Optimization of Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks and Its Practical Application

Öz

In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes (SNs) powered by small-volume batteries, cells, or supercapacitors are used to monitor an environment. These nodes are typically deployed in regions with harsh conditions and continuously consume energy during communication, data generation, data transmission and reception, as well as idle listening, leading to rapid energy depletion. Since replacing the batteries of sensor nodes is not very practical, MAC protocols for energy management are designed to extend the lifetime of the sensor and consequently the network while energy harvesting units that capture ambient energy sources such as solar, wind, vibration, and electromagnetic energy are integrated to enable self-charging and new routing algorithms are being developed. In this study, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model that maximizes network lifetime was proposed. The developed model was tested on a 10-node problem instance, demonstrating that the network lifetime was explicitly maximized to 10 periods. The practical implementation of the routing strategy obtained from the mathematical model was realized on hardware and tested over 500 continuous communication cycles; the correctness of the proposed approach was verified by comparing the consistency between the physical battery discharge levels of the nodes and the energy consumption profiles predicted by the mathematical model.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Wireless sensor networks
• Routing
• Lifetime maximization
• Sensor node
• Monitoring

Kablosuz Algılayıcı Ağlarda Ağ Ömrü Optimizasyonu ve Pratik Uygulaması

Öz

Kablosuz algılayıcı ağlarda bir ortamın izlenmesinde enerjisini küçük hacimli bir pil, batarya veya süperkondansatörden alan algılayıcı düğümler (AD) kullanılmaktadır. Bu düğümler genellikle zorlu şartlar altındaki bölgelerde konumlandırılmakta ve haberleşme esnasında, bilgi üretmede, bilgiyi alıp vermede ve boşta dinlemede sürekli enerji harcamakta ve kısa süre içerisinde enerji tükenmektedir. Algılayıcı düğümlerin pilini değiştirmek çok da pratik olmadığından, sensörün ömrünü dolayısıyla ağın ömrünü uzatmak için enerji yönetimi için MAC protokolleri tasarlanmakta, güneş, rüzgâr, titreşim ve elektromanyetik gibi ortam enerjisini alan ve kendini şarj eden üniteler eklenmekte ve yeni rotalama algoritmaları geliştirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada ağın ömrünü maksimize eden bir Karma Tamsayılı Doğrusal Programlama (KTDP) modeli ortaya konulmuştur. Geliştirilen model 10 düğümlü bir problem üzerinde test edilmiş ve ağ ömrünün spesifik olarak 10 periyota kadar maksimize edildiği gösterilmiştir. Matematiksel modelden elde edilen rotalama stratejisinin pratik uygulaması donanım üzerinde gerçeklenerek 500 kesintisiz iletişim döngüsü boyunca test edilmiş; fiziksel düğümlerin batarya deşarj seviyeleri ile matematiksel modelin öngördüğü enerji tüketim profillerinin uyumu karşılaştırılarak önerilen yaklaşımın doğruluğu onaylanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kablosuz algılayıcı ağlar
• Rotalama
• Ağ ömrü uzatımı
• Algılayıcı düğüm
• İzleme

Kaynakça

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