The Relationship between Dialysis Adequacy and Blood Pressure and Number of Intradialytic Hypotensive Episodes in Haemodialysis Patients
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 5, 189 - 195, 15.09.2024
Ömer Bingölbali
,
Semra Oğuz
Öz
Dialysis adequacy is currently defined as the dose of dialysis that covers all functions of the kidney and is measured by adequate removal of harmful substances and excess fluid accumulated in the body. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between dialysis adequacy and blood pressure, as well as the number of intradialytic hypotensive episodes in hemodialysis patients. The study included 50 patients receiving four-hour hemodialysis three times a week at Muş State Hospital. Dialysis adequacy was based on Kt/V and URR values. Demographic data were collected by face-to-face interviews with the participants. Blood pressure, Kt/V, and URR were measured before the hemodialysis session, and then the total number of intradialytic hypotensive episodes within one hemodialysis session was recorded. There was no statistically significant correlation between Kt/V and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and number of intradialytic hypotensive episodes (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between URR and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and number of intradialytic hypotensive episodes (P>0.05). Our study shows that there is no significant relationship between dialysis adequacy and blood pressure and number of intradialytic hypotensive episodes. Further research is needed to understand how these relationships may vary among patient groups with different demographic and clinical characteristics.
Kaynakça
- Agarwal R, Alborzi P, Satyan S, Light RP. 2009. Dry-weight reduction in hypertensive hemodialysis patients (DRIP): a randomized, controlled trial. Hypertension, 53(3): 500-507. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.125674
- Agarwal R, Flynn J, Pogue V, Rahman M, Reisin E, Weir MR. 2014. Assessment and management of hypertension in patients on dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol, 25(8): 1630-1646. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2013060601
- Aghsaeifard Z, Zendehdel A, Alizadeh R, Salehnasab A. 2022. Chronic hemodialysis: Evaluation of dialysis adequacy and mortality. Ann Med Surg, 76: 103541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103541
- Alhawari HH, Alshelleh S, Alhawari HH, Alawwa IA, AlRyalat SA, Mesmar A, Alzoubi KH. 2020. Effect of hydrocortisone on intradialytic hypotension: a preliminary investigational study. Biomed Res Int, 2020: 4987547. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4987547
- Allinovi M, Palazzini G, Lugli G, Gianassi I, Dallari L, Laudicina S, Cirami CL. 2022. Pre-dialysis b-line quantification at lung ultrasound is a useful method for evaluating the dry weight and predicting the risk of intradialytic hypotension. Diagnostics, 12(12): 2990. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12122990
- Amirul Islam FM, Lambert EA, Islam SMS, Islam MA, Maddison R, Thompson B, Lambert GW. 2021. Factors associated with antihypertensive medication use and blood pressure control in a rural area in Bangladesh: baseline data from a cluster randomised control trial. BMC Pub Health, 21(1): 2316. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12379-z
- Arasu R, Jegatheesan D, Sivakumaran Y. 2022. Overview of hemodialysis access and assessment. Can Fam Physician, 68(8): 577-582. https://doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6808577
- Baeg SI, Jeon J, Kang D, Na SJ, Cho J, Kim K, Jang HR. 2022. Impact of protocolized fluid management on electrolyte stability in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. Front Med, 9: 915072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.915072
- Charan J, Biswas T. 2013. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian J Psychol Medic, 35(2): 121-126. https://doi.org/ 10.4103/0253-7176.116232
- Cheng HT, Xu X, Lim PS, Hung KY. 2021. Worldwide epidemiology of diabetes-related end-stage renal disease, 2000-2015. Diabetes Care, 44(1): 89-97. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1913
- Davenport A. 2013. Differences in prescribed Kt/V and delivered haemodialysis dose—why obesity makes a difference to survival for haemodialysis patients when using a ‘one size fits all’Kt/V target. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 28(suppl_4): iv219-iv223. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/ndt/gft237
