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ORTODONTİ ALANINDA KLORHEKSİDİN KULLANIMI: DERLEME

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 49 - 54, 01.05.2019

Öz

Sabit ortodontik tedaviler hastaların konuşma ve çiğneme fonksiyonlarını düzelterek hastalara fonksiyonel ve estetik
memnuniyet kazandıran tedavilerdir. Sabit ortodontik tedavi gören hastalarda en sık rastlanan sorunlar ise diş
etlerinde kanama, ödem ve büyümeye neden olan diş eti iltihabı ile mine yüzeylerinde görülen beyaz nokta
lezyonlarıdır. Bu durum, tedavi sürecinde kullanılan braket, bant, ark teli gibi materyallerin dental plak birikimine
ortam hazırlamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Ayrıca araştırmalar, sabit ortodontik ataçmanların yapıştırılması
sonrasında ağız florasında çürük yapıcı patojenlerin sayısında artış olduğunu göstermektedir. Ortodontik tedavi ile
hastanın kapanış bozukluğu düzeltilirken, ağız hijyeninin bozulmasını ve çürük veya periodontal problemlerin
oluşmasını engellemek için çeşitli önlemler alınmalıdır. Bu bireylerde ağız hijyeninin sağlanmasında özel olarak
tasarlanmış diş fırçaları, arayüz fırçaları, teller arasından geçebilen diş iplerinin kullanımı önerilmektedir. Bunun
yanısıra, mikrobiyal dental plak kimyasal antimikrobiyal ajanlar yardımıyla kontrol altında tutulmalıdır. Bu
derlemede bu ajanlardan biri olan klorheksidinin özelliklerinden ve ortodonti alanında kullanımından
bahsedilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Addy M. Chlorhexidine compared with other locally delivered antimicrobials. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1986;13(10):957-64.
  • Addy M, Wright R. Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibacterial properties of povidone iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinses. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1978;5(3):198-205.
  • Al-Anezi SA, Harradine NW. Quantifying plaque during orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. The Angle Orthodontist. 2011;82(4):748-53.
  • Al-Bazi SM, Abbassy MA, Bakry AS, Merdad LA, Hassan AH. Effects of chlorhexidine (gel) application on bacterial levels and orthodontic brackets during orthodontic treatment. Journal of oral science. 2016;58(1):35-42.
  • Albrektsson T, Isidor F, Lang N, Karring T. Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Periodontology. 1994.
  • Anderson GB, Bowden J, Morrison EC, Caffesse RG. Clinical effects of chlorhexidine mouthwashes on patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1997;111(6):606-12.
  • Arora V, Tangade P, Ravishankar T, Tirth A, Pal S, Tandon V. Efficacy of dental floss and chlorhexidine mouth rinse as an adjunct to toothbrushing in removing plaque and gingival inflammation–A three way cross over trial. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research. 2014;8(10):ZC01.
  • Attin R, Tuna A, Attin T, Brunner E, Noack M. Efficacy of differently concentrated chlorhexidine varnishes in decreasing mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts. Archives of Oral Biology. 2003;48(7):503-9.
  • Attin R, Ilse A, Werner C, Wiegand A, Attin T. Antimicrobial effectiveness of a highly concentrated chlorhexidine varnish treatment in teenagers with fixed orthodontic appliances. The Angle orthodontist. 2006;76(6):1022-7
  • Attin R, Yetkiner E, Aykut-Yetkiner A, Knosel M, Attin T. Effect of chlorhexidine varnish application on'Streptococcus mutans' colonisation in adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances. Australian orthodontic journal. 2013;29(1):52.
  • Balanyk TE, Sandham H. Development of sustained-release antimicrobial dental varnishes effective against Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Journal of dental research. 1985;64(12):1356-60.
  • Beiswanger B, Doyle P, Jackson R, Mallatt M, Mau M, Bollmer B, et al. The clinical effect of dentifrices containing stabilized stannous fluoride on plaque formation and gingivitis--a six-month study with ad libitum brushing. The Journal of clinical dentistry. 1995;6:46-53.
  • Beyth N, Redlich M, Harari D, Friedman M, Steinberg D. Effect of sustained-release chlorhexidine varnish on Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus in orthodontic patients. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2003;123(3):345-8.
  • Brecx M, Theilade J. Effect of chlorhexidine rinses on the morphology of early dental plaque formed on plastic film. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1984;11(9):553-64.
