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Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 19 - 30, 01.01.2020

Ahmet Doğan Erkan Yalçın

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.628806

Öz

Bu çalışmada liyanların biyolojik ve
ekolojik özellikleri, ekosistem seviyesindeki fonksiyonları açıklanmaya
çalışılmıştır. Liyanlar hayatlarının her döneminde toprağa bağlı olan odunsu
tırmanıcılar olup, tropik ormanlar başta olmak üzere geniş bir yayılış alanına
sahiptirler. Son 30 yıldır liyanların orman fonksiyon ve dinamiklerine
etkileri, yerel halk tarafından geniş kullanım alanları, orman yönetiminde
liyanlarla mücadele üzerine yapılan araştırmalar artarak devam etmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

ekoloji hayat formları liyan tırmanıcılar

Kaynakça

  • Abbiw DK. 1990. Useful plants of Ghana. West African uses of wild and cultivated plants. Intermediate Technology Publication, London.
  • Anşin R, Terzioğlu S. 1998. Trabzon, Rize, Artvin yörelerinde bulunan doğal ve egzotik tırmanıcı bitkiler. KTÜ Orman Fakültesi, Orman Botaniği Anabilim Dalı, 61080, Trabzon.
  • Avşar MD, Ok T. 2018. Tırmanıcı bitkilerin bazı biyolojik özellikleri, Turk J For Sci, 2, 156-164.
  • Balfour DA, Bond WJ. 1993. Factors liabundance in virgin dipterocarp forest and the effect of pre-felling climber cutting on lomiting climber distribution and abundance in a southern African forest. J. Ecol, 81: 93–99.
  • Barker MG, Pérez-Salicrup DR. 2000. Comparative water relations of mature mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) trees with and without lianas in a subhumid, seasonally dry forest in Bolivia. Tree Physiology, 20: 1167-1174.
  • Bongers F, Schnitzer SA, Traore D. 2002. The importance of lianas and consequences for forest management in West Africa. Bioterre, 59-70.
  • Bongers F, Parren MPE. Swaine M.D, Traore D. 2005. Forest climbing plants of West Africa: intoduction. In: Bongers F, Parren, MPE, Traore D, editörler, Forest climbing plants of West Africa: Diversity, Ecology and Management. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, s. 5–18.
  • Braun-Blanquet J. 1932. Plant sociology; the study of plant communities. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York-London.
  • Caballe G. 1998. Le port autoportant des lianes tropicales: une synthèse des stratégies de croissance. Can. J. Bot. 76: 1703-1716.
  • Cai ZQ, Schnitzer SA, Bongers F. 2009 Seasonal differences in leaf-level physiology give lianas a competitive advantage over trees in a tropical seasonal forest. Oecologia, 61: 25–33.
  • Campbell M, Magrach A, Laurance WF. 2015. Liana diversity and the future of tropical forests. In: Parthasarathy N, editör. Biodiversity of Lianas. Springer, s. 255-274Carlquist S. 1975. Ecological Strategies of Xylem Evolution. Üniversity of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Carlquist S. 1985. Observations on the functional histology of vines and lianas: vessel dimorphism, tracheids, vasicentric tracheids, narrow vessels, and paranchyma. Aliso, 11:139-57.
  • Clark DB, Clark DA. 1990. Distribution and effects of tree growth of lianas and woody hemiepiphytes in a Costa Rican tropical wet forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 6: 321–331Darwin C. 1867. On the movements and habits of climbing plants. J. Linn. Soc. 9: 1–118.
  • Dawson JW. 1980. Middle latitude rainforest in the southern hemisphere. Biotropica, 12: 159-160.
  • Dillunberg LR, Whıgham DF, Teramura AH, Forseth I. 1993. Effects of vine competition on availability of light, water and nitrogen to a tree host (Liquidambar styraciflua). Am.J.Bot. 80: 244-252.
  • Dirik H. 2006. Süs bitkilerinde budama ilkeleri ve uygulama teknikleri. In Kent ağaçları ve süs bitkilerinde bakım ve budama esasları. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanlığı Park ve Bahçeler Müdürlüğü, İstanbul, s. 79-113.
  • Doğan A, Yalçın E, Sürmen B, Kutbay HG. 2015. Seasonal and altitudinal changes in leaf nutrient concentrations of Hedera helix L.(Araliaceae). Revue D Ecologie, 70: 166-181.
  • Ellenberg H, Mueller-Dombois D. 1967. A key to Raunkiaer plant life forms with revised subdivisions. Ber. geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftg. Rubel, Zürih, 37:56-73.
