from COVID-19 is only temporary unless steps are taken.URL:https://lhsstatesman.com/2020/05/decreased-air-pollution-resulting-from-covid-19-is-only-temporary-unless-steps-are-taken-13279/(erişim tarihi: 27 Şubat 2021).
34. International Energy Agency. 2020. Global energy and CO2 emissions in 2020.URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2020/global-energy-and-co2 emissions-in2020?utm_content=buffer67ad2&utm_medium=social&utm_source= twitter.com&utm_camaign=buffer (erişim tarihi: 12 Mart 2021).
35. Italy WWF. 2020. In the disposal of masks and gloves, responsibility is required WWF International. URL: https://www.wwf.it/chi_siamo/organizzazione/ (erişim tarihi: 15 Mart 2021).
36. Ju MJ, Oh J, Choi YH. 2021. Changes in air pollution levels after COVID-19 outbreak in Korea. Sci Total Environ, 750: 141521.
37. Kalantary RR, Jamshidi A, Mofrad MMG, Jafari AJ, Heidari N, Fallahizadeh S, Torkashvand J. 2021. Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on medical waste management: a case study. J Environ Health Sci Eng, 19(1) : 831-836.
38. Kalawapudi K, Singh T, Vijay R, Goyal N, Kumar R. 2021. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on festival celebrations and noise pollution levels. Noise Mapping, 8(1) : 89-93.
39. Kalbusch A, Henning E, Brikalski MP, Luca FV, Konrath AC. 2020. Impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) spread-prevention actions on urban water consumption. Resour Conserv Recycl, 163: 105098.
40. Khan R, Saxena A, Shukla S, Sekar S, Goel P.2021. Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on the water quality index of River Gomti, India, with potential hazard of faecal-oral transmission. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 1-9.
41. Klemeš JJ, Fan YV, Tan RR, Jiang P. 2020. Minimising the present and future plastic waste, energy and environmental footprints related to COVID-19.Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev, 127, 109883.
42. Koivusalo M, Vartiainen T. 1997. Drinking water chlorination by-products and cancer. Rev. Environ. Health: 12(2), 81-90.
43. Mahato S, Pal S, Ghosh KG.2020. Effect of lockdown amid COVID-19 pandemic on air quality of the megacity Delhi, India. Sci Total Environ, 730, 139086.
44. Mofijur M, Fattah IMR, Alam MA, Islam AB,Ong HC, Rahman SMA, Mahlia TMI. 2021. Impact of COVID-19 on the social, economic, environmental and energy domains: Lessons learnt from a global pandemic. Sustain Prod Consum, 26: 343-359.
45. Mostafa MK, Gamal G, Wafiq A. 2021. The impact of COVID 19 on air pollution levels and other environmental indicators - A case study of Egypt. J Environ Manage, 277: 111496.
46. Mu-Hyun C. 2020. Korea sees steep rise in online shopping during COVID-19 pandemic. URL: https://www.zdnet.com/article/korea-sees-steep-rise-in-online-shopping-during-covid-19-pandemic/ (erişim tarihi: 12 Mart 2021).
47. Muduli PR, Kumar A, Kanuri VV, Mishra DR, Acharya P, Saha R, Sudhakar A. 2021. Water quality assessment of the Ganges River during COVID-19 lockdown. Int J Environ Sci Technol, 18(6) : 1645-1652.
48. Munster V, Koopmans M, van Doremalen N, van Riel D, de Wit E. 2020. A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in China - Key Questions for Impact Assessment. N Engl J Med, 382(8): 692-694.
49. Pietrogrande MC, Casari L, Demaria G, Russo M. 2021. Indoor Air Quality in Domestic Environments during Periods Close to Italian COVID-19 Lockdown. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(8): 4060.
50. Poetzscher J. 2020. The effect of Covid-19 on India’s air quality. URL: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/the-effect-of-covid-19-on-indias-air quality/article31564038.ece (erişim tarihi: 12 Mart 2021).
51. Qi M, Du W, Zhu X, Wang W, Lu C, Chen Y, Tao S. 2019. Fluctuation in time-resolved PM2.5 from rural households with solid fuel-associated internal emission sources. Environ Pollut, 244: 304-313.
52. Rahman MM, Bodrud-Doza M, Griffiths MD, Mamun MA. 2020. Biomedical waste amid COVID-19: perspectives from Bangladesh. Lancet Glob Health, 8(10) : e1262-e1262.