  • Clark DC, Guest JL. The effectiveness of three different strengths of chlorhexidine mouthrinse. Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1994;60(8):711-4.
  • Cosyn J, Verelst K. An efficacy and safety analysis of a chlorhexidine chewing gum in young orthodontic patients. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2006;33(12):894-9.
  • Çifcibaşi E, Koyuncuoğlu C, Amucka M, Çintan S. Klorheksidin İçeren Bir Diş Macununun Anti-Plak Ajan İçermeyen Bir Diş Macunu İle Karşilaştirilmasi: 16 Günlük Klinik Çalişma. Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry. 2013;47(3):41-9.
  • Dehghani M, Abtahi M, Sadeghian H, Shafaee H, Tanbakuchi B. Combined chlorhexidine-sodiumfluoride mouthrinse for orthodontic patients: Clinical and microbiological study. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry. 2015;7(5):e569.
  • Derks A, Frencken J, Bronkhorst E, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Katsaros C. Effect of chlorhexidine varnish application on mutans streptococci counts in orthodontic patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2008;133(3):435-9.
  • Dolles OK, Gjermo P. Caries increment and gingival status during 2 years' use of chlorhexidine‐and fluoride‐containing dentifrices. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1980;88(1):22-7.
  • Eley B. Periodontology: antibacterial agents in the control of supragingival plaque—a review. British dental journal. 1999;186(6):286.
  • Eliasson L-Å, Hugoson A, Kurol J, Siwe H. The effects of orthodontic treatment on periodontal tissues in patients with reduced periodontal support. The European Journal of Orthodontics. 1982;4(1):1-9.
  • Eronat C, Alpöz A. Effect of Cervitec varnish on the salivary Streptococcus mutans levels in the patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Journal of Marmara University Dental Faculty. 1997;2(4):605-8.
  • Fard BK, Ghasemi M, Rastgariyan H, Sajjadi SH, Emami H, Amani M, et al. Effectiveness of Mouth Washes on Streptococci in Plaque around Orthodontic Appliances. ISRN dentistry. 2010;2011.
  • Fardai O, Turnbull RS. A review of the literature on use of chlorhexidine in dentistry. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1986;112(6):863-9.
  • Flötra L, Gjermo P, Rölla G, Waerhaug J. Side effects of chlorhexidine mouth washes. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1971;79(2):119-25.
  • Foulkes DM. Some toxicological observations on chlorhexidine. Journal of Periodontal Research. 1973;8:55-60.
  • Frandsen A. Mechanical oral hygine practices. Dental Plaque Control Measures and Oral Hygine Practices. 1986:93-116.
  • Garcia-Godoy F, DeVizio W, Volpe A, Ferlauto R, Miller J. Effect of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation and gingivitis: a 7-month clinical study. American journal of dentistry. 1990;3:S15-26.
  • Gehlen I, Netuschil L, Berg R, Reich E, Katsaros C. The influence of a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse on plaque regrowth in orthodontic patients. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie. 2000;61(1):54-62.
  • Hugo W, Longworth A. The effect of chlorhexidine on the electrophoretic mobility, cytoplasmic constituents, dehydrogenase activity and cell walls of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1966;18(9):569-78.
  • Jenatschke F, Elsenberger E, Welte H-D, Schlagenhauf U. Influence of repeated chlorhexidine varnish applications on mutans streptococci counts and caries increment in patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie. 2001;62(1):36-45.
  • Jenkins S, Addy M, Newcombe R. The effects of a chlorhexidine toothpaste on the development of plaque, gingivitis and tooth staining. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1993;20(1):59-62.
  • Jones CG. Chlorhexidine: is it still the gold standard? Periodontology 2000. 1997;15(1):55-62.
  • Karatan E, Watnick P. Signals, regulatory networks, and materials that build and break bacterial biofilms. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2009;73(2):310-47.
  • Karkhanechi M, Chow D, Sipkin J, Sherman D, Boylan RJ, Norman RG, et al. Periodontal status of adult patients treated with fixed buccal appliances and removable aligners over one year of active orthodontic therapy. The Angle Orthodontist. 2012;83(1):146-51.
  • Khan R, Antony V. A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Varnish on Streptococcus mutans in Plaque and the Gingival Status in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment. The Orthodontic Cyber Journal. 2010:2-14.