  • Ewers FW. 1985. Xylem structure and water conductıon ın conıfer trees, dıcot trees, and lianas. IAWA J. 4: 309-317.
  • Fichtner K, Schulze ED. 1990. Xylem water flow in tropical vines as measured by a steady state heating method. Oecologia, 82: 350–361.
  • Foster PF, Sork VL. 1997. Population and genetic structure of the West African rain forest liana Ancistrocladus korupensis (Ancistrocladaceae). Am. J. Bot. 84:1079-1091.
  • Gentry AH. 1985. An ecotaxonomic survey of Panamanian lianas. In: W.G.D’Arcy, M.Correa, editörler. Historia Natural de Panama. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, s. 29-42. Gentry AH. 1991a. The distribution and evolution of climbing plants. In: Putz FE, Mooney HA, editörler. The biology of vines. Cambridge University Press, s. 3-49.
  • Gentry AH. 1991b. Breeding and Dispersal System of lianas. In: Putz FE, Mooney HA, editörler. The biology of vines., Cambridge University Press, s. 393–423.
  • Gerwing JJ, Farias DL. 2000. Integrating liana abundance and forest stature into an estimate of total aboveground biomass for an eastern Amazonian forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 16: 327-335.
  • Körner C. 2009. Responses of humid tropical trees to rising CO2. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 40: 61–79.
  • Kuzee ME. 2002. Forest recovery and lianas. PhD Thesis Wageningen Ème University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (in prep).
  • Laurance WF, Laurance LV, Ferreıra SG, Rankın De Merona JM, Gascon C, Lovejoy TE. 1997. Biomass collapse in Amazonian forest fragments. Science, 278: 1117–1118.
  • Laurance WF, Pérez-Salicrup D, Delamônica P, Fearnside PM, Agra S, Jerozolinski A, Pohl L, Lovejoy TE. 2001. Rain forest fragmentation and the structure of Amazonian liana communities. Ecology, 82: 105–116.
  • Lertpanich K, Brockelman WY. 2003. Lianas and Environmental Factors in the Mo Singto Biodiversity Research Plot, Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Trop Nat Hist. 3: 7-17.
  • Liu WJ, Meng FR, Zhang YP, Liu YH, Li HM. 2004. Water input from fog drip in the tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. J. Trop. Ecol. 20: 517–524.
  • Londre RA, Schnitzer S. 2007. The distribution of lianas and their change in abundance in temperate forests over the past 45 years. Ecology, 87: 2973-2978.
  • Lowe RG, Walker P. 1977. Classification of canopy, stem, crown status and climber infestation in natural tropical forest in Nigeria. J. Appl. Ecol. 14: 897-903.
  • Malaisse F. 1997. Se nourrir en forêt claire africaine. Approche écologique et nutritionelle. Les Presses Agronomique de Gembloux, gembloux, and Centre Technique de Coopération Agricole et Rurale, CTA, Wageningen.
  • Mooney HA, Gartner BL. 1991. Reserve economy of vines. In: Putz FE, Mooney HA, editörler. The biology of vines. Cambridge University Press, s. 161-179.
  • Okerman A. 2000. Combating the “Ivy Desert”: The Invasion of Hedera helix (English Ivy) in the Pacific Northwest United States. Students On-Line Journal, 6: 1-10.
  • Özkan M, Şenel G. 2006. Anatomical investigation on some Clematis (Ranunculaceae) species in Turkey. Bot Lith. 12: 79-84.
  • Parren MPE. 2002. Lianas and logging in West-Africa. PhD thesis Wageningen University. (in prep).
  • Parren MPE, Bongers F. 2001. Does climber cutting reduce felling damage in southern Cameroon? For. Ecol. Manage. 141:175-188.
  • Parren MPE, De Graaf NR. 1995. The quest for natural forest management in Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire and Liberia. Tropenbos Foundation Series 13, Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
  • Pérez-Salicrup DR, Barker MG. 2000. Effect of liana cutting on water potential and growth of adult Senna multijuga (Caesalpinioideae) trees in a Bolivian tropical forest. Oecologia,124: 469–475.
  • Phillips OL, Gentry AH. 1994. Increasing turnover through time in tropical forests. Science, 263: 954–957.
  • Powers JS, Kalicin M, Newman M. 2004. Tree species do not influence local soil chemistry in a species-rich Costa Rican rain forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 20: 587–590.