- Dekker M, Konings C, Canaud B, Carioni P, Guinsburg A, Madero M, Kooman J. 2018. Pre-dialysis fluid status, pre-dialysis systolic blood pressure and outcome in prevalent haemodialysis patients: results of an international cohort study on behalf of the MONDO initiative. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 33(11): 2027-2034. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfy095
- Ding L, Johnston J, Pinsk MN. 2021. Monitoring dialysis adequacy: history and current practice. Pediatr Nephrol, 36(8): 2265-2277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04816-9
- Djukanovic L, Lezaic V, Dimkovic N, Marinkovic J, Aksic Milicevic B, Arsenijevic S, Vuksa V. 2022. Gender-specific differences in hemodialysis patients: a multicenter longitudinal study from Serbia. Int Urol Nephrol, 54(12): 3233-3242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-022-03247-9
- Ferreira ES, Moreira TR, da Silva RG, da Costa GD, da Silva LS, Cavalier SBO, Cotta RMM. 2020. Survival and analysis of predictors of mortality in patients undergoing replacement renal therapy: a 20-year cohort. Bmc Nephrol, 21(1): 502. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02135-7
- Flythe JE, Chang TI, Gallagher MP, Lindley E, Madero M, Sarafidis PA, Conference P. 2020. Blood pressure and volume management in dialysis: conclusions from a kidney disease: Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference. Kidney Int, 97(5): 861-876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.046
- Fotiadou E, Georgianos PI, Chourdakis M, Zebekakis PE, Liakopoulos V. 2020. Eating during the hemodialysis session: a practice improving nutritional status or a risk factor for intradialytic hypotension and reduced dialysis adequacy? Nutrients, 12(6): 1703. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061703
- Hamrahian SM, Vilayet S, Herberth J, Fulop T. 2023. Prevention of intradialytic hypotension in hemodialysis patients: Current challenges and future prospects. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis, 16: 173-181. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S245621
- Kanbay M, Ertuglu LA, Afsar B, Ozdogan E, Siriopol D, Covic A, Ortiz A. 2020. An update review of intradialytic hypotension: concept, risk factors, clinical implications and management. Clin Kidney J, 13(6): 981-993. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa078
- Kanno Y. 2021. Blood pressure management in patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Hypertens Res, 44(1): 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-020-00563-4
- Karaaslan T, Pembegul I. 2023. Relationship between symptom burden and dialysis adequacy in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Northern Clin Istanbul, 10(4): 435-443. https://doi.org/10.14744/nci.2023.01799
- Karaer R, Paydas S, Duranay M. 2021. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında basamaklı ultrafiltrasyon hız düşüş profil uygulamasının intradiyalitik hipotansiyona etkisi. Ankara Eğit Araş Hastanesi Tıp Derg, 54(2): 210-213.https://doi.org/ 10.20492/aeahtd.780285
- Kim BS, Yu MY, Shin J. 2024. Effect of low sodium and high potassium diet on lowering blood pressure and cardiovascular events. Clin Hypertens, 30(1): 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40885-023-00259-0
- Kim SG, Yun D, Lee J, Kim YC, Kim DK, Oh KH, Han SS. 2023. Impact of intradialytic hypotension on mortality following the transition from continuous renal replacement therapy to intermittent hemodialysis. Acute Crit Care, 38(1): 86-94. https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2022.00948
- Liang KV, Zhang JH, Palevsky PM. 2019. Urea reduction ratio may be a simpler approach for measurement of adequacy of intermittent hemodialysis in acute kidney injury. Bmc Nephrology, 20(1): 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1272-7
- Lint A, Parker RS, Clermont G. 2023. Modeling blood urea nitrogen (BUN) dynamics to estimate dialysis adequacy. J Critical Care, 74: 154207.https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jcrc.2022.154207
- Liu SX, Wang ZH, Zhang S, Xiao J, You LL, Zhang Y, Zhang YN. 2022. The association between dose of hemodialysis and patients mortality in a prospective cohort study. Sci Rep, 12(1): 13708. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17943-0