  • Madlena M, Vitalyos G, Marton S, Nagy G. Effect of chlorhexidine varnish on bacterial levels in plaque and saliva during orthodontic treatment. The Journal of clinical dentistry. 2000;11(2):42-6.
  • Maillard JY. Bacterial target sites for biocide action. Journal of applied microbiology. 2002;92(s1).
  • Masek, Ivana, et al. "Antimicrobial effects of chlorhexidine in orthodontic patients." Acta stomatologica Croatica. 2008;42(1):41-8.
  • Maynard J, Jenkins S, Moran J, Addy M, Newcombe R, Wade W. A 6‐month home usage trial of a 1% chlorhexidine toothpaste. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1993;20(3):207-11.
  • Nadkerny PV, Ravishankar PL, Pramod V, Agarwal LA, Bhandari S. A comparative evaluation of the efficacy of probiotic and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on clinical inflammatory parameters of gingivitis: A randomized controlled clinical study. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2015;19(6):633.
  • Øgaard B. Prevalence of white spot lesions in 19-near-olds: A study on untreated and orthodontically treated persons 5 years after treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1989;96(5):423-7.
  • Oltramari-Navarro PVP, Titarelli JM, Marsicano JA, Henriques JFC, Janson G, Lauris JRP, et al. Effectiveness of 0.50% and 0.75% chlorhexidine dentifrices in orthodontic patients: a double-blind and randomized controlled trial. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2009;136(5):651-6.
  • Olympio K, Bardal P, Bastos J, De M, Buzalaf M. Effectiveness of a chlorhexidine dentifrice in orthodontic patients: a randomized‐controlled trial. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2006;33(6):421-6.
  • Rathe F, Auschill T, Sculean A, Gaudszuhn C, Arweiler N. The plaque and gingivitis reducing effect of a chlorhexidine and aluminium lactate containing dentifrice (Lacalut aktiv®) over a period of 6 months. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2007;34(8):646-51.
  • Russell BG, Bay LM. Oral use of chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste in epileptic children. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1978;86(1):52-7.
  • Sandham H, Nadeau L, Phillips H. The effect of chlorhexidine varnish treatment on salivary mutans streptococcal levels in child orthodontic patients. Journal of dental research. 1992;71(1):32-5.
  • Sari E, Birinci I. Microbiological evaluation of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse in orthodontic patients. The Angle Orthodontist. 2007;77(5):881-4.
  • Steinberg D, Friedman M. Dental drug-delivery devices: local and sustained-release applications. Critical Reviews™ in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems. 1999;16(5).
  • Stephen K, Saxton C, Jones C, Ritchie J, Morrison T. Control of gingivitis and calculus by a dentifrice containing a zinc salt and triclosan. Journal of periodontology. 1990;61(11):674-9.
  • Twetman S, Hallgren A, Petersson L. Effect of an antibacterial varnish on mutans streptococci in plaque from enamel adjacent to orthodontic appliances. Caries research. 1995;29(3):188-91.
  • Van Rijkom H, Truin G, Van't Hof M. A meta-analysis of clinical studies on the caries-inhibiting effect of chlorhexidine treatment. Journal of dental research. 1996;75(2):790-5.
  • Yates R, Jenkins S, Newcombe R, Wade W, Moran J, Addy M. A 6‐month home usage trial of a 1% chlorhexidine toothpaste. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1993;20(2):130-8.
  • Zyskind D, Steinberg D, Stabholz A, Friedman M, Sela M. The effect of sustained release application of chlorhexidine on salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans in partial denture wearers. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 1990;17(1):61-6.

Use Of Chlorhexidine In Orthodontics: Review

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 49 - 54, 01.05.2019

Öz

Fixed orthodontic treatments improve the speech and chewing functions of the patients and give the
patients functional and aesthetic satisfaction.The most common problems in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic
treatment are inflammation of the gingiva causing bleeding, edema and growth in the gums and white spot lesions on
the surface of the enamel. In patients with fixed orthodontic treatment, devices such as bracket, band and arch wire
create difficult-to-clean areas, resulting in increased microbial dental plaque. Research also shows that there is an
increase in the number of caries-causing pathogens in the oral flora after bonding of fixed orthodontic appliances.