  • Proctor JM. 1983. Ecological studies in four contrasting lowland rain forest in Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak: Forest environment, structure and florostics. J. Ecol. 71: 237-260.
  • Putz FE. 1983. Liana biomass and leaf area of a ‘terra firme’ forest in the Rio Negro basin, Venezuela. Biotropica, 15: 185–189.
  • Putz FE. 1984. The natural history of lianas on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ecology, 65: 1713-1724.
  • Putz FE. 1985. Woody lianas and forest management in Malaysia. Commenw. For. Revi. 64: 359-365.
  • Putz FE, Chai P. 1987. Ecological studies on lianas in Lambir National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. J. Ecol. 75: 523-531.
  • Putz FE, Appanah S. 1987. Buried seeds newly dispersed seeds and the dynamics of a lowland forest in Malaysia. Biotropica, 19: 326-33.
  • Putz FE, Mooney HA. 1991. The Biology of Vines. Cambridge University Press.
  • Putz FE, Holbrook NM. 1991. Biomechanical studies of vines. In: Putz FE, Mooney HA, editörler, The biology of vines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. s. 73–97.
  • Raunkiaer C. 1905. Types biologiques pour la geographie botanique. Bul. Acad. Roy. Sci. Denmark. 5: 347-437.
  • Rundel PW, Franklin T. 1991. Vines in arid amn semi-arid ecosystem. In: Putz FE, Mooney HA, editörler, The biology of vines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. s. 337–356.
  • Schenck H. 1892-1893. Beitrage zur biologie und anatomie der a lianen, im besonderen der in Brasilien einheimischen arten. In Botanische Mitteilungenaus den Tropen. Schimper, Jena, Deutschland, 2. Schnitzer SA, Dalling JW, Carson WP. 2000. The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps: Evidence for an alternative pathway of gap-phase regeneration. J. of Ecol. 88: 655-666.
  • Schnıtzer SA, Bongers F. 2002. The role of lianas and their role in forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17: 223-230.
  • Schnitzer SA. 2005. A mechanistic explanation for global patterns of liana abundance and distribution. Amer. Natur. 166: 262–276.
  • Schnıtzer SA, Bongers F. 2011. Increasing liana abundance and biomass in tropical forests: emerging patterns and putative mechanisms. Ecol Lett. 14: 397-406. Scholander PF. 1958. The rise of sap in lianas. İn the physiology of forest trees. Thimann KV, editör. Ronald Press, New York.
  • Sperry JS, Holbrook NM, Zimmermann MH, Tyree MT. 1987. Spring filling of xylem vessels in wild grapevine. Plant Physiol. 83: 414-417.
  • Stevens GC. 1987. Lianas as structural parasites: The Bursera simaruba example. Ecology, 68: 77-81.
  • Tibbetts TJ, Ewers FW. 2000. Root pressure and specific conductivity in temperate lianas: exotic Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae) vs. native Vitis riparia (Vitaceae). Am. J. Bot. 87: 1272-1278.
  • Tra Bı FH. 1997. Utilisations des plantes, par l'homme, dans les Forêts Classées du Haut Sassandra et du Scio, en Côte d'Ivoire. Thèse, 3 Cycle, Université de Cocody, Abidjan.
  • Thomas DW. 1994. Sustainable harvest of Ancistrocladus korupensis (Ancistrocladaceae) leaf litter for research on HIV. Econ Bot. 48: 413-414.
  • Tyree MT. 1997. The cohesion-tension theory of sap ascendent: Current controversies. J. Exp. Bot. 48: 1753-1765.
  • Van Andel T. 2000. Non-timber forest products of the north-West Distyrict of Guyana. Tropenbos-Guyana Series 8a, Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen.
  • Vidal E, Johns J, Gerwing JJ, Barreto P, Uhl C. 1997. Vine management for reduced-impact logging in eastern Amazonia. For. Ecol. Manage. 98: 105-114.
  • Winkler AJ, Williams WO. 1945. Starch and sugars of Vitis vinifera. Plant Physiol. 20: 412-432.
  • Xiao-Tao Lü XT, Tang JW, Feng ZL, Li MH. 2008. Diversity and aboveground biomass of lianas in the tropical seasonal rain forests of Xishuangbanna, SW China. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57: 211-222.
  • Yanoviak SP, Schnitzer SA. 2013. Functional roles of lianas for forest canopy animals. In: Lowman M, Devy S, Ganesh T, editörler. Tree tops at risk. Springer, New York.
  • Yong T, Kitching RL, Min C. 2012. Lianas as structural parasites: A re-evaluation. Sci Bull (Pekin), 57: 307-3012.
  • Zimmermann MH, Jeje AA. 1981. Vessel-lenght distribution in stems of some American woody plants. Can J Botany, 59: 1882-92.

