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Evaluation of Hand Physical Features, Sensory Perception and Functional Status in Type 2 Diabetic Individuals

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 6, 237 - 242, 15.11.2025

Emral Özgür , İbrahim Karaca , Semin Melahat Fenkçi , Suat Erel

https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1763700

Öz

This study aimed to assess the physical features, sensory perception, and functional capacity of the hand in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Eighty-eight individuals with T2DM and 88 healthy, demographically matched controls were included. Cognitive status was assessed using the Standardized Mini Mental Test (α=0.83). Joint range of motion was measured with a goniometer. Grip and pinch strength were assessed using a Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer and Pinch Gauge (ICC=0.97). Sensory evaluation included superficial sensations (sharp/dull, hot/cold, light touch) and cortical sensation (two-point discrimination, stereognosis, graphesthesia). Functional performance was evaluated with the Purdue Pegboard Test (α=0.87). Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. The T2DM group showed significant deficits in all domains of hand function (P<0.05). Grip strength decreased by 25%, pinch strength by 28.4% (P<0.001). Two-point discrimination was 44% worse in T2DM (8.1±1.4 mm vs. 4.5±1.1 mm; P<0.001). Stereognosis and graphesthesia declined by 31.1% and 34.4%, respectively. Pegboard performance was 24% lower (P<0.001). Individuals with T2DM have marked impairments in sensory integration and hand function. Early detection of these deficits is essential for developing targeted rehabilitation strategies to preserve upper extremity function.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Type 2 diabetes mellitus Hand function Grip strength Sensory perception

Etik Beyan

The authors confirm that the ethical policies of the journal, as noted on the journal's author guidelines page, have been adhered to. The experimental procedures were approved by the Local Animal Care and Ethics Committee of Pamukkale University (approval date: 01 June, 2020, protocol code: 60116787-020/31835).

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank all the participants and staff at the Pamukkale University Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Clinic for their support during data collection.