Various preventions should be taken to prevent oral hygiene deterioration and the development of dental caries and
periodontal diseases while orthodontic treatment improves the patient’s malocclusion. In these individuals, usage of
orthodontic toothbrushes, interdental toothbrushes and dental floss is suggested. In addition, microbial dental plaque
should be controlled with the help of chemical antimicrobial agents. This review will discuss the properties of
chlorhexidine and its usage for the orthodontics.

Kaynakça

  • Addy M. Chlorhexidine compared with other locally delivered antimicrobials. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1986;13(10):957-64.
  • Addy M, Wright R. Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibacterial properties of povidone iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinses. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1978;5(3):198-205.
  • Al-Anezi SA, Harradine NW. Quantifying plaque during orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. The Angle Orthodontist. 2011;82(4):748-53.
  • Al-Bazi SM, Abbassy MA, Bakry AS, Merdad LA, Hassan AH. Effects of chlorhexidine (gel) application on bacterial levels and orthodontic brackets during orthodontic treatment. Journal of oral science. 2016;58(1):35-42.
  • Albrektsson T, Isidor F, Lang N, Karring T. Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Periodontology. 1994.
  • Anderson GB, Bowden J, Morrison EC, Caffesse RG. Clinical effects of chlorhexidine mouthwashes on patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1997;111(6):606-12.
  • Arora V, Tangade P, Ravishankar T, Tirth A, Pal S, Tandon V. Efficacy of dental floss and chlorhexidine mouth rinse as an adjunct to toothbrushing in removing plaque and gingival inflammation–A three way cross over trial. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research. 2014;8(10):ZC01.
  • Attin R, Tuna A, Attin T, Brunner E, Noack M. Efficacy of differently concentrated chlorhexidine varnishes in decreasing mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts. Archives of Oral Biology. 2003;48(7):503-9.
  • Attin R, Ilse A, Werner C, Wiegand A, Attin T. Antimicrobial effectiveness of a highly concentrated chlorhexidine varnish treatment in teenagers with fixed orthodontic appliances. The Angle orthodontist. 2006;76(6):1022-7
  • Attin R, Yetkiner E, Aykut-Yetkiner A, Knosel M, Attin T. Effect of chlorhexidine varnish application on'Streptococcus mutans' colonisation in adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances. Australian orthodontic journal. 2013;29(1):52.
  • Balanyk TE, Sandham H. Development of sustained-release antimicrobial dental varnishes effective against Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Journal of dental research. 1985;64(12):1356-60.
  • Beiswanger B, Doyle P, Jackson R, Mallatt M, Mau M, Bollmer B, et al. The clinical effect of dentifrices containing stabilized stannous fluoride on plaque formation and gingivitis--a six-month study with ad libitum brushing. The Journal of clinical dentistry. 1995;6:46-53.
  • Beyth N, Redlich M, Harari D, Friedman M, Steinberg D. Effect of sustained-release chlorhexidine varnish on Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus in orthodontic patients. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2003;123(3):345-8.
  • Brecx M, Theilade J. Effect of chlorhexidine rinses on the morphology of early dental plaque formed on plastic film. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1984;11(9):553-64.
  • Clark DC, Guest JL. The effectiveness of three different strengths of chlorhexidine mouthrinse. Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1994;60(8):711-4.
  • Cosyn J, Verelst K. An efficacy and safety analysis of a chlorhexidine chewing gum in young orthodontic patients. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2006;33(12):894-9.
  • Çifcibaşi E, Koyuncuoğlu C, Amucka M, Çintan S. Klorheksidin İçeren Bir Diş Macununun Anti-Plak Ajan İçermeyen Bir Diş Macunu İle Karşilaştirilmasi: 16 Günlük Klinik Çalişma. Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry. 2013;47(3):41-9.
  • Dehghani M, Abtahi M, Sadeghian H, Shafaee H, Tanbakuchi B. Combined chlorhexidine-sodiumfluoride mouthrinse for orthodontic patients: Clinical and microbiological study. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry. 2015;7(5):e569.
  • Derks A, Frencken J, Bronkhorst E, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Katsaros C. Effect of chlorhexidine varnish application on mutans streptococci counts in orthodontic patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2008;133(3):435-9.
  • Dolles OK, Gjermo P. Caries increment and gingival status during 2 years' use of chlorhexidine‐and fluoride‐containing dentifrices. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1980;88(1):22-7.
