Microbiota of the Female Reproductive System
Yıl 2017,
- Mikrobiyota, 95 - 103, 15.11.2017
Hilal Uslu Yuvacı
A. Serhan Cevrioğlu
Öz
The detailed evaluation of the members of the vast communities of microorganisms that inhabit our bodies has started with the microbiome project. Therefore, the microorganism fl ora inside the female reproductive system has been examined in terms of reproductive health, pregnancy and newborn health. New data obtained from the evaluation of microorganisms in the female reproductive system by performing studies from a different perspective will help us to understand the contribution of these microorganisms to health and diseases to provide information on future individual therapies. In this review, the effects of the changes in the microbiome of the female reproductive system on infertility, pregnancy and newborn will be evaluated in terms of their potential effects and applications in clinical practice.
Kaynakça
- 1. Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, Deming CB, Davis J, Young AC;
NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Bouffard GG, Blakesley
RW, Murray PR, Green ED, Turner ML, Segre JA. Topographical
and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science.
2009;324(5931):1190-2.
- 2. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L,
Sargent M, Gill SR, Nelson KE, Relman DA. Diversity of the human
intestinal microbial fl ora. Science.2005;308(5728):1635-8.
- 3. Nasidze I, Li J, Quinque D, Tang K, Stoneking M. Global diversity
in the human salivary microbiome. Genome Res. 2009;19(4):636-
43.
- 4. Oakley BB, Fiedler TL, Marrazzo JM, Fredricks DN. Diversity of
Human Vaginal Bacterial Communities and Associations with
Clinically Defi ned Bacterial Vaginosis. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology. 2008;74(15):4898-4909.
- 5. Relman DA. The Human Microbiome and the Future Practice of
Medicine. JAMA. 2015;314(11):1127-8.
- 6. Ravel J, Gajer P, Abdo Z, Schneider GM, Koenig SS, McCulle SL,
Karlebach S, Gorle R, Russell J, Tacket CO, Brotman RM, Davis CC,
Ault K, Peralta L, Forney LJ. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age
women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108 Suppl 1:4680-7.
- 7. Priestley CJ, Jones BM, Dhar J, Goodwin L. What is normal vaginal
fl ora? Genitourin Med. 1997;73(1):23-8.
- 8. Schwebke JR, Richey CM, Weiss2 HL. Correlation of behaviors
with microbiological changes in vaginal fl ora. J Infect Dis.
1999;180(5):1632-6.
- 9. Mirmonsef P, Hotton AL, Gilbert D, Gioia CJ, Maric D, Hope TJ,
Landay AL, Spear GT. Glycogen Levels in Undiluted Genital Fluid
and Their Relationship to Vaginal pH, Estrogen, and Progesterone.
PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153553.
- 10. Hickey RJ, Zhou X, Settles ML, Erb J, Malone K, Hansmann MA,
Shew ML, Van Der Pol B, Fortenberry JD, Forney LJ. Vaginal
microbiota of adolescent girls prior to the onset of menarche
resemble those of reproductive-age women. MBio. 2015;6(2).
- 11. Eschenbach DA, Thwin SS, Patton DL, Hooton TM, Stapleton AE,
Agnew K, Winter C, Meier A, Stamm WE. Infl uence of the normal
menstrual cycle on vaginal tissue, discharge, and microfl ora. Clin
Infect Dis. 2000;30(6):901-7.
- 12. Brotman RM, Shardell MD, Gajer P, Fadrosh D, Chang K, Silver MI,
Viscidi RP, Burke AE, Ravel J, Gravitt PE. Association between the
vaginal microbiota, menopause status, and signs of vulvovaginal
atrophy. Menopause. 2014;21(5):450-8.
- 13. Borges S, Silva J, Teixeira P. The role of lactobacilli and probiotics in
maintaining vaginal health. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289(3):479-
89.Review.
- 14. Machado A, Salgueiro D, Harwich M, Jefferson KK, Cerca N.
Quantitative analysis of initial adhesion of bacterial vaginosisassociated
anaerobes to ME-180 cells. Anaerobe. 2013;23:1-4.
- 15. Mastromarino P, Brigidi P, Macchia S, Maggi L, Pirovano F,
Trinchieri V, Conte U, Matteuzzi D. Characterization and selection
of vaginal Lactobacillus strains for the preparation of vaginal tablets.
J Appl Microbiol. 2002;93(5):884-93.
- 16. Boskey ER, Cone RA, Whaley KJ, Moench TR. Origins of vaginal
acidity: high D/L lactate ratio is consistent with bacteria being the
primary source. Hum Reprod.2001;16(9):1809-13.
