Methods of Soil Moisture Content Monitoring and Determination

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 484 - 496, 30.06.2021

Ali Kaan Yetik , Mehmetcan Aşık

https://doi.org/10.35193/bseufbd.842370

Cited By: 3

Öz

The importance of efficient use of water resources is increasing with the exponential growth of the world population and the effects of climate change. In the agricultural sector, which is a great water consumer, the goal of efficient using of water, which is critical for natural resources, will have global effects and positive results. Efficient use of water in agriculture is important both to avoid excessive irrigation and to not being in water stress for plants. For this reason, it has become a necessity to monitor the amount of moisture in the soil in order to determine the amount of water to be used. With the constitute of the irrigation scheduling to be implemented, regular irrigation applications will be made and the first phase of the aim of obtaining maximum efficiency from minimum water using will be completed. Determination of soil moisture content methods is divided into two as direct and indirect. While gravimetric method is used to directly determine soil moisture content; indirect methods are described as measurement of electromagnetic reflection time and frequency, electrical resistance method, neutron probe method and measurement of soil water potential. Indirect measurement methods have been developed to make monitoring soil water content more practical in application than direct measurement methods. But these improvements caused different consequences, such as relatively high equipment prices, limited working intervals, threats to human health, and limited economic life. In this study, information was given about the methods used in determining soil moisture content and their advantages and disadvantages were examined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

gravimetric method, TDR, FDR, neutron probe, tensiometer

Toprak Nem İçeriğinin İzlenmesi ve Tayininde Kullanılan Yöntemler

Öz

Su kaynaklarının etkili kullanımının önemi, dünya nüfusunun katlanarak büyümesi ve iklim değişikliğinin etkileriyle beraber her geçen gün artmaktadır. Büyük bir su tüketicisi olan tarım sektöründe, doğal kaynaklar için kritik öneme sahip olan suyun verimli kullanılması hedefinin küresel anlamda etkileri ve olumlu sonuçları olacaktır. Tarımda suyun verimli kullanılması hem aşırı sulamalardan kaçınmak hem de bitkilere su stresi yaşatmamak için önemlidir. Bu nedenle kullanılacak su miktarının belirlenmesi amacıyla topraktaki mevcut nem miktarının izlenmesi bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. Uygulanacak olan sulama programının oluşturulmasıyla, düzenli sulama uygulamaları yapılacak ve minimum sudan maksimum verim elde edilmesi amacının ilk aşaması tamamlanacaktır. Toprak nem içeriğinin belirlenmesinde uygulanan yöntemler doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Gravimetrik yöntem doğrudan toprak nem içeriğini belirlemek için kullanılırken; dolaylı yöntemler, elektromanyetik yansıma zamanının ve frekansının ölçülmesi, elektriksel direnç yöntemi, nötron saçılımı yöntemi ve toprak su potansiyelinin ölçülmesi olarak açıklanmıştır. Dolaylı ölçüm yöntemleri, doğrudan ölçüm yöntemlerine göre toprak nem içeriğinin izlenmesini uygulamada daha pratik hale getirmek için geliştirilmiştir. Ancak bu geliştirmelerin; ekipman fiyatlarının görece yüksek olması, çalışma aralıklarının sınırlı olması, insan sağlığına tehdit oluşturacak unsurlar barındırması ve ekonomik ömürlerinin sınırlı olması gibi farklı sonuçları olmuştur. Bu çalışmada toprak nem içeriğinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan yöntemler hakkında bilgi verilmiş ve sahip oldukları avantaj ve dezavantajlar incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gravimetrik yöntem, TDR, FDR, nötronmetre, tansiyometre