  • Eley B. Periodontology: antibacterial agents in the control of supragingival plaque—a review. British dental journal. 1999;186(6):286.
  • Eliasson L-Å, Hugoson A, Kurol J, Siwe H. The effects of orthodontic treatment on periodontal tissues in patients with reduced periodontal support. The European Journal of Orthodontics. 1982;4(1):1-9.
  • Eronat C, Alpöz A. Effect of Cervitec varnish on the salivary Streptococcus mutans levels in the patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Journal of Marmara University Dental Faculty. 1997;2(4):605-8.
  • Fard BK, Ghasemi M, Rastgariyan H, Sajjadi SH, Emami H, Amani M, et al. Effectiveness of Mouth Washes on Streptococci in Plaque around Orthodontic Appliances. ISRN dentistry. 2010;2011.
  • Fardai O, Turnbull RS. A review of the literature on use of chlorhexidine in dentistry. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1986;112(6):863-9.
  • Flötra L, Gjermo P, Rölla G, Waerhaug J. Side effects of chlorhexidine mouth washes. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1971;79(2):119-25.
  • Foulkes DM. Some toxicological observations on chlorhexidine. Journal of Periodontal Research. 1973;8:55-60.
  • Frandsen A. Mechanical oral hygine practices. Dental Plaque Control Measures and Oral Hygine Practices. 1986:93-116.
  • Garcia-Godoy F, DeVizio W, Volpe A, Ferlauto R, Miller J. Effect of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation and gingivitis: a 7-month clinical study. American journal of dentistry. 1990;3:S15-26.
  • Gehlen I, Netuschil L, Berg R, Reich E, Katsaros C. The influence of a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse on plaque regrowth in orthodontic patients. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie. 2000;61(1):54-62.
  • Hugo W, Longworth A. The effect of chlorhexidine on the electrophoretic mobility, cytoplasmic constituents, dehydrogenase activity and cell walls of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1966;18(9):569-78.
  • Jenatschke F, Elsenberger E, Welte H-D, Schlagenhauf U. Influence of repeated chlorhexidine varnish applications on mutans streptococci counts and caries increment in patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie. 2001;62(1):36-45.
  • Jenkins S, Addy M, Newcombe R. The effects of a chlorhexidine toothpaste on the development of plaque, gingivitis and tooth staining. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1993;20(1):59-62.
  • Jones CG. Chlorhexidine: is it still the gold standard? Periodontology 2000. 1997;15(1):55-62.
  • Karatan E, Watnick P. Signals, regulatory networks, and materials that build and break bacterial biofilms. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2009;73(2):310-47.
  • Karkhanechi M, Chow D, Sipkin J, Sherman D, Boylan RJ, Norman RG, et al. Periodontal status of adult patients treated with fixed buccal appliances and removable aligners over one year of active orthodontic therapy. The Angle Orthodontist. 2012;83(1):146-51.
  • Khan R, Antony V. A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Varnish on Streptococcus mutans in Plaque and the Gingival Status in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment. The Orthodontic Cyber Journal. 2010:2-14.
  • Madlena M, Vitalyos G, Marton S, Nagy G. Effect of chlorhexidine varnish on bacterial levels in plaque and saliva during orthodontic treatment. The Journal of clinical dentistry. 2000;11(2):42-6.
  • Maillard JY. Bacterial target sites for biocide action. Journal of applied microbiology. 2002;92(s1).
  • Masek, Ivana, et al. "Antimicrobial effects of chlorhexidine in orthodontic patients." Acta stomatologica Croatica. 2008;42(1):41-8.
  • Maynard J, Jenkins S, Moran J, Addy M, Newcombe R, Wade W. A 6‐month home usage trial of a 1% chlorhexidine toothpaste. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1993;20(3):207-11.
  • Nadkerny PV, Ravishankar PL, Pramod V, Agarwal LA, Bhandari S. A comparative evaluation of the efficacy of probiotic and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on clinical inflammatory parameters of gingivitis: A randomized controlled clinical study. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2015;19(6):633.
  • Øgaard B. Prevalence of white spot lesions in 19-near-olds: A study on untreated and orthodontically treated persons 5 years after treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1989;96(5):423-7.
  • Oltramari-Navarro PVP, Titarelli JM, Marsicano JA, Henriques JFC, Janson G, Lauris JRP, et al. Effectiveness of 0.50% and 0.75% chlorhexidine dentifrices in orthodontic patients: a double-blind and randomized controlled trial. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2009;136(5):651-6.
