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The Effect of Migration in the Britain’s European Union Exit Process

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 484 - 503, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.1027257

Öz

After a painful application process, Britain, was admitted to the European Union (EU) together with Ireland and Denmark in 1973. It has always been a problem in terms of internal policy independence and transfer of some sovereign rights for the EU. Britain has succeeded in decoupling from many supranational and intergovernmental agreements put into effect by the EU. Brexit is the most permanent of this divergence. In the Brexit process, it is seen that immigration is used as a propaganda tool. Considering the statistics, it is understood that the problem regarding immigration for the Britain is due to immigrant mobility with other member countries of the Union rather than being outside the region. This study investigates the economic and security-based effects of migration in the EU and in the Britain, while also discussing the relationship between the Brexit process and the issue of migration. It is understood that both the EU countries and the Britain consider the social change that occurs with immigration as a security threat. Developed and target countries have to take all kinds of political measures to protect themselves against this threat and prevent migration, and moreover, they feel they have this right.

Kaynakça

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İngiltere’nin Avrupa Birliğinden Ayrılış Sürecinde Göç Faktörünün Etkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 484 - 503, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.1027257

Öz

Sancılı bir başvuru sürecinden sonra 1973 yılında İrlanda ve Danimarka ile birlikte Avrupa Birliği (AB) üyeliğine kabul edilen İngiltere AB için, iç politika bağımsızlığı ve bazı egemenlik haklarının devri konularında her zaman sorun oluşturmuştur. İngiltere, AB’nin yürürlüğe koyduğu birçok ulus üstü ve hükûmetler arası anlaşmalardan kendini ayrıştırmayı başarmıştır. Brexit, bu ayrışmanın en kalıcısıdır. Brexit sürecinde göç konusunun yoğun bir şekilde propaganda aracı olarak kullanıldığı görülmektedir. İstatistiklere bakıldığında İngiltere için göç konusundaki sorunun bölge dışı olmaktan ziyade Birlik üyesi diğer ülkelerle olan göçmen hareketliliğinden kaynaklı olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışma göçün AB içerisinde ve İngiltere özelinde yarattığı ekonomik ve güvenlik kaynaklı etkilerini araştırırken, Brexit sürecinin göç konusu ile ilişkisini tartışmaktadır. Anlaşıldığı kadarıyla gerek AB ülkeleri ve gerekse İngiltere, göçle birlikte oluşan sosyal değişimi bir güvenlik tehdidi olarak ele almaktadırlar. Gelişmiş ve hedef ülkeler kendilerini bu tehdide karşı korumak ve göçü bir şekilde engellemek için her türlü politik tedbiri almak durumunda ve dahası bu hakka sahip hissetmektedirler.

