Makine Öğreniminde Veri Gizliliği: Zorluklar ve Federe Öğrenme Çözümleri

Öz

Federe Öğrenme (FL), veri yerelliğini koruyarak dağıtık cihazlar arasında iş birliğine dayalı model eğitimi gerçekleştirmekte ve bu yönüyle gizlilik açısından hassas uygulamalar için umut verici bir paradigma sunmaktadır. Bu makale, gizlilik ve mahremiyet koruma mekanizmalarına odaklanan FL çalışmalarına ilişkin yapılandırılmış ve kapsamlı bir inceleme sunmaktadır. Çalışma, öncelikle merkezi, merkezi olmayan, FedAvg, kümelenmiş, asenkron ve heterojen yaklaşımlar dâhil olmak üzere temel FL mimarilerini gözden geçirmekte ve bunların performans, ölçeklenebilirlik ve uygulama karmaşıklığı açısından karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirmesini yapmaktadır. 2023-2025 dönemine ait güncel literatür analiz edilerek adalet, heterojenlik ve sistem düzeyinde güvenliğe ilişkin gelişen zorluklar vurgulanmaktadır. Ardından, Diferansiyel Gizlilik (DP), Homomorfik Şifreleme (HE), Güvenilir Yürütme Ortamları (TEE), Güvenli Toplama (SA) ve Güvenli Çok Taraflı Hesaplama (SMPC) gibi temel gizlilik yöntemleri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmektedir. Bu yöntemlerin hesaplama maliyeti, ölçeklenebilirlik ve koruma gücü açısından göreceli avantaj ve sınırlılıkları, sağlık, finans ve IoT gibi çeşitli uygulama alanları kapsamında tartışılmaktadır. Bulgular, tek bir mekanizmanın tam koruma sağlamadığını ve FL’de etkili gizlilik güvencesinin, verimlilik ile gizlilik arasında denge kuran hibrit yaklaşımlar gerektirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Son olarak, açık araştırma alanları ve gelecek yönelimler belirlenerek, gerçek dünya uygulamalarında heterojenlik ve dinamik katılım koşullarında gizlilik garantilerini sürdürebilen, uyarlanabilir, kaynak farkındalıklı ve güvene dayalı FL çerçevelerine duyulan ihtiyaç vurgulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Federe Öğrenme
• Veri Gizliliği
• Makine Öğrenmesi
• Veri Gizliliği Koruyucu Teknikler

Data Privacy in Machine Learning: Challenges and Federated Learning Solutions

Öz

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across distributed devices while preserving data locality, making it a promising paradigm for privacy-sensitive applications. This paper presents a structured and comprehensive survey of FL studies with a focus on confidentiality and privacy-preserving mechanisms. This paper first reviews major FL architectures including centralized, decentralized, FedAvg, clustered, asynchronous, and heterogeneous approaches and provides a comparative discussion of their performance, scalability, and implementation complexity. Recent survey literature (2023-2025) is analyzed to highlight evolving challenges related to fairness, heterogeneity, and system-level security. Subsequently, key confidentiality methods are comparatively reviewed, including Differential Privacy (DP), Homomorphic Encryption (HE), Trusted Execution Environments (TEE), Secure Aggregation (SA), and Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC). Their relative trade-offs in computation cost, scalability, and protection strength are examined across diverse application domains, such as healthcare, finance, and IoT. The findings indicate that no single mechanism offers complete protection, and effective privacy assurance in FL requires hybrid approaches that balance efficiency with confidentiality. Finally, open research gaps and future directions are identified, emphasizing the need for adaptive, resource-aware, and trust-anchored FL frameworks capable of maintaining privacy guarantees under real-world heterogeneity and dynamic participation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Federated Learning
• Data privacy
• Machine Learning
• Privacy-Preserving Techniques

Kaynakça

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