- Luo Y, Li J, Liu Z, Yu H, Peng X, Cao C. 2020. Characteristics and outcomes of hemodialysis patients with COVID-19: a retrospective single center study. PeerJ, 8: e10459. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10459
- Lurbe E, Agabiti-Rosei E, Cruickshank JK, Dominiczak A, Erdine S, Hirth A, Zanchetti A. 2016. 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens, 3410: 1887-1920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2016.08.001
- Miyata Y, Obata Y, Mochizuki Y, Kitamura M, Mitsunari K, Matsuo T, Sakai H. 2019. Periodontal disease in patients receiving dialysis. Int J Mol Sci, 20(15): 3805. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153805
- Pan Y, Li D, Zhang Z, Xu J, Sun X, Wang M, Ding J. 2024. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of maintenance hemodialysis patients with COVID-19 during the Omicron wave of the pandemic in Beijing: a single center retrospective study. Bmc Nephrol, 251: 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-024-03575-1
- Raimundo R, Preciado L, Belchior R, Almeida CMM. 2023. Water quality and adverse health effects on the hemodialysis patients: An overview. Ther Apher Dial, 276: 1053-1063. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.14032
- Sahathevan S, Khor BH, Ng HM, Gafor AHA, Mat Daud ZA, Mafra D, Karupaiah T. 2020. Understanding development of malnutrition in hemodialysis patients: A narrative review. Nutrients, 12(10): 3147. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103147
- Saran R, Bragg-Gresham JL, Levin NW, Twardowski ZJ, Wizemann V, Saito A, Port FK. 2006. Longer treatment time and slower ultrafiltration in hemodialysis: associations with reduced mortality in the DOPPS. Kidney Int, 697: 1222-1228. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5000186
- Sars B, van der Sande FM, Kooman JP. 2020. Intradialytic hypotension: Mechanisms and outcome. Blood Purif, 49(1-2): 158-167. https://doi.org/10.1159/000503776
- Seng JJB, Tan JY, Yeam CT, Htay H, Foo WYM. 2020. Factors affecting medication adherence among pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature. Int Urol Nephrol, 525: 903-916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-020-02452-8
- Sharanappa V, Pradhan S, Mishra A. 2021. Letter to editor in response to the article "Parathyroidectomy for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism in a changing landscape for the management of end-stage renal disease" by Willemijn van der Plas et al published in Surgery. Surgery, 169(5): 1262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2020.12.013
- Sola L, Levin NW, Johnson DW, Pecoits-Filho R, Aljubori HM, Chen Y, Finkelstein FO. 2020. Development of a framework for minimum and optimal safety and quality standards for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int Suppl, 10(1): e55-e62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kisu.2019.11.009
- Tawfik AM, Elgendy AM, Abou El Leil HA, Mady GE. 2022. High flux versus low flux dialysis: impact on intradialytic hypertension and adequacy of dialysis. Egyptian J Hospital Medic, 88(1): 2697-2703.
- Timofte D, Tanasescu MD, Balcangiu-Stroescu AE, Balan DG, Tulin A, Stiru O, Ionescu D. 2021. Dyselectrolytemia-management and implications in hemodialysis Review. Exp Ther Med, 21(1): 102. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9534
- Uduagbamen P, Ogunmola M, Nwogbe I, Falana T. 2022. Low-dose dopamine in the management of intradialysis hypotension: A retrospective cohort study in Nigeria. ERA Congress, May 19-22, Paris, France, pp: 90.https://doi.org/ 10.33590/emjnephrol/22-00073.
- Wayunah W, Saefulloh M, Yanganto Y. 2023. Factors affecting hemodialysis adequacy in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a cross-sectional study. J Aisyah, 8(S1): 215-220. https://doi.org/ 10.30604/jika.v8iS1.1699
- Weigert A, Drozdz M, Silva F, Frazao J, Alsuwaida A, Krishnan M, Jacobson SH. 2020. Influence of gender and age on haemodialysis practices: a European multicentre analysis. Clin Kidney J, 13(2): 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz069
- Workgroup KD. 2005. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis, 45(4 Suppl 3): S1-153.
- Yildiz AB, Vehbi S, Covic A, Burlacu A, Covic A, Kanbay M. 2023. An update review on hemodynamic instability in renal replacement therapy patients. Int Urol Nephrol, 55(4): 929-942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-022-03389-w
- Zedelenmez A, Çağlar M. 2019. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında yeterli diyaliz en doğru nasıl değerlendirilir? Nefroloji Hemş Derg, 14(2): 70-74.