- 17. Aroutcheva A, Gariti D, Simon M, Shott S, Faro J, Simoes JA,
Gurguis A, Faro S. Defense factors of vaginal lactobacilli. Am J
Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(2):375-9.
- 18. Machado D, Castro J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Martinez-de-Oliveira
J, Cerca N.Bacterial Vaginosis Biofi lms: Challenges to Current
Therapies and Emerging Solutions. Front Microbiol. 2016;6:1528.
- 19. Nelson DB, Hanlon A, Nachamkin I, Haggerty C, Mastrogiannis
DS, Liu C,Fredricks DN. Early pregnancy changes in bacterial
vaginosis-associated bacteria and preterm delivery. Paediatr Perinat
Epidemiol. 2014;28(2):88-96.
- 20. Kenyon C, Colebunders R, Crucitti T. The global epidemiology of
bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol.
2013 Dec;209(6):505-23.
- 21. Taylor BD, Darville T, Haggerty CL. Does bacterial vaginosis cause
pelvic infl ammatory disease? Sex Transm Dis. 2013 Feb;40(2):117-
22.
- 22. Beruchashvili M, Gogiashvili L, Datunashvili E, Topuria Z, Tsagareli
Z. Morphological peculiarities of endometrium in chronic
endometritis associated with bacterial vaginosis. Georgian Med
News. 2010;(181):59-63.
- 23. Cu-Uvin S, Hogan JW, Caliendo AM, Harwell J, Mayer KH, Carpenter
CC; HIV Epidemiology Research Study. Association between
bacterial vaginosis and expression of human immunodefi ciency
virus type 1 RNA in the female genital tract. Clin Infect Dis.
2001;33(6):894-6.
- 24. Cherpes TL, Melan MA, Kant JA, Cosentino LA, Meyn LA, Hillier
SL. Genital tract shedding of herpes simplex virus type 2 in
women: effects of hormonal contraception, bacterial vaginosis,
and vaginal group B Streptococcus colonization. Clin Infect Dis.
2005;40(10):1422-8.
- 25. Leitich H, Bodner-Adler B, Brunbauer M, Kaider A, Egarter C,
Husslein P.Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for preterm delivery: a
meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189(1):139-47.
- 26. Li J, McCormick J, Bocking A, Reid G. Importance of vaginal
microbes in reproductive health. Reprod Sci. 2012;19(3):235-42.
- 27. Eckert LO, Moore DE, Patton DL, Agnew KJ, Eschenbach DA.
Relationship of vaginal bacteria and infl ammation with conception
and early pregnancy loss following in-vitro fertilization. Infect Dis
Obstet Gynecol. 2003;11(1):11-7.
- 28. van Oostrum N, De Sutter P, Meys J, Verstraelen H. Risks associated
with bacterial vaginosis in infertility patients: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(7):1809-15.
- 29. Salah RM, Allam AM, Magdy AM, Mohamed ASh. Bacterial
vaginosis and infertility: cause or association? Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol. 2013;167(1):59-63.
- 30. Haahr T, Jensen JS, Thomsen L, Duus L, Rygaard K, Humaidan
P. Abnormal vaginal microbiota may be associated with poor
reproductive outcomes: a prospective study in IVF patients. Hum
Reprod. 2016;31(4):795-803.
- 31. Borgdorff H, Verwijs MC, Wit FW, Tsivtsivadze E, Ndayisaba GF,
Verhelst R, Schuren FH, van de Wijgert JH. The impact of hormonal
contraception and pregnancy on sexually transmitted infections
and on cervicovaginal microbiota in african sex workers. Sex
Transm Dis. 2015;42(3):143-52.
- 32. Dareng EO, Ma B, Famooto AO, Adebamowo SN, Offi ong RA,
Olaniyan O, Dakum PS,Wheeler CM, Fadrosh D, Yang H, Gajer P,
Brotman RM, Ravel J, Adebamowo CA. Prevalent high-risk HPV
infection and vaginal microbiota in Nigerian women. Epidemiol
Infect. 2016;144(1):123-37.
- 33. Mitra A, MacIntyre DA, Lee YS, Smith A, Marchesi JR, Lehne B,
Bhatia R, Lyons D, Paraskevaidis E, Li JV, Holmes E, Nicholson JK,
Bennett PR, Kyrgiou M.Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia disease
progression is associated with increased vaginal microbiome
diversity. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16865.
- 34. Mayer BT, Srinivasan S, Fiedler TL, Marrazzo JM, Fredricks DN,Schiffer JT. Rapid and Profound Shifts in the Vaginal Microbiota
Following Antibiotic Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis. J Infect Dis.
2015;212(5):793-802.