Kaynakça

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  • Descy, P. (2014). Projected labour market imbalances in Europe: Policy challenges in meeting the Europe 2020 employment targets, OECD/European Union, Matching Economic Migration with Labour Market Needs (315-333) içinde. OECD Publishing. (Http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264216501-12-en). (
  • Bu rapor, Avrupa Komisyonu ve OECD tarafından ortaklaşa düzenlenen "OECD-EU Dialogue on Mobility And International Migration: Matching Economic Migration With Labour Market Needs" (Brüksel, 24-25 Şubat 2014) adlı konferansında sunulan çalışmalardan oluşmaktadır.)
  • Dustmann, C., Fabbri, F., & Preston, I. (2005). The Impact of Immigration on the UK Labour Market. Economic Journal. 115, F324-F341.
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  • EC (European Commission) (2016-a, Mayıs 04)). Turkey’s Progress On The Visa Liberalisation Roadmap. [Erişim: 15.02.2019, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/background-information/docs/20160504/turkey_progress_visa_liberalisation_roadmap_en.pdf]
  • EC (European Commission) (2016-b). Managing The Refugee Crisis Eu-Turkey Statement: Progress Report. [Erişim: 07.02.2019, https://ec.europa.eu]
  • EC (European Commission) (2016-c). Second Report on the progress made in the implementation of the EU-Turkey Statement. [Erişim: 07.02.2019, https://ec.europa.eu]
  • EC (European Commission) (2016-d, Ekim 04)). Managing the Refugee Crisis, EU-Turkey Statement. [Erişim: 15.02.2019, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-3218_en.htm]
  • EC (European Commission) (2017). The EU and the Migration Crisis. [Erişim: 10.12.2020, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/e9465e4f-b2e4-11e7-837e-01aa75ed71a1]
  • EC (European Commission) (2021). European Agenda on Migration – Legislative document. [Erişim: 03.03.2021, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/proposal-implementation-package_en]
  • EP (European Parliament) (2019, Ekim 15-16). Tampere European Council Presidency Conclusions. [Erişim: 10.04.2019, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/tam_en.htm]
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  • EUCO (European Council) (2016, Şubat 18-19). European Council meeting (18 and 19 February 2016) – Conclusions. [Erişim: 15.03.2021, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21787/0216-euco-conclusions.pdf]
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  • Euronews (2020-a, Ocak 02). Avrupa'yı son 10 senede değiştiren en büyük 10 olay. [Erişim: 03.02.2020, https://tr.euronews.com/2020/01/02/avrupa-y-son-10-senede-degistiren-en-buyuk-10-olay]
  • Euronews (2020-b, Şubat 01). İngiltere'nin AB serüveni resmen sona erdi: Brexit sürecinde son 4 yılda neler yaşandı? [Erişim: 05.02.2020, https://tr.euronews.com/2020/01/31/ingiltere-avrupa-birligi-seruveni-resmen-bitiyor-brexit-kronolojisi-4-yilda-neler-yasandi]
  • Geddes, A. (2001). International Migration and State Sovereignty in an Integrating Europe. International Migration. 39 (6), 21-42.
  • Güleç, C. (2015). Avrupa Birliği’nin Göç Politikaları ve Türkiye’ye Yansımaları. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 2 (2), 81-100. Haas Hein de, C. S., & Miller, M. J. (2020). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. Sixth Edition. New York: Guildford Press.
  • Hammar, T. (2006). Democracy and the Nation-State: Aliens, Denizens and Citizens in a World of International Migration. Avebury: Aldershot.
  • Hansen, R. (2003). Migration to Europe Since 1945: Its History and Its Lessons. The Political Quarterly. 74 (S1), 25-38.
  • Huysmans, J. (1995). Migrants as a security problem: dangers of ‘securitizing’ societal issues. R. Miles and D. Thränhardt. (Edt.) Migration and European Integration. The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion (53-72) içinde. London: Pinter.
  • Huysmans, J. (2000).The European Union and the Securitization of Migration. Journal of Common Market Studies. 38 (5), 751-777.
  • Huysmans, J. (2002). Defining social constructivism in security studies: the normative dilemma of writing security. Alternatives. 27, 41-62.
  • Huysmans, J. (2006). The Politics of Insecurity- Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU. London: Routledge.
  • Independent (2021, Ocak 16). Brexit group’s website suspended in row over its bid to move to EU. [Erişim: 10.03.2021, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/leave-eu-brexit-website-arron-banks-b1788267.html]
  • IOM (International Organization for Migration) (2017). World Migration Report 2018. Switzerland: International Organization for Migration,
  • Ipsos MORI (2016). Ipsos MORI June 2016 Political Monitor Topline Results. [Erişim: 02.03.2021, https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/migrations/en-uk/files/Assets/Docs/Polls/eu-referendum-topline-23-june-2016.pdf, (1-4)]
  • Karyotis, G. (2007). European Migration Policy in the Aftermath of September 11. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research. 20 (1), 1-17.
  • King, E., & Aaron, F., (2018, Ocak). Brexit and the future of immigration in the UK and EU. Financier Worldwide. [Erişim: 20.09.2019, https://www.financierworldwide.com/brexit-and-the-future-of-immigration-in-the-uk-and-eu#.XkXIZGgzaM]
  • Maas, W. M. (2008, Ocak). Fleeing to Europe: Europeanization and the Right to Seek Refugee Status. International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University (ISS). Workin Paper No:454. Netherlands. [Erişim: 11.03.2021, https://repub.eur.nl/pub/18740/wp454.pdf, (1-50)]
  • Mason, R. (2015, Kasım 16). Nigel Farage Accuses Muslims in UK Of ‘Split Loyalties’. [Erişim: 02.03.2021, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/16/nigel-farage-accuse-british-muslims-conflicting-loyalties]
  • ONS (Office for National Statistics) (2013, Ocak 30). 2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011. Office for National Statistics, Statiscal Bulletin. [Erişim: 30.01.2020, https://www.ons.gov.uk]
  • ONS (Office for National Statistics) (2015, Eylül 27). Population by Country of Birth and Nationality Report: August. Office for National Statistics, Statiscal Bulletin. [Erişim: 10.12.2019, https://www.ons.gov.uk]