Biological and Ecological Characteristics of Lianas

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 19 - 30, 01.01.2020

Ahmet Doğan Erkan Yalçın

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.628806

Öz

In this study, biological and ecological characteristics of the lianas and their functions at ecosystem level are tried to be explained. Lianas are woody climbers who are attached to the soil in every period of their lives and they have a wide distribution area, especially tropical forests. For the last 30 years, there has been an increase in the researches on the effects of the lianas on the forest functions and dynamics, the wide usage areas by the local people and the fight against the lianas in the forest management.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ecology Life forms Liana Climbers

Kaynakça

  • Abbiw DK. 1990. Useful plants of Ghana. West African uses of wild and cultivated plants. Intermediate Technology Publication, London.
  • Anşin R, Terzioğlu S. 1998. Trabzon, Rize, Artvin yörelerinde bulunan doğal ve egzotik tırmanıcı bitkiler. KTÜ Orman Fakültesi, Orman Botaniği Anabilim Dalı, 61080, Trabzon.
  • Avşar MD, Ok T. 2018. Tırmanıcı bitkilerin bazı biyolojik özellikleri, Turk J For Sci, 2, 156-164.
  • Balfour DA, Bond WJ. 1993. Factors liabundance in virgin dipterocarp forest and the effect of pre-felling climber cutting on lomiting climber distribution and abundance in a southern African forest. J. Ecol, 81: 93–99.
  • Barker MG, Pérez-Salicrup DR. 2000. Comparative water relations of mature mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) trees with and without lianas in a subhumid, seasonally dry forest in Bolivia. Tree Physiology, 20: 1167-1174.
  • Bongers F, Schnitzer SA, Traore D. 2002. The importance of lianas and consequences for forest management in West Africa. Bioterre, 59-70.
  • Bongers F, Parren MPE. Swaine M.D, Traore D. 2005. Forest climbing plants of West Africa: intoduction. In: Bongers F, Parren, MPE, Traore D, editörler, Forest climbing plants of West Africa: Diversity, Ecology and Management. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, s. 5–18.
  • Braun-Blanquet J. 1932. Plant sociology; the study of plant communities. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York-London.
  • Caballe G. 1998. Le port autoportant des lianes tropicales: une synthèse des stratégies de croissance. Can. J. Bot. 76: 1703-1716.
  • Cai ZQ, Schnitzer SA, Bongers F. 2009 Seasonal differences in leaf-level physiology give lianas a competitive advantage over trees in a tropical seasonal forest. Oecologia, 61: 25–33.
  • Campbell M, Magrach A, Laurance WF. 2015. Liana diversity and the future of tropical forests. In: Parthasarathy N, editör. Biodiversity of Lianas. Springer, s. 255-274Carlquist S. 1975. Ecological Strategies of Xylem Evolution. Üniversity of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Carlquist S. 1985. Observations on the functional histology of vines and lianas: vessel dimorphism, tracheids, vasicentric tracheids, narrow vessels, and paranchyma. Aliso, 11:139-57.
  • Clark DB, Clark DA. 1990. Distribution and effects of tree growth of lianas and woody hemiepiphytes in a Costa Rican tropical wet forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 6: 321–331Darwin C. 1867. On the movements and habits of climbing plants. J. Linn. Soc. 9: 1–118.
  • Dawson JW. 1980. Middle latitude rainforest in the southern hemisphere. Biotropica, 12: 159-160.
  • Dillunberg LR, Whıgham DF, Teramura AH, Forseth I. 1993. Effects of vine competition on availability of light, water and nitrogen to a tree host (Liquidambar styraciflua). Am.J.Bot. 80: 244-252.
  • Dirik H. 2006. Süs bitkilerinde budama ilkeleri ve uygulama teknikleri. In Kent ağaçları ve süs bitkilerinde bakım ve budama esasları. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanlığı Park ve Bahçeler Müdürlüğü, İstanbul, s. 79-113.
  • Doğan A, Yalçın E, Sürmen B, Kutbay HG. 2015. Seasonal and altitudinal changes in leaf nutrient concentrations of Hedera helix L.(Araliaceae). Revue D Ecologie, 70: 166-181.
  • Ellenberg H, Mueller-Dombois D. 1967. A key to Raunkiaer plant life forms with revised subdivisions. Ber. geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftg. Rubel, Zürih, 37:56-73.
