Developments in Calcium Propionate Production for Sustainability

Öz

Calcium propionate is widely used as a preservative in both the food and feed industries due to its antifungal effectiveness, safety, and nutritional properties. Traditionally, it is produced through the neutralization of propionic acid with calcium hydroxide. This method is economically advantageous and technically straightforward. However, growing concerns regarding sustainability and environmental performance have led to the search for greener production approaches. Current research focuses on methods such as chemical synthesis, direct neutralization, biotechnological fermentation, electrochemical synthesis, waste valorization, and enzymatic conversion. This review compiles data from scientific and technical literature and examines these methods by considering key criteria, such as scalability, economic feasibility, environmental impact, process complexity, and product quality. The findings reveal that chemical synthesis and direct neutralization remain the most practical and cost-effective methods. However, biotechnological fermentation and waste valorization approaches clearly demonstrate the highest levels of sustainability and environmental performance, indicating significant progress toward green manufacturing. Nevertheless, although fermentation and enzymatic conversion processes reduce environmental impact and support low-carbon, circular production models, they still face challenges in terms of efficiency and scalability. Additionally, electrochemical synthesis and waste valorization methods are promising due to their energy efficiency and potential for resource recovery, while enzymatic methods stand out for their high product selectivity and mild reaction conditions. Overall, this study has been written as a literature-based decision support tool for anyone interested in calcium propionate production, aiming to identify or develop more sustainable, resource-efficient, and environmentally responsible calcium propionate production technologies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Calcium Propionate
• Sustainable Production
• Green Chemistry
• Fermentation
• Enzymatic Conversion
• Waste Valorization

Sürdürülebilirlik İçin Kalsiyum Propiyonat Üretimindeki Gelişmeler

Öz

Kalsiyum propiyonat, antifungal etkinliği, güvenliği ve besleyici özellikleri sayesinde koruyucu olarak hem gıda hem de yem endüstrilerinde yaygın olarak kullanılır. Geleneksel olarak, propiyonik asidin kalsiyum hidroksit ile nötralizasyonu yoluyla üretilir. Söz konusu yöntem ekonomik ve teknik açıdan basittir. Ancak, sürdürülebilirlik ve çevresel performans endişeleri, daha çevreci üretim arayışlarına neden olmaktadır. Araştırmalar kimyasal sentez, doğrudan nötralizasyon, biyoteknolojik fermantasyon, elektrokimyasal sentez, atık değerlendirme ve enzimatik dönüşüm yöntemleri üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu derleme, bilimsel ve teknik literatürdeki verileri bir araya getirmekte ve üzerine yoğunlaşılan yöntemleri ölçeklenebilirlik, ekonomik uygulanabilirlik, çevresel etki, süreç karmaşıklığı ve ürün kalitesi kriterlerini göz önüne alarak incelemektedir. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda, kimyasal sentez ve doğrudan nötralizasyonun hâlâ en uygulanabilir ve maliyet açısından en uygun yöntemler olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla birlikte biyoteknolojik fermantasyon ve atık değerlendirme yaklaşımlarının en yüksek sürdürülebilirlik ve çevresel performansı sergilemekte olduğu aşikardır. Bu durum yeşil üretim yönünde önemli ilerlemeler olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak, fermantasyon ve enzimatik dönüşüm süreçleri, çevresel yükü azaltıp, düşük karbonlu, döngüsel üretim modellerini desteklese de, verimlilik ve ölçeklenme açısından zorluklarla karşılaşmaktadır. Ayrıca, elektrokimyasal sentez ve atık değerlendirme yöntemleri, enerji verimliliği ve kaynak geri kazanımı sayesinde umut verici proseslerdir. Enzimatik yöntemler, ise yüksek ürün seçiciliği ve yumuşak reaksiyon koşulları ile öne çıkmaktadır. Genel olarak, bu çalışma kalsiyum propiyonat üretimi ile ilgilenen herkes için daha sürdürülebilir, kaynak verimli ve çevresel açıdan sorumlu kalsiyum propiyonat üretim teknolojilerinin belirlenmesi veya geliştirilmesi amacıyla literatür temelli bir karar destek aracı olarak hazırlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kalsiyum Propiyonat
• Sürdürülebilir Üretim
• Yeşil Kimya
• Fermantasyon
• Enzimatik Dönüşüm
• Atık Değerlendirme

Kaynakça

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