HEGEMONIC INTERVENTION: A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF COLLECTIVE INTERVENTIONS IN INTRASTATE CONFLICTS IN LIGHT OF AN ANALYSIS OF THE KOSOVO CRISIS

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 111 - 145, 30.06.2017

İmran Demir

Öz

This article aims to develop a conceptual framework for the management of intrastate conflicts by relying on hegemonic stability theory and its basic concept: public good. In the light of the failure of the international community to develop a unified response to most cases of intrastate conflicts, the study investigates the role of leadership in international attempts to manage such conflicts. Briefly stated, in the absence of a direct threat to the interests of each individual member, there will be a need for a leader that is capable of providing the public goods associated with efforts to bring a solution to the conflict.  Findings from several phases of Kosovo crisis which support this proposition are used to illustrate and evaluate the accuracy of this assumption.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Intervention, collective action, leadership, NATO, Kosovo

Hegemonic Intervention: A Solution To The Problem of Collective Interventions In Intrastate Conflicts In Light Of An Analysis Of The Kosovo Crisis

Öz

Bu çalışma hegemonik denge teorisine ve bu teorinin en önemli kavramı olan kamu yararı terimine dayanarak ülke içi çatışmaların kontrol altına alınmasına yardımcı olacak kavramsal bir çerçeve geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, uluslarası toplumun ülke içi çatışmaların söz konusu olduğu bir çok olayda ortak bir tutum sergilemedeki başarısızlığı dikkate alarak, bu tür çatışmaların kontrol altına alınabilmesi için gerekli olan çabalardaki liderlik rolünü incelemektedir. Kısaca ifade etrmek gerekirse, herhangi bir ülkenin çıkarlarını doğrudan tehdit etmedikçe, bu tür çatışmaların çözüme kavuşturulması için sarfedilen çabalar için gerekli olan kamu araçlarını sağlayabilecek güce sahip bir lidere ihtiyaç duyulacağını savunmaktayım. Bu savın doğruluğunu irdelemek ve göstermek için, bu öngörüyü destekleyen Kosova krizinin bir çok aşamasındaki bulgulardan faydalanılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