53. Ramesh M, Anitha S, Poopal RK, Shobana C. 2018. Evaluation of acute and sublethal effects of chloroquine (C18H26CIN3) on certain enzymological and histopathological biomarker responses of a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. Toxicol Rep, 5: 18-27.
54. Ranjan A. 2020. Coronavirus: Disposable face masks pose serious environment threat - How to deal with it. URL:https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/coronavirus-disposable-face-masks-pose-serious-environment-threat-how-to-deal-with-it-669635 (erişim tarihi: 25 Şubat 2021).
55. Rattner N. 2020. As coronavirus restrictions drag on, Americans shift online spending from stockpiling to entertainment. URL: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/19/coronavirus-what-americans-are-buying-online-while-in-quarantine.html (erişim tarihi: 12 Mart 2021).
56. Rume T, Islam SM. 2020. Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability. Heliyon, 6(9): e04965.
57. Saadat S, Rawtani D, Hussain CM. 2020. Environmental perspective of COVID-19. Sci Total Environ, 728, 138870.
58. Sharma S, Zhang M, Anshika Gao J, Zhang H, Kota SH. 2020. Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India. Sci Total Environ, 728: 138878.
59. Siddique A, Shahzad A, Lawler J, Mahmoud KA, Lee DS, Ali N, Rasool K. 2021. Unprecedented environmental and energy impacts and challenges of COVID-19 pandemic. Environ Res, 193: 110443.
60. Sims J. 2020. Will the world be quieter after the pandemic?URL:https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic (erişim tarihi: 25 Şubat 2021).
61. Singhal S. Matto M. 2020. COVID-19 lockdown: A ventilator for rivers. URL: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/covid-19-lockdown-a-ventilator-for-rivers-70771 (erişim tarihi: 11 Ocak 2021).
62. Somani M, Srivastava AN, Gummadivalli SK, Sharma A. 2020. Indirect implications of COVID-19 towards sustainable environment: An investigation in Indian context. Bioresour Technol Rep, 11: 100491.
63. Storrow B. 2020. Why CO2 Isn’t Falling More during a Global Lockdown.URL:https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-co2-isnt-falling-more-during-a-global-lockdown/ (erişim tarihi: 25 Şubat 2021).
64. The European Space Agency. 2020. Coronavirus lockdown leading to drop in pollution across Europe.URL:https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-5P/Coronavirus_lockdown_leading_to_drop_in_pollution_across_Europe (erişim tarihi: 12 Mart 2021).
65. Tsang KW, Ho PL, Ooi GC, Yee WK, Wang T, Chan-Yeung M, Lai KN. 2003. A Cluster of Cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med, 348(20): 1977-1985.
66. Wallace G. 2020. Airlines and TSA report 96% drop in air travel as pandemic continues.URL: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/09/politics/airline-passengers-decline/index.html (erişim tarihi: 12 Şubat 2021).
67. Weschler CJ. 2009. Changes in indoor pollutants since the 1950s. Atmos Environ, 43(1): 153-169.
68. Worldometers. 2021. COVID-19 Pandemic. URL: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ ( erişim tarihi: 31 Mayıs 2021).
69. Xinhuanet. 2020. China Focus: Mask makers go all out in fight against novel coronavirus. URL: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/06/c_138760527.htm (erişim tarihi: 14 Ocak 2021).
70. Xu K, Cui K, Young LH, Hsieh YK, Wang YF, Zhang J, Wan S. 2020. Impact of the COVID-19 event on air quality in central China. Aerosol Air Qual Res, 20(5) : 915-929.
71. Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, Xu KJ, Ying LJ, Ma CL, Li LJ. 2020. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ (Clinical research ed), 368: 606.
72. Yunus AP, Masago Y, Hijioka Y. 2020. COVID-19 and surface water quality: Improved lake water quality during the lockdown. Sci Total Environ, 731: 139012.
73. Zambrano-Monserrate MA, Ruano MA, Sanchez-Alcalde L. 2020. Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Sci Total Environ, 728: 138813.
74. Zeitung W. 2020. Verkehr in Wien halbiert. URL:https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/chronik/wien-chronik/2056903-Verkehr-in-Wien-halbiert.html(erişim tarihi: 12 Haziran 2021).
75. Zheng G, Filippelli GM, Salamova A. 2020. Increased Indoor Exposure to Commonly Used Disinfectants during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Environ Sci Technol Lett, 7(10), 760-765.
76. Zogopoulos E. 2020. COVID-19: The Curious Case of a Green Virus. URL:https://energyindustryreview.com/analysis/covid-19-the-curious-case-of-a-green-virus/(erişim tarihi: 24 Mart 2021).