Kaynakça

  • Allet L, Armand S, de Bie RA, Golay A, Monnin D, Aminian K, de Bruin ED. 2019. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabetes/Metabolism Res Rev, 35(6): e3167. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3167
  • Bain GI, Laslett LL, McNeil JD. 2012. Deteriorating tactile sensation in patients with hand syndromes associated with diabetes: A two-year observational study. J Diabetes Its Compl, 26(5): 420-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.04.010
  • Cederlund RI, Thomsen N, Thrainsdottir S. 2009. Hand disorders, hand function, and activities of daily living in elderly men with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Its Compl, 23(3): 180-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2007.12.003
  • Cetinus E, Buyukbese MA, Uzel M, Ekerbicer H, Karaoguz A. 2005. Hand grip strength in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 70(3): 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2005.03.011
  • Engel Yeger B, Darawsha Najjar S, Hamed R. 2018. The relationship between health-related quality of life and sensory deficits among patients with diabetes mellitus. Disab Rehab, 40(15): 1795-1801. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1365382
  • Ertürk Z, Taşkın H, Sarı R. 2013. Validity and reliability of the Purdue Pegboard Test in Turkish adult population. J Physiother Rehab, 24(2): 65-72.
  • Filgueiras JR, Sales CP, da Silva IG, Dos Santos CM, Magalhães Neto EC, da Rocha RB, Cardoso VS. 2022. Morphological and functional changes in skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiother Theory Pract, 39(9): 1789-1815. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2022.2057375
  • Freeman R, Kalra S, Malik RA. 2023. Diabetic neuropathy: Emerging biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 11(2): 123-135.
  • Gorniak SL, Khan A, Ochoa N, Sharma MD. 2014. Detecting subtle fingertip sensory and motor dysfunction in adults with type II diabetes. Exp Brain Res, 232(12): 3831-3840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-3844-x
  • Gorniak SL, Ray H, Lee BC. 2020. Cognitive–motor impairment in manual tasks in adults with type 2 diabetes. Topics Stroke Rehab, 27(5): 385-392.
  • Gundmi S, Maiya A, Bhat A, Ravishankar N, Hande M, Rajagopal K. 2018. Hand dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Annals Physical Rehab Medic, 61(2): 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2017.12.006
  • Güngen C, Ertan T, Eker E, Yaşar R, Engin F. 2002. Validity and reliability of the Standardized Mini-Mental Test in the Turkish population. Turkish J Psychiatry, 13(4): 273-281.
  • Hsu HY, Chiu HY, Su FC, Lin HT. 2015. Impacts of elevated glycaemic haemoglobin and disease duration on the sensorimotor control of hands in diabetes patients. Diabetes/Metabolism Res Rev, 31(2): 196-202. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2623
  • Hsu HY, Kuo LC, Su FC, Yu HI, Hua SC. 2014. Impact of median neuropathy on sensorimotor control capability of hands in diabetes: An achievable assessment from functional perspectives. PLOS One, 9(4): e94452. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094452
  • Karahan AY, Küçükdeveci AA. 2015. Validity of goniometric measurements in the Turkish population: A systematic review. Turkish J Orthopaed Traumatol, 29(1): 1-8.
  • Kender Z, Groener JB, Jende JME, Kurz FT, Fleming T, Sulaj A, Schuh-Hofer S, Treede RD, Bendszus M, Szendroedi J, Nawroth PP, Kopf S. 2022. Diabetic neuropathy is a generalized phenomenon with impact on hand functional performance and quality of life. Eur J Neurol, 29(2): 380-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15446
  • Kim JH, Lee J, Park S. 2022. Decreased grip strength in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A nationwide cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 107(9): e3891–e3900. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/gac139
  • Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM. 1998. Diabetic foot ulcer prevention: A neglected opportunity in high-risk patients. Diabetes Care, 21(5): 698-703.
  • Lewko J, Kochanowicz J, Zarzycki W, Mariak Z. 2012. Poor hand function in diabetics. Saudi Medic J, 33(4): 401-407.
  • Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Volland G, Kashman N. 1984. Reliability and validity of grip and pinch strength evaluations. J Hand Surgery (American Volume), 9(2): 222-226.
  • Nascimento LR, Ada L, Teixeira-Salmela LF. 2020. Effects of diabetes duration on muscle strength and functional capacity. Physical Ther Sport, 41: 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.11.006
  • Norkin CC, White DJ. 2003. Measurement of joint motion: A guide to goniometry (3rd ed.). Davis Company, Philadelphia, US.
  • Perkins BA, Orszag A, Ngo M, Ng E, New P. 2021. Exercise and sensory-motor recovery in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther, 12(4): 1213-1223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-021-01004-4
  • Poitras I, Martinie O, Robert MT, Campeau-Lecours A, Mercier C. 2021. Impact of sensory deficits on upper limb motor performance in individuals with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Brain Sci, 11(6): 744. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060744
  • Rahman F, Islam R, Islam MN. 2020. Cognitive and motor function impairments in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 169: 108468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108468
  • Redmond AC, Crane DJ, Menz HB. 2009. Normative values for handgrip strength and factors associated with hand weakness in adults with diabetes. J Rheumatol, 36(9): 2021-2026. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.090209
  • Roldán-Jiménez C, Bennett P, Cuesta-Vargas AI. 2021. Impairments in proprioception and balance in adults with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional analysis. J Physical Ther Sci, 33(4): 378-384. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.33.378
  • Van Deursen R, Tofthagen C, Davis S. 2022. Neuroplasticity and motor learning in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Neurosci Lett, 775: 136529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136529
  • World Health Organization. (2023). Diabetes: Fact sheet. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes (accessed date: May 12, 2025).
  • Xu D, Chen Z, Qiao M, Zhang F, Li X. 2022. Age-related cortical thinning and hand motor function decline in people with type 2 diabetes. Brain Imag Behav, 16: 1724-1733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-021-00593-y
  • Yahya A, Pasnoor M, Kluding P, Slusser B. 2019. Sensory deficits in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A study on proprioception and its relation to functional performance. Exp Brain Res, 237(11): 2783-2792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05663-3.

Evaluation of Hand Physical Features, Sensory Perception and Functional Status in Type 2 Diabetic Individuals

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 6, 237 - 242, 15.11.2025

Emral Özgür , İbrahim Karaca , Semin Melahat Fenkçi , Suat Erel

https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1763700

Öz

This study aimed to assess the physical features, sensory perception, and functional capacity of the hand in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Eighty-eight individuals with T2DM and 88 healthy, demographically matched controls were included. Cognitive status was assessed using the Standardized Mini Mental Test (α=0.83). Joint range of motion was measured with a goniometer. Grip and pinch strength were assessed using a Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer and Pinch Gauge (ICC=0.97). Sensory evaluation included superficial sensations (sharp/dull, hot/cold, light touch) and cortical sensation (two-point discrimination, stereognosis, graphesthesia). Functional performance was evaluated with the Purdue Pegboard Test (α=0.87). Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. The T2DM group showed significant deficits in all domains of hand function (P<0.05). Grip strength decreased by 25%, pinch strength by 28.4% (P<0.001). Two-point discrimination was 44% worse in T2DM (8.1±1.4 mm vs. 4.5±1.1 mm; P<0.001). Stereognosis and graphesthesia declined by 31.1% and 34.4%, respectively. Pegboard performance was 24% lower (P<0.001). Individuals with T2DM have marked impairments in sensory integration and hand function. Early detection of these deficits is essential for developing targeted rehabilitation strategies to preserve upper extremity function.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Type 2 diabetes mellitus Hand function Grip strength Sensory perception

Etik Beyan

The authors confirm that the ethical policies of the journal, as noted on the journal's author guidelines page, have been adhered to. The experimental procedures were approved by the Local Animal Care and Ethics Committee of Pamukkale University (approval date: 01 June, 2020, protocol code: 60116787-020/31835).