NATO, Müdahale, kolektif Eylem, liderlik, Kosova

Kaynakça

• Ackerson, A. (1998). Macedonia and the Kosovo Conflict. The International Spectator 33: 41:49 Amnesty International. (June 1998). Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: A Human Rights Crisis in Kosovo Province, Document Series A, No: 1-4. Bellamy, A. (2000a). Human Wrongs in Kosovo: 1974-1999. In The Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions, edited by Ken Booth, The International Journal of Human Rights, 4: 114-119. Bellamy, A. (2000b). Lessons Unlearned: Why Coercive Diplomacy Failed at Rambouillet. International Peacekeeping 7: 95-114. Bellamy, A. (2002). Kosovo and the International Society. New York, New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Beshiri, I. (1996). Kosovar Independence Lacks International Backing. Transition March 22: 52-54. Blechman, B. M. (1995). The Intervention Dilemma. Washington Quarterly 18: 63-73. Brenner, M. (1995). The Multilateral Moment. In Multilateralism and Western Strategy, edited by Michael Brenner. New York : St. Martin's Press. Brown, M. (1996). The International Dimension of Internal Conflict. Cambridge: MIT Press. Bull, H. (1984). Introduction. In Intervention in World Politics, edited by Hedley Bull. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Burg, S. (2003) “Coercive Diplomacy in the Balkans: the US use of force in Bosnia and Kosovo”, In Robert J. Art and Patrick M. Cronin (editors), The United States and Coercive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press. Caplan, R. (1999). Christopher Hill’s Road Show. The World Today, January 1999, p. 13-14. Carment, D. and Rowlands, D. (1998). Three’s Company: Evaluating Third-party Intervention in Intrastate Conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 (5): 15-37. Carment, David, Rowlands D., and James, P. (1997). Ethnic Conflict and Third Party Intervention: Riskiness, Rationality and Commitment. In Enforcing Cooperation, edited by Gerald Schneider and Patricia Weltsman. London: Macmillan. Carment, D. (1993). The International Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict: Concepts, Indicators, and Theory. Journal of Peace Research, 30 (2): 137-150. Clark, H. (2000). Civil Resistance in Kosovo. London: Pluto. Conybeare, J. A.C. (1984). Public Goods, Prisoners' Dilemmas and the International Political Economy. International Studies Quarterly, 28(1): .5-22. Daalder, I. H. and O'Hanlon, M. E. (2000). Wining Ugly. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Desch, M. (2001). Humanitarian intervention: Liberals, Neocons, and Realcons. Orbis 45 (4): 519-533. Dowty, A., and Loescher, G. (1996). Refugee flows as Grounds for International Action. International security 21 (1): 43-71 Finnemore, M. (1995). Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention. In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identities in World Politics, edited by Peter J. Katzenstein. New York: Colombia University Press. Gibbs, D. (2000). Real Politik and Humanitarian Intervention: The Case of Somalia. International Politics 37(41): 41-55. Gilpin, R. (1987). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Gow, J. (1998). Kosovo after the Holbrook-Milosevic Agreement. What now? International Spectator 38 (4): 17-22. Grieco, J. (1993). The Relative-Gains Problem for International Cooperation. American Political Science Review, 87 (3): 729- 87. Hamburg, D. A. and Holl, J. E. (1993). Preventing Deadly Conflict: From Global Housekeeping to Neighbour Watch. In Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, edited by Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg, and Marc A Stern. New York: Oxford University Press. Hardin, R. (1982). Collective Action. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Hedges, C. (1999). Kosovo’s Next Masters Foreign Affairs 24-65. International Crisis Group (ICG). (March 20, 1998a). Kosovo Spring. ICG Europe Report, 32. International Crisis Group (ICG). (September 12, 1998b). Kosovo’s Long Hot Summer: Briefing on Military, Humanitarian and Political Developments in Kosovo. ICG Balkans Report, 41. Jacobsen, P. V. (2000). Focus on the CNN Effect Misses the Point: The Real Media Impact on Conflict Management is Invisible and Indirect. Journal of Peace Research, 37(2): 131-143. Judah, T. (2000). Kosovo: War and Revenge. New Haven/London: Yale University Press. Keohane, R. O. (1994). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Kindleberger, C. P. (1986). The World in Depression, 1929-39. Berkeley: University of California Press. Lake, D. A. (1993). Leadership, Hegemony, and the International Economy: Naked Emperor or Tattered Monarch with Potential. International Studies Quarterly, 37(4): 459-489. Lake, D. A. and Rothschild, D. (1996). Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflicts. International Security, 21(2): 41-75. Lani, R. (1999). Rugova and the UCK: Chronicle of a Shifting Balance. The International Spectator, 34 (4): 29-40. Lund, M. (1996). Preventing Violent Conflicts. Washington, D.C: United States Institute of Peace Press. Malcolm, N. (1999). Kosovo. A Short History. New York: N.Y University Press. March, A. and Sil, R. (1999). The “Republic of Kosova” (1989-1998) and the Resolution of Ethno-Separatist Conflict: Rethinking “Sovereignty” in the Post-Cold War Era. The Christopher H. Browne Center for International Politics, Working Paper Series 99-01. Martin, L. (1993). The Rational State Choice of Multilateralism. In Multilateralism Matters. The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form, edited by John Gerard Ruggie. New York: Columbia University Press. Mendez, R. (1993). Peace as a Global Public Good. In Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, edited by Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg, and Marc A Stern. New York: Oxford University Press. Mertus, J. A. (1999). Kosovo: How Myths and Truths Started a War. Berkley: University of California Press. Mitchell, C. R. (1970). Civil Strife and The Involvement of External Parties. International Studies Quarterly, 14 (2): 166-194. Morgenthau, H. (1967). To Intervene or Not to Intervene. Foreign Affairs 45: 425-36. Nation, C. (1998). US Policy and the Kosovo Crisis. International Spectator, 33 (41): 23-39. Olson, M. (1965). Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965. Oye, K. A. (1985) Explaining Cooperation under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions. World Politics 38 (1): 1-24. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. (January 24, 1996). Resolution 1077(1996) on Albanian Asylum Seekers from Kosovo, 1996 Ordinary Session, 5th Sitting. Regan, P. M. (1998). Choosing to Intervene: Outside Intervention in Ethnic Conflicts. The Journal of Politic, 60 (3): 754-779. Schmitt, F. (1995). Strategic Reconciliation in Kosovo”, Transition (August 25 1995): 17-19. Smith, M. J. (2000). Humanitarian Intervention Revisited: Is there a Universal Policy. Harvard Review, 22 (3): 72-76. Snidal, D. (1985). The Limits of Hegemonic Stability Theory International Organization, 39 (4): 579-614. Snidal, D. (1991). Relative Gains and Patterns of International Cooperation. American political science Review, 85 (3): 701-726. Strategic Comments. (1998a). A Balkan Intifada in Kosovo: Ruing out of Time. International Institute for Strategic Comments, 4 (2): 1-2. Strategic Comments. (1998b). Another Balkan Crisis: Containing the War in Kosovo. International Institute for Strategic Comments, 4 (5): 1-2. Strategic Comments. (1998c). War Suspended in Kosovo: Serbian Retreat, Albanian Defiance. International Institute for Strategic Comments, 4 (9): 1-2. Troebst, S. (1998). Conflict in Kosovo: Failure of Prevention? — An Analytical Documentation, 1992-1998. , ECMI Working Paper 1. United Nations Security Council. (1998a). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1160, Letters from the United Kingdom (S/1998/223) and the United States(S/1998/223). Available from http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/ United Nations Security Council. (1998b). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1199, Situation in Kosovo (FRY) (S/RES/1199). Available from http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/ UNDOC/GEN/N98/279/96/PDF/N9827996.pdf?OpenElement. United Nations Security Council. (1998c). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1203, Situation in Kosovo. Available from http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/ GEN/N98/321/21/PDF/N9832121.pdf?OpenElement. United Nations Security Council. (1999). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, Situation in Kosovo. Available from http://daccess ddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/ GEN/N99/172/89/ PDF/N9917289.pdf?OpenElement. United Nations. (December 24, 1998). Report of the Secretary-General Prepared Pursuant to Resolution 1160 (1998), 1199 (1998) and 1203 (1998) of the Security Council. United Nations Documents (Doc. S/1998/1221). Vickers, M. (1998). Between Serb and Albanian — A History of Kosovo. London: Hurst & Company. Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill. Weller, M. (1999a). The Crisis in Kosovo 1989-1999: From the Dissolution of Yugoslavia to Rambouillet and the Outbreak of Hostilities, International Documents Analysis, Vol. 1. Cambridge, UK: Documents and Analysis Ltd. Weller, M. (1999b). Enforced Negotiations: The Threat and Use of Force to Obtain an International Settlement for Kosovo. International Peacekeeping, 5 (1/2): 4-27. Young, O. R. (1989). The Politics of International Regime Formation: Managing Natural Recourses and the Environment. International Organization, 43 (3): 349-375. Young, O. R. (1991). Political Leadership and Regime Formation: On the Development of Institutions in International Society”, International Organization, 45 (3): 281-308. Zenko, M. (2001). Coercive Diplomacy before the War in Kosovo: America’s Approach in 1998. Pew Case Studies in International Affairs, Case 252.