Kaynakça

• Pimentel, D., Houser, J., Preiss, E., White, O., Fang, H., Mesnick, L., & Alpert, S. (1997). Water resources: agriculture, the environment, and society. BioScience, 47(2), 97-106.
• Bates, B., Kundzewicz, Z., & Wu, S. (2008). Climate change and water. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Secretariat.
• Aküzüm, T., Çakmak, B., & Gökalp, Z. (2010). Türkiye’de Su Kaynakları Yönetiminin Değerlendirilmesi. TABAD Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 3 (1), 67-74, 2010 ISSN: 1308-3945, E-ISSN:1308-027X
• FAO, (2013). Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm (ErişimTarihi: 16.11.2020).
• Wang, H., Liu, C., & Zhang, L. (2002). Water-saving agriculture in China: an overview.
• Camp, C.R. (1998). Subsurface drip irrigation: A review. Trans. ASAE, 41(5), 1353-1367.
• Sakellariou – Makrantonaki, M., & Vagenas, I.N. (2006). Mapping Crop Evapotranspiration and Total Crop Water Requirements Estimation in Central Greece. European Water bulletin of EWRA 13/14:3-13. E. W. Publications.
• Çetin, Ö. (2003). Toprak-su ilişkileri ve toprak suyu ölçüm yöntemleri. Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Eskişehir Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Genel Yayın, (258), 100.
• Smith, R.E. & Warrick, A.W. (2007). Soil water relationships. In Design and Operation of Farm Irrigation Systems, 2nd Edition (pp. 120-159). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
• Voroney, P., & Sharpe, P. (2019). Soils for horse pasture management. Horse pasture management, 65-78.
• Topp, G.C., & Ferre, P.A. (2002). The soil solution phase. Methods of soil analysis: Part (4), 417-1074.
• Topp, G.C., Parkin, G.W., Ferré, T.P., Carter, M.R. & Gregorich, E.G. (2008). Soil water content. Soil sampling and methods of analysis. 2nd edn.(Eds MR Carter, EG Gregorich) pp, 939-962.
• Dirksen, C. (1999). Soil Physics Measurements. Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany.
• Gardner, C.M.K., Robinson, D.A., Blyth, K., & Cooper, J.D. (2001). Soil water content. In: Soil and Environmental Analysis: Physical Methods (K.A. Smith and C.E. Mullins, eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 1–64.
• Gardner, W.H. (1986). Water Content. Chapter 21 in Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I, Physical and Mineralogical Methods. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA.
• Anonim, (2017). Cole-Parmer Scientific Experts, Virtual Print Catalog. https://www.coleparmer.com/virtual-catalog/gy44/857 (ErişimTarihi: 03.12.2020)
• USDA, (2015). United States Department of Agriculture. Soil Classification, Tools and Data. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/tools/ (ErişimTarihi 24.11.2020)
• Hanson, B.R., & Peters, D. (1998). Measuring soil moisture. Irrigation Association Technical Conference Proceedings. November 1-3, 1998, San Diego, California, USA, pp. 103-110
• Or, D., & Wraith, J.M. (1998). Soil physics. Agricultural and Environmental Department of Plants, Soils and Biometerology, Utah State University, Logan, USA, p. 243
• Allen, R.G. (1998). Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR). Appendix Notes for BIE 5010/6010.
• Hoekstra, P., & Delaney, A. (1974). Dielectric properties of soils at UHF and microwave frequencies. J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1699– 1708.
• Topp, G.C., Davis, J.L., & Annan, A.P. (1980). Electromagnetic Determination of Soil Water Content: Measurements İn Coaxial Transmission Lines. Water Resour. Res., 16, 574–582. doi:10.1029/WR016i003p00574
• Jackson, T.J. (1990). Laboratory evaluation of a field-portable dielectric/soil moisture probe. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 28,241–245.
• Muñoz-Carpena, R., Dukes, M.D., Li, Y.C., & Klassen, W. (2005). Field Comparison of Tensiometer and Irrigation on Tomato. Horttechnology. 15, 584–590.
• Smethurst, (2019). Condition monitoring for earthworks. https://www.c-iot.ecs.soton.ac.uk/sites/www.c-iot.ecs.soton.ac.uk/files/Joel%20Smethurst.pdf (ErişimTarihi: 29.11.2020).
• Prichard, T.L. (2002). Soil moisture measurement technology. University of California.
• Kramer, P.J.,& Boyer, J.S. (1995). Water relations of plants and soil. USA, pp. 84-114
• Al-Kaisi, M. (2000). How to evaluate soil moisture in the field. Iowa State University. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/encyclopedia/how-evaluate-soil-moisture-field (ErişimTarihi: 07.12.2020).
• Fiscbach, P. (1971). EC71-752 Scheduling irrigation by electrical resistance blocks. Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Lincoln Extension.
• Werner, H. (1992). Measuring soil moisture for irrigation water management. Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University, US Department of Agriculture.
• Martin, E. (2009). Methods of Measuring for Irrigation Scheduling--WHEN. Arizona Cooperative Extension. The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Water Series No. 30.
• Robock, A. (2015). Hydrology, floods and droughts: Soil moisture. In Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences: Second Edition (pp. 232-239). Elsevier Inc..
• Evett, S.R. & Steiner, J.L. (1995). Precision of neutron scattering and capacitance type soil water content gauges from field calibration. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59/4, July-August, 1995, pp. 961-968
• Muñoz-Carpena, R. (2004). Field devices for monitoring soil water content. EDIS, 2004(8).
• Özbek, Ö. & Kaman, H. (2014). The Definition and Monitoring of Soil Water Content. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (Özel Sayı-1), 1067-1071.
• Liamsuwan, T., Channuie, J., &Ratanatongchai, W. (2015). Characterization of neutron calibration fields at the TINT's 50 Ci americium-241/beryllium neutron irradiator. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 611, No. 1, p. 012004). IOP Publishing.
• Grossman, R.B., & Reinsch, T.G. (2002). Bulk density and linear extensibility. Section 2.1 in Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4: Physical Methods, 201-228. J. H. Dane, and G. C. Topp, eds. Madison, Wis.: Soil Sci. Soc. America.
• Uytun, A., Pekey, B., & Kalemci, M. (2013). Toprak nemi ölçümleri. VIII. Ulusal Ölçüm bilim Kongresi, 26-28.
• Hauser, V.L. (1984). Neutron meter calibration and error control. Transactions of the ASAE, 27(3), 722-0728.
• Candoğan, B.N. (2009). Soya Fasulyesinin Su-Verim İlişkileri. Doktora Tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Bursa. 37.
• TAEK, (2020). Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu. 2019 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu. Strateji Geliştirme Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara.
• Or, D. (2001). Who invented the tensiometer?. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65(1), 1-3.
• Mualem, Y. (1990). The use of tensiometer readout for irrigation- Success and Failure. 5th International Conference on Irrigation Proceedings, 26-27 March 1990, Tel-Aviv, Israel.pp. 118-130
• Richards, L.A. (1949). Methods of measuring soil moisture tension. Soil Sci, 88, 95–112.
• Kirkham, M.B. (2014). Principles of soil and plant water relations. Academic Press.
• Allen, R.G. (1998). Irrigation Engineering Principles. Course Lecture Notes. Department of Biological and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA. p. 298
• Cassell, D.K., & Klute, A. (1986). Water potential: tensiometry. methods of soil analysis, Part I. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Agronomy Monograph No. 9 2nd Edition. American Society of Agronomy -Soil Science Society of America, 677, South Segoe Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA, 23: 563-588
• Richards, S.J.(1965). Soil suction measurements with tensiometers. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Properties, Including Statistics of Measurement and Sampling (Black, C.A., Evans, D.D., Ensminger, L.E., White, J.L., and Clark, F.E.,Eds.), pp. 153–163. American Society of Agronomy: Madison, Wisconsin.