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank all the participants and staff at the Pamukkale University Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Clinic for their support during data collection.

Kaynakça

  • Allet L, Armand S, de Bie RA, Golay A, Monnin D, Aminian K, de Bruin ED. 2019. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabetes/Metabolism Res Rev, 35(6): e3167. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3167
  • Bain GI, Laslett LL, McNeil JD. 2012. Deteriorating tactile sensation in patients with hand syndromes associated with diabetes: A two-year observational study. J Diabetes Its Compl, 26(5): 420-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.04.010
  • Cederlund RI, Thomsen N, Thrainsdottir S. 2009. Hand disorders, hand function, and activities of daily living in elderly men with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Its Compl, 23(3): 180-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2007.12.003
  • Cetinus E, Buyukbese MA, Uzel M, Ekerbicer H, Karaoguz A. 2005. Hand grip strength in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 70(3): 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2005.03.011
  • Engel Yeger B, Darawsha Najjar S, Hamed R. 2018. The relationship between health-related quality of life and sensory deficits among patients with diabetes mellitus. Disab Rehab, 40(15): 1795-1801. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1365382
  • Ertürk Z, Taşkın H, Sarı R. 2013. Validity and reliability of the Purdue Pegboard Test in Turkish adult population. J Physiother Rehab, 24(2): 65-72.
  • Filgueiras JR, Sales CP, da Silva IG, Dos Santos CM, Magalhães Neto EC, da Rocha RB, Cardoso VS. 2022. Morphological and functional changes in skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiother Theory Pract, 39(9): 1789-1815. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2022.2057375
  • Freeman R, Kalra S, Malik RA. 2023. Diabetic neuropathy: Emerging biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 11(2): 123-135.
  • Gorniak SL, Khan A, Ochoa N, Sharma MD. 2014. Detecting subtle fingertip sensory and motor dysfunction in adults with type II diabetes. Exp Brain Res, 232(12): 3831-3840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-3844-x
  • Gorniak SL, Ray H, Lee BC. 2020. Cognitive–motor impairment in manual tasks in adults with type 2 diabetes. Topics Stroke Rehab, 27(5): 385-392.
  • Gundmi S, Maiya A, Bhat A, Ravishankar N, Hande M, Rajagopal K. 2018. Hand dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Annals Physical Rehab Medic, 61(2): 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2017.12.006
  • Güngen C, Ertan T, Eker E, Yaşar R, Engin F. 2002. Validity and reliability of the Standardized Mini-Mental Test in the Turkish population. Turkish J Psychiatry, 13(4): 273-281.
  • Hsu HY, Chiu HY, Su FC, Lin HT. 2015. Impacts of elevated glycaemic haemoglobin and disease duration on the sensorimotor control of hands in diabetes patients. Diabetes/Metabolism Res Rev, 31(2): 196-202. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2623
  • Hsu HY, Kuo LC, Su FC, Yu HI, Hua SC. 2014. Impact of median neuropathy on sensorimotor control capability of hands in diabetes: An achievable assessment from functional perspectives. PLOS One, 9(4): e94452. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094452
  • Karahan AY, Küçükdeveci AA. 2015. Validity of goniometric measurements in the Turkish population: A systematic review. Turkish J Orthopaed Traumatol, 29(1): 1-8.
  • Kender Z, Groener JB, Jende JME, Kurz FT, Fleming T, Sulaj A, Schuh-Hofer S, Treede RD, Bendszus M, Szendroedi J, Nawroth PP, Kopf S. 2022. Diabetic neuropathy is a generalized phenomenon with impact on hand functional performance and quality of life. Eur J Neurol, 29(2): 380-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15446
  • Kim JH, Lee J, Park S. 2022. Decreased grip strength in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A nationwide cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 107(9): e3891–e3900. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/gac139
  • Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM. 1998. Diabetic foot ulcer prevention: A neglected opportunity in high-risk patients. Diabetes Care, 21(5): 698-703.
  • Lewko J, Kochanowicz J, Zarzycki W, Mariak Z. 2012. Poor hand function in diabetics. Saudi Medic J, 33(4): 401-407.
  • Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Volland G, Kashman N. 1984. Reliability and validity of grip and pinch strength evaluations. J Hand Surgery (American Volume), 9(2): 222-226.
  • Nascimento LR, Ada L, Teixeira-Salmela LF. 2020. Effects of diabetes duration on muscle strength and functional capacity. Physical Ther Sport, 41: 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.11.006
  • Norkin CC, White DJ. 2003. Measurement of joint motion: A guide to goniometry (3rd ed.). Davis Company, Philadelphia, US.
  • Perkins BA, Orszag A, Ngo M, Ng E, New P. 2021. Exercise and sensory-motor recovery in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther, 12(4): 1213-1223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-021-01004-4
  • Poitras I, Martinie O, Robert MT, Campeau-Lecours A, Mercier C. 2021. Impact of sensory deficits on upper limb motor performance in individuals with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Brain Sci, 11(6): 744. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060744
  • Rahman F, Islam R, Islam MN. 2020. Cognitive and motor function impairments in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 169: 108468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108468
  • Redmond AC, Crane DJ, Menz HB. 2009. Normative values for handgrip strength and factors associated with hand weakness in adults with diabetes. J Rheumatol, 36(9): 2021-2026. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.090209
  • Roldán-Jiménez C, Bennett P, Cuesta-Vargas AI. 2021. Impairments in proprioception and balance in adults with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional analysis. J Physical Ther Sci, 33(4): 378-384. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.33.378
  • Van Deursen R, Tofthagen C, Davis S. 2022. Neuroplasticity and motor learning in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Neurosci Lett, 775: 136529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136529
  • World Health Organization. (2023). Diabetes: Fact sheet. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes (accessed date: May 12, 2025).
  • Xu D, Chen Z, Qiao M, Zhang F, Li X. 2022. Age-related cortical thinning and hand motor function decline in people with type 2 diabetes. Brain Imag Behav, 16: 1724-1733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-021-00593-y
  • Yahya A, Pasnoor M, Kluding P, Slusser B. 2019. Sensory deficits in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A study on proprioception and its relation to functional performance. Exp Brain Res, 237(11): 2783-2792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05663-3.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Emral Özgür 0000-0002-1284-8661