The Relationship between Dialysis Adequacy and Blood Pressure and Number of Intradialytic Hypotensive Episodes in Haemodialysis Patients
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 5, 189 - 195, 15.09.2024
Ömer Bingölbali
,
Semra Oğuz
Öz
Dialysis adequacy is currently defined as the dose of dialysis that covers all functions of the kidney and is measured by adequate removal of harmful substances and excess fluid accumulated in the body. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between dialysis adequacy and blood pressure, as well as the number of intradialytic hypotensive episodes in hemodialysis patients. The study included 50 patients receiving four-hour hemodialysis three times a week at Muş State Hospital. Dialysis adequacy was based on Kt/V and URR values. Demographic data were collected by face-to-face interviews with the participants. Blood pressure, Kt/V, and URR were measured before the hemodialysis session, and then the total number of intradialytic hypotensive episodes within one hemodialysis session was recorded. There was no statistically significant correlation between Kt/V and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and number of intradialytic hypotensive episodes (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between URR and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and number of intradialytic hypotensive episodes (P>0.05). Our study shows that there is no significant relationship between dialysis adequacy and blood pressure and number of intradialytic hypotensive episodes. Further research is needed to understand how these relationships may vary among patient groups with different demographic and clinical characteristics.
Etik Beyan
The authors confirm that the ethical policies of the journal, as noted on the journal's author guidelines page, have been adhered to. This study was approved by the Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee of Muş Alparslan University on March 13, 2023, with the decision number 86766. Before participation, the purpose of the study was explained to all individuals, and their written consent was obtained. The process was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.
Kaynakça
- Agarwal R, Alborzi P, Satyan S, Light RP. 2009. Dry-weight reduction in hypertensive hemodialysis patients (DRIP): a randomized, controlled trial. Hypertension, 53(3): 500-507. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.125674
- Agarwal R, Flynn J, Pogue V, Rahman M, Reisin E, Weir MR. 2014. Assessment and management of hypertension in patients on dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol, 25(8): 1630-1646. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2013060601
- Aghsaeifard Z, Zendehdel A, Alizadeh R, Salehnasab A. 2022. Chronic hemodialysis: Evaluation of dialysis adequacy and mortality. Ann Med Surg, 76: 103541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103541
- Alhawari HH, Alshelleh S, Alhawari HH, Alawwa IA, AlRyalat SA, Mesmar A, Alzoubi KH. 2020. Effect of hydrocortisone on intradialytic hypotension: a preliminary investigational study. Biomed Res Int, 2020: 4987547. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4987547
- Allinovi M, Palazzini G, Lugli G, Gianassi I, Dallari L, Laudicina S, Cirami CL. 2022. Pre-dialysis b-line quantification at lung ultrasound is a useful method for evaluating the dry weight and predicting the risk of intradialytic hypotension. Diagnostics, 12(12): 2990. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12122990
- Amirul Islam FM, Lambert EA, Islam SMS, Islam MA, Maddison R, Thompson B, Lambert GW. 2021. Factors associated with antihypertensive medication use and blood pressure control in a rural area in Bangladesh: baseline data from a cluster randomised control trial. BMC Pub Health, 21(1): 2316. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12379-z
- Arasu R, Jegatheesan D, Sivakumaran Y. 2022. Overview of hemodialysis access and assessment. Can Fam Physician, 68(8): 577-582. https://doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6808577
- Baeg SI, Jeon J, Kang D, Na SJ, Cho J, Kim K, Jang HR. 2022. Impact of protocolized fluid management on electrolyte stability in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. Front Med, 9: 915072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.915072
- Charan J, Biswas T. 2013. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian J Psychol Medic, 35(2): 121-126. https://doi.org/ 10.4103/0253-7176.116232
- Cheng HT, Xu X, Lim PS, Hung KY. 2021. Worldwide epidemiology of diabetes-related end-stage renal disease, 2000-2015. Diabetes Care, 44(1): 89-97. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1913