  • Ewers FW. 1985. Xylem structure and water conductıon ın conıfer trees, dıcot trees, and lianas. IAWA J. 4: 309-317.
  • Fichtner K, Schulze ED. 1990. Xylem water flow in tropical vines as measured by a steady state heating method. Oecologia, 82: 350–361.
  • Foster PF, Sork VL. 1997. Population and genetic structure of the West African rain forest liana Ancistrocladus korupensis (Ancistrocladaceae). Am. J. Bot. 84:1079-1091.
  • Gentry AH. 1985. An ecotaxonomic survey of Panamanian lianas. In: W.G.D’Arcy, M.Correa, editörler. Historia Natural de Panama. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, s. 29-42. Gentry AH. 1991a. The distribution and evolution of climbing plants. In: Putz FE, Mooney HA, editörler. The biology of vines. Cambridge University Press, s. 3-49.
  • Gentry AH. 1991b. Breeding and Dispersal System of lianas. In: Putz FE, Mooney HA, editörler. The biology of vines., Cambridge University Press, s. 393–423.
  • Gerwing JJ, Farias DL. 2000. Integrating liana abundance and forest stature into an estimate of total aboveground biomass for an eastern Amazonian forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 16: 327-335.
  • Körner C. 2009. Responses of humid tropical trees to rising CO2. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 40: 61–79.
  • Kuzee ME. 2002. Forest recovery and lianas. PhD Thesis Wageningen Ème University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (in prep).
  • Laurance WF, Laurance LV, Ferreıra SG, Rankın De Merona JM, Gascon C, Lovejoy TE. 1997. Biomass collapse in Amazonian forest fragments. Science, 278: 1117–1118.
  • Laurance WF, Pérez-Salicrup D, Delamônica P, Fearnside PM, Agra S, Jerozolinski A, Pohl L, Lovejoy TE. 2001. Rain forest fragmentation and the structure of Amazonian liana communities. Ecology, 82: 105–116.
  • Lertpanich K, Brockelman WY. 2003. Lianas and Environmental Factors in the Mo Singto Biodiversity Research Plot, Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Trop Nat Hist. 3: 7-17.
  • Liu WJ, Meng FR, Zhang YP, Liu YH, Li HM. 2004. Water input from fog drip in the tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. J. Trop. Ecol. 20: 517–524.
  • Londre RA, Schnitzer S. 2007. The distribution of lianas and their change in abundance in temperate forests over the past 45 years. Ecology, 87: 2973-2978.
  • Lowe RG, Walker P. 1977. Classification of canopy, stem, crown status and climber infestation in natural tropical forest in Nigeria. J. Appl. Ecol. 14: 897-903.
  • Malaisse F. 1997. Se nourrir en forêt claire africaine. Approche écologique et nutritionelle. Les Presses Agronomique de Gembloux, gembloux, and Centre Technique de Coopération Agricole et Rurale, CTA, Wageningen.
  • Mooney HA, Gartner BL. 1991. Reserve economy of vines. In: Putz FE, Mooney HA, editörler. The biology of vines. Cambridge University Press, s. 161-179.
  • Okerman A. 2000. Combating the “Ivy Desert”: The Invasion of Hedera helix (English Ivy) in the Pacific Northwest United States. Students On-Line Journal, 6: 1-10.
  • Özkan M, Şenel G. 2006. Anatomical investigation on some Clematis (Ranunculaceae) species in Turkey. Bot Lith. 12: 79-84.
  • Parren MPE. 2002. Lianas and logging in West-Africa. PhD thesis Wageningen University. (in prep).
  • Parren MPE, Bongers F. 2001. Does climber cutting reduce felling damage in southern Cameroon? For. Ecol. Manage. 141:175-188.
  • Parren MPE, De Graaf NR. 1995. The quest for natural forest management in Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire and Liberia. Tropenbos Foundation Series 13, Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
  • Pérez-Salicrup DR, Barker MG. 2000. Effect of liana cutting on water potential and growth of adult Senna multijuga (Caesalpinioideae) trees in a Bolivian tropical forest. Oecologia,124: 469–475.
  • Phillips OL, Gentry AH. 1994. Increasing turnover through time in tropical forests. Science, 263: 954–957.
  • Powers JS, Kalicin M, Newman M. 2004. Tree species do not influence local soil chemistry in a species-rich Costa Rican rain forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 20: 587–590.
  • Proctor JM. 1983. Ecological studies in four contrasting lowland rain forest in Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak: Forest environment, structure and florostics. J. Ecol. 71: 237-260.
