Traditional Production and GC–MS Characterization of Conifer-Derived Tar from the Western Mediterranean
Öz
This study investigates the traditional production processes and chemical composition of tar obtained from three conifer species, Pinus brutia, Pinus nigra, and Cedrus libani, in the Western Mediterranean region of Türkiye. Tar samples produced using traditional earthen kilns were analyzed by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) to reveal species-specific chemical profiles. The results demonstrated clear compositional differences among the species. P. nigra tar was dominated by monoterpenes, particularly α-pinene (10.52%), limonene (12.92%), and alloocimene (10.84%). P. brutia exhibited a similar monoterpene-rich profile, with α-pinene (9.81%), limonene (13.01%), and alloocimene (9.72%) as the predominant constituents. In contrast, C. libani tar displayed a sesquiterpene-oriented composition characterized by high proportions of α-himachalene (15.06%), β-himachalene (24.71%), and longifolene-(V4) (10.78%). These findings indicate that pine-derived tars are rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons, whereas cedar tar is characterized by high levels of himachalene derivatives. Overall, this study provides scientific documentation of traditional tar production and highlights interspecific chemical differences with implications for the sustainable utilization and valorization of conifer-derived tar.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
Teşekkür
Kaynakça
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Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Orman Ürünleri Kimyası
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Senem Gümüş
0009-0003-7705-7793
Türkiye
Şevval Yıldırım
0009-0004-8947-3732
Türkiye
Hüseyin Fakir
0000-0002-6606-8011
Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi
31 Mayıs 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
26 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi
16 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1