- Davenport A. 2013. Differences in prescribed Kt/V and delivered haemodialysis dose—why obesity makes a difference to survival for haemodialysis patients when using a ‘one size fits all’Kt/V target. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 28(suppl_4): iv219-iv223. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/ndt/gft237
- Dekker M, Konings C, Canaud B, Carioni P, Guinsburg A, Madero M, Kooman J. 2018. Pre-dialysis fluid status, pre-dialysis systolic blood pressure and outcome in prevalent haemodialysis patients: results of an international cohort study on behalf of the MONDO initiative. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 33(11): 2027-2034. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfy095
- Ding L, Johnston J, Pinsk MN. 2021. Monitoring dialysis adequacy: history and current practice. Pediatr Nephrol, 36(8): 2265-2277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04816-9
- Djukanovic L, Lezaic V, Dimkovic N, Marinkovic J, Aksic Milicevic B, Arsenijevic S, Vuksa V. 2022. Gender-specific differences in hemodialysis patients: a multicenter longitudinal study from Serbia. Int Urol Nephrol, 54(12): 3233-3242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-022-03247-9
- Ferreira ES, Moreira TR, da Silva RG, da Costa GD, da Silva LS, Cavalier SBO, Cotta RMM. 2020. Survival and analysis of predictors of mortality in patients undergoing replacement renal therapy: a 20-year cohort. Bmc Nephrol, 21(1): 502. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02135-7
- Flythe JE, Chang TI, Gallagher MP, Lindley E, Madero M, Sarafidis PA, Conference P. 2020. Blood pressure and volume management in dialysis: conclusions from a kidney disease: Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference. Kidney Int, 97(5): 861-876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.046
- Fotiadou E, Georgianos PI, Chourdakis M, Zebekakis PE, Liakopoulos V. 2020. Eating during the hemodialysis session: a practice improving nutritional status or a risk factor for intradialytic hypotension and reduced dialysis adequacy? Nutrients, 12(6): 1703. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061703
- Hamrahian SM, Vilayet S, Herberth J, Fulop T. 2023. Prevention of intradialytic hypotension in hemodialysis patients: Current challenges and future prospects. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis, 16: 173-181. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S245621
- Kanbay M, Ertuglu LA, Afsar B, Ozdogan E, Siriopol D, Covic A, Ortiz A. 2020. An update review of intradialytic hypotension: concept, risk factors, clinical implications and management. Clin Kidney J, 13(6): 981-993. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa078
- Kanno Y. 2021. Blood pressure management in patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Hypertens Res, 44(1): 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-020-00563-4
- Karaaslan T, Pembegul I. 2023. Relationship between symptom burden and dialysis adequacy in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Northern Clin Istanbul, 10(4): 435-443. https://doi.org/10.14744/nci.2023.01799
- Karaer R, Paydas S, Duranay M. 2021. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında basamaklı ultrafiltrasyon hız düşüş profil uygulamasının intradiyalitik hipotansiyona etkisi. Ankara Eğit Araş Hastanesi Tıp Derg, 54(2): 210-213.https://doi.org/ 10.20492/aeahtd.780285
- Kim BS, Yu MY, Shin J. 2024. Effect of low sodium and high potassium diet on lowering blood pressure and cardiovascular events. Clin Hypertens, 30(1): 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40885-023-00259-0
- Kim SG, Yun D, Lee J, Kim YC, Kim DK, Oh KH, Han SS. 2023. Impact of intradialytic hypotension on mortality following the transition from continuous renal replacement therapy to intermittent hemodialysis. Acute Crit Care, 38(1): 86-94. https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2022.00948
- Liang KV, Zhang JH, Palevsky PM. 2019. Urea reduction ratio may be a simpler approach for measurement of adequacy of intermittent hemodialysis in acute kidney injury. Bmc Nephrology, 20(1): 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1272-7
- Lint A, Parker RS, Clermont G. 2023. Modeling blood urea nitrogen (BUN) dynamics to estimate dialysis adequacy. J Critical Care, 74: 154207.https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jcrc.2022.154207
- Liu SX, Wang ZH, Zhang S, Xiao J, You LL, Zhang Y, Zhang YN. 2022. The association between dose of hemodialysis and patients mortality in a prospective cohort study. Sci Rep, 12(1): 13708. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17943-0