  • ONS (Office for National Statistics) (2019, Ekim 28). Population of the UK by country of birth and nationality: July 2018 to June 2019. Office for National Statistics, Statiscal Bulletin. [Erişim: 16.12.2019, https://www.ons.gov.uk]
  • Özerim, G. (2017). Göç Konusunun Birleşik Krallık’ta AB Referandumu Sürecindeki Yeri. İçinde, E. Esen ve D. Şekeroğlu. (Edt.). BREXIT– Elveda Avrupa İngiltere’nin AB’den Ayrılmasından Sonra Avrupa Bütünleşmesi ve Türkiye‐AB İlişkilerinde Fırsatlar ve Tehditler (83-95). Ankara: Siyasal Kitapevi.
  • Özkural Köroğlu, N., & Yüksel Çendek, S. (2015). Toplumsal Güvenlik, Kimlik, Bütünleşme Bağlamında Avrupa Şüpheciliği: Cameron Dönemindeki Avrupa Şüpheciliğinin İçerik Analizi. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi. 10 (2), 191-216, DOI: 10.17550/aid.57800.
  • Pirro, A., & Kessel, S. (2017). United in Opposition? The Populist Radical Right’s EU-Pessimism in Times of Crisis. Journal of European Integration. 39 (4), 405-420.
  • Portes, J. (2016). Immigration, free movement and the EU referendum. National Institute Economic Review, 236, 14-22. doi:10.1177/002795011623600103
  • Powell, K. (2017). Brexit Positions: Neoliberalism, Austerity and Immigration-the (Im) possibilities? of political revolution. Dialectical Anthropology. 41 (3), 225-240.
  • Schmelz, A. (2008). (Post) Colonial Migration and Remembrance (Policy) in European Immigration Societies: Perspectives of a Cosmopolitan European Citizenship Education. [Erişim: 02.04.2019, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.600.8039&rep=rep1&type=pdf]
  • Serricchio, F., Tsakatika, M., & Quaglian, L. (2013). Euroskepticism and Global Financial Crisis. Journal of Common Market Studies. 51 (1), 51-64.
  • Springford, J., Tilford, S., McCann, P., Whyte, P., & Odendahl, C. (2016). The Economic Consequences of Leaving the EU: The Final Report Of The Cer Commıssıon On Brexıt 2016. Centre for European Reform – CER. London. [Erişim: 15.01.23020, https://www.cer.org.uk/sites/default/files/smc2016_26april2016.pdf]
  • Stalker, P. (2002). Migration Trends and Migration Policy in Europe. International Migration. 40 (5), 151-179.
  • Startin, N. (2015). Have We Reached A Tipping Point? The Mainstreaming of Euroscepticism in the UK. International Political Science Review. 36 (3). DOI: 10.1177/0192512115574126, 311-323.
  • Subacchi, P. (2005). Temporary Immigration: A Viable Policy for Developed Countries. Chatham House Briefing Paper. [Erişim: 10.02.2021, https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/International%20Economics/bpimmigration.pdf]
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2019). Birleşik Krallık'ın Siyasi Görünümü. [Erişim: 19.11.2019, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ingiltere-siyasi-gorunumu.tr.mfa]
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2020). Türkiye AB Arasında 18 Mart’ta Varılan Mutabakata İlişkin Soru Cevaplar. [Erişim: 02.01.2020, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-ab-ara-sinda-18-mart_ta-varilan-mutabakata-iliskin-soru-cevaplar.tr.mfa]
  • The Guardian (2010, Ocak 11). Tories would limit immigration to 'tens of thousands' a year, says Cameron. [Erişim: 20.02.2021, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jan/11/david-cameron-limit-immigration]
  • The Telegraph (2019, Temmuz 24)). Boris Johnson promotes Brexit loyalists in biggest Cabinet cull in 60 years. [Erişim: 30.10.2019, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/07/24/boris-johnson-prime-minister-new-cabinet-latest-news-speech]
  • Tokgöz, G. (2006). Uluslararası Emek Göçü, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yay.
  • UNDESA (United Nations Deparment of Economic and Social Affairs) (1998). Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration, Revision 1, Statics Division. United Nations Deparment of Economic and Social Affairs. New York. [Erişim: 03.03.2019, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesm/seriesm_58rev1e.pdf]
  • UNDESA (United Nations Deparment of Economic and Social Affairs) (2019). Migrant Stock By Origin and Destination-2019. United Nations Deparment of Economic and Social Affairs. New York. [Erişim: 02.02.2020, https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockByOriginAndDestination_2019.xlsx]
  • UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) (2020). Figures at a Glance, Statistical Yearbooks. [Erişim: 16.12.2020, https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html]
  • UKIP (2015). Believe in Britain UKIP Manifesto 2015. [Erişim: 03.03.2021, https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/ukipdev/pages/1103/attachments/original/1429295050/UKIPManifesto2015.pdf?1429295050]
  • Utku, D. E., & Köroğlu, N. Ö. (2020). Anti-Immigration vs Anti-EU: Political Discourse Analysis of Brexit Decision of The UK. Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Haziran, 19 (1), 1-34.
  • Wadsworth, J. (2015). Immigration and the UK Labour Market. Centre for Economic Performance (CEP). London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
  • Wadsworth, J., Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G., & Reenen, J., (2016). Brexit and the Impact of Immigration on the UK, Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
  • Waever, O., Buzan, B., Kelstrup, M., & Lemaitre, P. (1993). Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe. New York: St.
  • Why Vote Leave (2021). Why Vote Leave, [Erişim: 10.02.2021, http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/why_vote_leave.html]
  • Zimmermann, K. F. (2005). Introduction: What We Know About European Migration? European Migration: What Do We Know?, Klaus F. Zimmermann (Edt.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İsmail Hakkı İşcan 0000-0003-2786-4928

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Kasım 2021
Kabul Tarihi 16 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA İşcan, İ. H. (2021). İngiltere’nin Avrupa Birliğinden Ayrılış Sürecinde Göç Faktörünün Etkisi. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 484-503. https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.1027257