  • Putz FE. 1983. Liana biomass and leaf area of a ‘terra firme’ forest in the Rio Negro basin, Venezuela. Biotropica, 15: 185–189.
  • Putz FE. 1984. The natural history of lianas on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ecology, 65: 1713-1724.
  • Putz FE. 1985. Woody lianas and forest management in Malaysia. Commenw. For. Revi. 64: 359-365.
  • Putz FE, Chai P. 1987. Ecological studies on lianas in Lambir National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. J. Ecol. 75: 523-531.
  • Putz FE, Appanah S. 1987. Buried seeds newly dispersed seeds and the dynamics of a lowland forest in Malaysia. Biotropica, 19: 326-33.
  • Putz FE, Mooney HA. 1991. The Biology of Vines. Cambridge University Press.
  • Putz FE, Holbrook NM. 1991. Biomechanical studies of vines. In: Putz FE, Mooney HA, editörler, The biology of vines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. s. 73–97.
  • Raunkiaer C. 1905. Types biologiques pour la geographie botanique. Bul. Acad. Roy. Sci. Denmark. 5: 347-437.
  • Rundel PW, Franklin T. 1991. Vines in arid amn semi-arid ecosystem. In: Putz FE, Mooney HA, editörler, The biology of vines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. s. 337–356.
  • Schenck H. 1892-1893. Beitrage zur biologie und anatomie der a lianen, im besonderen der in Brasilien einheimischen arten. In Botanische Mitteilungenaus den Tropen. Schimper, Jena, Deutschland, 2. Schnitzer SA, Dalling JW, Carson WP. 2000. The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps: Evidence for an alternative pathway of gap-phase regeneration. J. of Ecol. 88: 655-666.
  • Schnıtzer SA, Bongers F. 2002. The role of lianas and their role in forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17: 223-230.
  • Schnitzer SA. 2005. A mechanistic explanation for global patterns of liana abundance and distribution. Amer. Natur. 166: 262–276.
  • Schnıtzer SA, Bongers F. 2011. Increasing liana abundance and biomass in tropical forests: emerging patterns and putative mechanisms. Ecol Lett. 14: 397-406. Scholander PF. 1958. The rise of sap in lianas. İn the physiology of forest trees. Thimann KV, editör. Ronald Press, New York.
  • Sperry JS, Holbrook NM, Zimmermann MH, Tyree MT. 1987. Spring filling of xylem vessels in wild grapevine. Plant Physiol. 83: 414-417.
  • Stevens GC. 1987. Lianas as structural parasites: The Bursera simaruba example. Ecology, 68: 77-81.
  • Tibbetts TJ, Ewers FW. 2000. Root pressure and specific conductivity in temperate lianas: exotic Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae) vs. native Vitis riparia (Vitaceae). Am. J. Bot. 87: 1272-1278.
  • Tra Bı FH. 1997. Utilisations des plantes, par l'homme, dans les Forêts Classées du Haut Sassandra et du Scio, en Côte d'Ivoire. Thèse, 3 Cycle, Université de Cocody, Abidjan.
  • Thomas DW. 1994. Sustainable harvest of Ancistrocladus korupensis (Ancistrocladaceae) leaf litter for research on HIV. Econ Bot. 48: 413-414.
  • Tyree MT. 1997. The cohesion-tension theory of sap ascendent: Current controversies. J. Exp. Bot. 48: 1753-1765.
  • Van Andel T. 2000. Non-timber forest products of the north-West Distyrict of Guyana. Tropenbos-Guyana Series 8a, Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen.
  • Vidal E, Johns J, Gerwing JJ, Barreto P, Uhl C. 1997. Vine management for reduced-impact logging in eastern Amazonia. For. Ecol. Manage. 98: 105-114.
  • Winkler AJ, Williams WO. 1945. Starch and sugars of Vitis vinifera. Plant Physiol. 20: 412-432.
  • Xiao-Tao Lü XT, Tang JW, Feng ZL, Li MH. 2008. Diversity and aboveground biomass of lianas in the tropical seasonal rain forests of Xishuangbanna, SW China. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57: 211-222.
  • Yanoviak SP, Schnitzer SA. 2013. Functional roles of lianas for forest canopy animals. In: Lowman M, Devy S, Ganesh T, editörler. Tree tops at risk. Springer, New York.
  • Yong T, Kitching RL, Min C. 2012. Lianas as structural parasites: A re-evaluation. Sci Bull (Pekin), 57: 307-3012.
  • Zimmermann MH, Jeje AA. 1981. Vessel-lenght distribution in stems of some American woody plants. Can J Botany, 59: 1882-92.
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Reviews
Yazarlar