- Luo Y, Li J, Liu Z, Yu H, Peng X, Cao C. 2020. Characteristics and outcomes of hemodialysis patients with COVID-19: a retrospective single center study. PeerJ, 8: e10459. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10459
- Lurbe E, Agabiti-Rosei E, Cruickshank JK, Dominiczak A, Erdine S, Hirth A, Zanchetti A. 2016. 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens, 3410: 1887-1920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2016.08.001
- Miyata Y, Obata Y, Mochizuki Y, Kitamura M, Mitsunari K, Matsuo T, Sakai H. 2019. Periodontal disease in patients receiving dialysis. Int J Mol Sci, 20(15): 3805. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153805
- Pan Y, Li D, Zhang Z, Xu J, Sun X, Wang M, Ding J. 2024. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of maintenance hemodialysis patients with COVID-19 during the Omicron wave of the pandemic in Beijing: a single center retrospective study. Bmc Nephrol, 251: 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-024-03575-1
- Raimundo R, Preciado L, Belchior R, Almeida CMM. 2023. Water quality and adverse health effects on the hemodialysis patients: An overview. Ther Apher Dial, 276: 1053-1063. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.14032
- Sahathevan S, Khor BH, Ng HM, Gafor AHA, Mat Daud ZA, Mafra D, Karupaiah T. 2020. Understanding development of malnutrition in hemodialysis patients: A narrative review. Nutrients, 12(10): 3147. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103147
- Saran R, Bragg-Gresham JL, Levin NW, Twardowski ZJ, Wizemann V, Saito A, Port FK. 2006. Longer treatment time and slower ultrafiltration in hemodialysis: associations with reduced mortality in the DOPPS. Kidney Int, 697: 1222-1228. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5000186
- Sars B, van der Sande FM, Kooman JP. 2020. Intradialytic hypotension: Mechanisms and outcome. Blood Purif, 49(1-2): 158-167. https://doi.org/10.1159/000503776
- Seng JJB, Tan JY, Yeam CT, Htay H, Foo WYM. 2020. Factors affecting medication adherence among pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature. Int Urol Nephrol, 525: 903-916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-020-02452-8
- Sharanappa V, Pradhan S, Mishra A. 2021. Letter to editor in response to the article "Parathyroidectomy for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism in a changing landscape for the management of end-stage renal disease" by Willemijn van der Plas et al published in Surgery. Surgery, 169(5): 1262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2020.12.013
- Sola L, Levin NW, Johnson DW, Pecoits-Filho R, Aljubori HM, Chen Y, Finkelstein FO. 2020. Development of a framework for minimum and optimal safety and quality standards for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int Suppl, 10(1): e55-e62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kisu.2019.11.009
- Tawfik AM, Elgendy AM, Abou El Leil HA, Mady GE. 2022. High flux versus low flux dialysis: impact on intradialytic hypertension and adequacy of dialysis. Egyptian J Hospital Medic, 88(1): 2697-2703.
- Timofte D, Tanasescu MD, Balcangiu-Stroescu AE, Balan DG, Tulin A, Stiru O, Ionescu D. 2021. Dyselectrolytemia-management and implications in hemodialysis Review. Exp Ther Med, 21(1): 102. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9534
- Uduagbamen P, Ogunmola M, Nwogbe I, Falana T. 2022. Low-dose dopamine in the management of intradialysis hypotension: A retrospective cohort study in Nigeria. ERA Congress, May 19-22, Paris, France, pp: 90.https://doi.org/ 10.33590/emjnephrol/22-00073.
- Wayunah W, Saefulloh M, Yanganto Y. 2023. Factors affecting hemodialysis adequacy in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a cross-sectional study. J Aisyah, 8(S1): 215-220. https://doi.org/ 10.30604/jika.v8iS1.1699
- Weigert A, Drozdz M, Silva F, Frazao J, Alsuwaida A, Krishnan M, Jacobson SH. 2020. Influence of gender and age on haemodialysis practices: a European multicentre analysis. Clin Kidney J, 13(2): 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz069
- Workgroup KD. 2005. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis, 45(4 Suppl 3): S1-153.
- Yildiz AB, Vehbi S, Covic A, Burlacu A, Covic A, Kanbay M. 2023. An update review on hemodynamic instability in renal replacement therapy patients. Int Urol Nephrol, 55(4): 929-942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-022-03389-w
- Zedelenmez A, Çağlar M. 2019. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında yeterli diyaliz en doğru nasıl değerlendirilir? Nefroloji Hemş Derg, 14(2): 70-74.