İbrahim Karaca 0000-0002-4767-4219

Semin Melahat Fenkçi 0000-0002-5658-459X

Suat Erel 0000-0001-7076-7651

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Kasım 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 9 Eylül 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Özgür, E., Karaca, İ., Fenkçi, S. M., Erel, S. (2025). Evaluation of Hand Physical Features, Sensory Perception and Functional Status in Type 2 Diabetic Individuals. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 8(6), 237-242. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1763700
AMA Özgür E, Karaca İ, Fenkçi SM, Erel S. Evaluation of Hand Physical Features, Sensory Perception and Functional Status in Type 2 Diabetic Individuals. BSJ Health Sci. Kasım 2025;8(6):237-242. doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1763700
Chicago Özgür, Emral, İbrahim Karaca, Semin Melahat Fenkçi, ve Suat Erel. “Evaluation of Hand Physical Features, Sensory Perception and Functional Status in Type 2 Diabetic Individuals”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 8, sy. 6 (Kasım 2025): 237-42. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1763700.
EndNote Özgür E, Karaca İ, Fenkçi SM, Erel S (01 Kasım 2025) Evaluation of Hand Physical Features, Sensory Perception and Functional Status in Type 2 Diabetic Individuals. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 8 6 237–242.
IEEE E. Özgür, İ. Karaca, S. M. Fenkçi, ve S. Erel, “Evaluation of Hand Physical Features, Sensory Perception and Functional Status in Type 2 Diabetic Individuals”, BSJ Health Sci., c. 8, sy. 6, ss. 237–242, 2025, doi: 10.19127/bshealthscience.1763700.
ISNAD Özgür, Emral vd. “Evaluation of Hand Physical Features, Sensory Perception and Functional Status in Type 2 Diabetic Individuals”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 8/6 (Kasım2025), 237-242. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1763700.
JAMA Özgür E, Karaca İ, Fenkçi SM, Erel S. Evaluation of Hand Physical Features, Sensory Perception and Functional Status in Type 2 Diabetic Individuals. BSJ Health Sci. 2025;8:237–242.
MLA Özgür, Emral vd. “Evaluation of Hand Physical Features, Sensory Perception and Functional Status in Type 2 Diabetic Individuals”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, c. 8, sy. 6, 2025, ss. 237-42, doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1763700.
Vancouver Özgür E, Karaca İ, Fenkçi SM, Erel S. Evaluation of Hand Physical Features, Sensory Perception and Functional Status in Type 2 Diabetic Individuals. BSJ Health Sci. 2025;8(6):237-42.
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