Araştırma Makalesi

Comparison of CNN and CNN-LSTM Based Deep Learning Models in Photovoltaic Power

Cilt: 13 Sayı: Sürdürülebilirlikte Güncel Yaklaşımlar Özel Sayısı 30 Ekim 2026
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Comparison of CNN and CNN-LSTM Based Deep Learning Models in Photovoltaic Power

Öz

This study presents a systematic and controlled comparison of Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN) and hybrid CNN–LSTM architectures for photovoltaic(PV) power forecasting. In recent years, hybrid deep learning models have often been adopted under the assumption that increased architectural complexity leads to improved forecasting performance. However, this assumption has not been rigorously validated for PV power generation, which is primarily governed by localized and periodic temporal patterns. The analysis is conducted using one year of monthly aggregated meteorological and electrical production data collected in 2024 from three real-world PV systems located in different climatic regions of Türkiye. The systems include two grid-connected installations with capacities of 72.8 kWp and 49.6 kWp, as well as a 3.3 kWp battery-integrated hybrid system. To ensure a fair comparison, both models were trained and evaluated under identical conditions, including the same datasets, preprocessing pipeline, training configuration, and evaluation metrics. Forecasting performance was assessed using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and the coefficient of determination (R²). The results demonstrate that the standalone CNN model consistently outperforms the CNN–LSTM architecture across all systems, achieving MAPE values between 2.06% and 2.92%, while the CNN–LSTM model yields higher errors ranging from 4.19% to 4.87%. These findings suggest that PV power generation at monthly resolution is largely characterized by repetitive and localized temporal patterns that can be effectively captured through convolutional feature extraction. The inclusion of LSTM layers introduces additional model complexity without providing measurable performance improvements.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

None

Etik Beyan

It is declared that scientific and ethical principles were followed during the preparation of this study and that all studies used are stated in the bibliography.

Teşekkür

We would like to express our gratitude to the officials of VAWTTURK Enerji İnşaat Müh. Hiz. ve Ticaret Ltd. Şti. (Trabzon) and Technicall Yenilenebilir Enerji Dan. Tic. Ltd. Şti. (Kocaeli) for their valuable contributions in providing the solar energy system production data used in this study.

Kaynakça

  1. Ahmed, R., Sreeram, V., Mishra, Y., & Arif, M. D. (2020). A review and evaluation of the state-of-the-art in PV solar power forecasting: Techniques and optimization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 124, 109792.
  2. T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. (2023). Türkiye Ulusal Enerji Planı. https://enerjiverimliligi.enerji.gov.tr/template/dist/pdf/T%C3%BCrkiye_Ulusal_Enerji_Plan%C4%B1.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 01.10.2025).
  3. Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E. (2012). Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 25.
  4. Hochreiter, S., & Schmidhuber, J. (1997). Long short-term memory. Neural Computation, 9(8), 1735–1780.
  5. Agga, A., Abbou, A., Labbadi, M., El Houm, Y., & Ali, I. H. O. (2022). CNN-LSTM: An efficient hybrid deep learning architecture for predicting short-term photovoltaic power production. Electric Power Systems Research, 208, 107908.
  6. Korkmaz, D. (2021). SolarNet: A hybrid reliable model based on convolutional neural network and variational mode decomposition for hourly photovoltaic power forecasting. Applied Energy, 300, 117410.
  7. Mellit, A., Pavan, A. M., Ogliari, E., Leva, S., & Lughi, V. (2021). Deep learning neural networks for short-term photovoltaic power forecasting. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 149, 111315.
  8. Zang, H., Cheng, L., Ding, T., Cheung, K. W., Wei, Z., & Sun, G. (2020). Short-term global horizontal irradiance forecasting based on a hybrid CNN-LSTM model with spatiotemporal correlations. Renewable Energy, 160, 26–37.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Yenilenebilir Enerji Sistemleri

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Ekim 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

15 Ocak 2026

Kabul Tarihi

31 Mart 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 13 Sayı: Sürdürülebilirlikte Güncel Yaklaşımlar Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA
Ayvaz, O., & Tomak, Ö. (2026). Comparison of CNN and CNN-LSTM Based Deep Learning Models in Photovoltaic Power. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(Sürdürülebilirlikte Güncel Yaklaşımlar Özel Sayısı), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.35193/bseufbd.1864219
AMA
1.Ayvaz O, Tomak Ö. Comparison of CNN and CNN-LSTM Based Deep Learning Models in Photovoltaic Power. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;13(Sürdürülebilirlikte Güncel Yaklaşımlar Özel Sayısı):17-28. doi:10.35193/bseufbd.1864219
Chicago
Ayvaz, Onur, ve Özgür Tomak. 2026. “Comparison of CNN and CNN-LSTM Based Deep Learning Models in Photovoltaic Power”. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 13 (Sürdürülebilirlikte Güncel Yaklaşımlar Özel Sayısı): 17-28. https://doi.org/10.35193/bseufbd.1864219.
EndNote
Ayvaz O, Tomak Ö (01 Ekim 2026) Comparison of CNN and CNN-LSTM Based Deep Learning Models in Photovoltaic Power. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 13 Sürdürülebilirlikte Güncel Yaklaşımlar Özel Sayısı 17–28.
IEEE
[1]O. Ayvaz ve Ö. Tomak, “Comparison of CNN and CNN-LSTM Based Deep Learning Models in Photovoltaic Power”, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 13, sy Sürdürülebilirlikte Güncel Yaklaşımlar Özel Sayısı, ss. 17–28, Eki. 2026, doi: 10.35193/bseufbd.1864219.
ISNAD
Ayvaz, Onur - Tomak, Özgür. “Comparison of CNN and CNN-LSTM Based Deep Learning Models in Photovoltaic Power”. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 13/Sürdürülebilirlikte Güncel Yaklaşımlar Özel Sayısı (01 Ekim 2026): 17-28. https://doi.org/10.35193/bseufbd.1864219.
JAMA
1.Ayvaz O, Tomak Ö. Comparison of CNN and CNN-LSTM Based Deep Learning Models in Photovoltaic Power. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;13:17–28.
MLA
Ayvaz, Onur, ve Özgür Tomak. “Comparison of CNN and CNN-LSTM Based Deep Learning Models in Photovoltaic Power”. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 13, sy Sürdürülebilirlikte Güncel Yaklaşımlar Özel Sayısı, Ekim 2026, ss. 17-28, doi:10.35193/bseufbd.1864219.
Vancouver
1.Onur Ayvaz, Özgür Tomak. Comparison of CNN and CNN-LSTM Based Deep Learning Models in Photovoltaic Power. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 01 Ekim 2026;13(Sürdürülebilirlikte Güncel Yaklaşımlar Özel Sayısı):17-28. doi:10.35193/bseufbd.1864219