Ahmet Doğan Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-1818-9764

Erkan Yalçın 0000-0001-5571-7613

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Ekim 2019
Kabul Tarihi 18 Kasım 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğan, A., & Yalçın, E. (2020). Biological and Ecological Characteristics of Lianas. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 3(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.628806
AMA Doğan A, Yalçın E. Biological and Ecological Characteristics of Lianas. BSJ Eng. Sci. Ocak 2020;3(1):19-30. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.628806
Chicago Doğan, Ahmet, ve Erkan Yalçın. “Biological and Ecological Characteristics of Lianas”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 3, sy. 1 (Ocak 2020): 19-30. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.628806.
EndNote Doğan A, Yalçın E (01 Ocak 2020) Biological and Ecological Characteristics of Lianas. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 3 1 19–30.
IEEE A. Doğan ve E. Yalçın, “Biological and Ecological Characteristics of Lianas”, BSJ Eng. Sci., c. 3, sy. 1, ss. 19–30, 2020, doi: 10.34248/bsengineering.628806.
ISNAD Doğan, Ahmet - Yalçın, Erkan. “Biological and Ecological Characteristics of Lianas”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 3/1 (Ocak 2020), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.628806.
JAMA Doğan A, Yalçın E. Biological and Ecological Characteristics of Lianas. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2020;3:19–30.
MLA Doğan, Ahmet ve Erkan Yalçın. “Biological and Ecological Characteristics of Lianas”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, c. 3, sy. 1, 2020, ss. 19-30, doi:10.34248/bsengineering.628806.
Vancouver Doğan A, Yalçın E. Biological and Ecological Characteristics of Lianas. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2020;3(1):19-30.
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