  • Olympio K, Bardal P, Bastos J, De M, Buzalaf M. Effectiveness of a chlorhexidine dentifrice in orthodontic patients: a randomized‐controlled trial. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2006;33(6):421-6.
  • Rathe F, Auschill T, Sculean A, Gaudszuhn C, Arweiler N. The plaque and gingivitis reducing effect of a chlorhexidine and aluminium lactate containing dentifrice (Lacalut aktiv®) over a period of 6 months. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2007;34(8):646-51.
  • Russell BG, Bay LM. Oral use of chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste in epileptic children. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1978;86(1):52-7.
  • Sandham H, Nadeau L, Phillips H. The effect of chlorhexidine varnish treatment on salivary mutans streptococcal levels in child orthodontic patients. Journal of dental research. 1992;71(1):32-5.
  • Sari E, Birinci I. Microbiological evaluation of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse in orthodontic patients. The Angle Orthodontist. 2007;77(5):881-4.
  • Steinberg D, Friedman M. Dental drug-delivery devices: local and sustained-release applications. Critical Reviews™ in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems. 1999;16(5).
  • Stephen K, Saxton C, Jones C, Ritchie J, Morrison T. Control of gingivitis and calculus by a dentifrice containing a zinc salt and triclosan. Journal of periodontology. 1990;61(11):674-9.
  • Twetman S, Hallgren A, Petersson L. Effect of an antibacterial varnish on mutans streptococci in plaque from enamel adjacent to orthodontic appliances. Caries research. 1995;29(3):188-91.
  • Van Rijkom H, Truin G, Van't Hof M. A meta-analysis of clinical studies on the caries-inhibiting effect of chlorhexidine treatment. Journal of dental research. 1996;75(2):790-5.
  • Yates R, Jenkins S, Newcombe R, Wade W, Moran J, Addy M. A 6‐month home usage trial of a 1% chlorhexidine toothpaste. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1993;20(2):130-8.
  • Zyskind D, Steinberg D, Stabholz A, Friedman M, Sela M. The effect of sustained release application of chlorhexidine on salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans in partial denture wearers. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 1990;17(1):61-6.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Diş Hekimliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Alev Aksoy

Müge Gülçelik Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Ekim 2018
Kabul Tarihi 7 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Aksoy, A., & Gülçelik, M. (2019). ORTODONTİ ALANINDA KLORHEKSİDİN KULLANIMI: DERLEME. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 2(2), 49-54.
AMA Aksoy A, Gülçelik M. ORTODONTİ ALANINDA KLORHEKSİDİN KULLANIMI: DERLEME. BSJ Health Sci. Mayıs 2019;2(2):49-54.
Chicago Aksoy, Alev, ve Müge Gülçelik. “ORTODONTİ ALANINDA KLORHEKSİDİN KULLANIMI: DERLEME”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 2, sy. 2 (Mayıs 2019): 49-54.
EndNote Aksoy A, Gülçelik M (01 Mayıs 2019) ORTODONTİ ALANINDA KLORHEKSİDİN KULLANIMI: DERLEME. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 2 2 49–54.
IEEE A. Aksoy ve M. Gülçelik, “ORTODONTİ ALANINDA KLORHEKSİDİN KULLANIMI: DERLEME”, BSJ Health Sci., c. 2, sy. 2, ss. 49–54, 2019.
ISNAD Aksoy, Alev - Gülçelik, Müge. “ORTODONTİ ALANINDA KLORHEKSİDİN KULLANIMI: DERLEME”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 2/2 (Mayıs 2019), 49-54.
JAMA Aksoy A, Gülçelik M. ORTODONTİ ALANINDA KLORHEKSİDİN KULLANIMI: DERLEME. BSJ Health Sci. 2019;2:49–54.
MLA Aksoy, Alev ve Müge Gülçelik. “ORTODONTİ ALANINDA KLORHEKSİDİN KULLANIMI: DERLEME”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, c. 2, sy. 2, 2019, ss. 49-54.
Vancouver Aksoy A, Gülçelik M. ORTODONTİ ALANINDA KLORHEKSİDİN KULLANIMI: DERLEME. BSJ Health Sci. 2019;2(2):49-54.