- 35. Vicariotto F, Mogna L, Del Piano M. Effectiveness of the two
microorganisms Lactobacillus fermentum LF15 and Lactobacillus
plantarum LP01, formulated in slow-release vaginal tablets,
in women affected by bacterial vaginosis: a pilot study. J Clin
Gastroenterol. 2014;48 Suppl 1:S106-12.
- 36. Bradshaw CS, Pirotta M, De Guingand D, Hocking JS, Morton AN,
Garland SM,Fehler G, Morrow A, Walker S, Vodstrcil LA, Fairley CK.
Effi cacy of oral metronidazole with vaginal clindamycin or vaginal
probiotic for bacterial vaginosis: randomised placebo-controlled
double-blind trial. PLoS One.2012;7(4):e34540.
- 37. Falagas M, Betsi GI, Athanasiou S. Probiotics for the treatment
of women with bacterial vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Infect.
2007;13(7):657-64. Review.
- 38. Recine N, Palma E, Domenici L, Giorgini M, Imperiale L, Sassu
C, Musella A,Marchetti C, Muzii L, Benedetti Panici P. Restoring
vaginal microbiota: biological control of bacterial vaginosis. A
prospective case-control study using Lactobacillus rhamnosus BMX
54 as adjuvant treatment against bacterial vaginosis. Arch Gynecol
Obstet. 2016;293(1):101-7.
- 39. Nelson DE, Dong Q, Van der Pol B, Toh E, Fan B, Katz BP, Mi D,
Rong R, Weinstock GM, Sodergren E, Fortenberry JD. Bacterial
communities of the coronal sulcus and distal urethra of adolescent
males. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36298.
- 40. Schwebke JR, Desmond RA. A randomized trial of the duration
of therapy with metronidazole plus or minus azithromycin for
treatment of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Clin Infect Dis.
2007;44(2):213-9.
- 41. Cruciani F, Biagi E, Severgnini M, Consolandi C, Calanni F, Donders
G, Brigidi P, Vitali B. Development of a microarray-based tool to
characterize vaginal bacterial fl uctuations and application to a novel
antibiotic treatment for bacterial vaginosis. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother. 2015;59(5):2825-34.
- 42. Reid G, Brigidi P, Burton JP, Contractor N, Duncan S, Fargier E,
Hill C, Lebeer S, Martín R, McBain AJ, Mor G, O'Neill C, Rodríguez
JM, Swann J, van Hemert S, Ansell J. Microbes central to human
reproduction. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2015;73(1):1-11.
- 43. Pelzer ES, Allan JA, Waterhouse MA, Ross T, Beagley KW, Knox CL.
Microorganisms within human follicular fl uid: effects on IVF. PLoS
One.2013;8(3):e59062.
- 44. Barbonetti A, Cinque B, Vassallo MR, Mineo S, Francavilla S, Cifone
MG, Francavilla F. Effect of vaginal probiotic lactobacilli on in vitroinduced
sperm lipid peroxidation and its impact on sperm motility
and viability. Fertil Steril.2011;95(8):2485-8.
- 45. Escherich T. The intestinal bacteria of the neonate and breast-fed
infant.1885. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(2):352-6.
- 46. Jones HE, Harris KA, Azizia M, Bank L, Carpenter B, Hartley JC, Klein
N, Peebles D. Differing prevalence and diversity of bacterial species
in fetal membranes from very preterm and term labor. PLoS One.
2009;4(12):e8205.
- 47. Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino J, Versalovic
J. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med.
2014;6(237):237ra65.
- 48. Jiménez E, Marín ML, Martín R, Odriozola JM, Olivares M, Xaus J,
Fernández L, Rodríguez JM. Is meconium from healthy newborns
actually sterile? Res Microbiol. 2008;159(3):187-93.
- 49. Wassenaar TM, Panigrahi P. Is a foetus developing in a sterile
environment? Lett Appl Microbiol. 2014;59(6):572-9.
- 50. Funkhouser LJ, Bordenstein SR. Mom knows best: the universality of
maternal microbial transmission. PLoS Biol. 2013;11(8):e1001631.
- 51. Perez-Muñoz ME, Arrieta MC, Ramer-Tait AE, Walter J. A critical
assessment of the "sterile womb" and "in utero colonization"
hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant
microbiome. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):48.
- 52. Shreiner AB, Kao JY, Young VB. The gut microbiome in health and in
disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2015;31(1):69-75.
- 53. Matamoros S, Gras-Leguen C, Le Vacon F, Potel G, de La Cochetiere
MF. Development of intestinal microbiota in infants and its impact
on health. Trends Microbiol. 2013;21(4):167-73.
- 54. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG,
Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Baldassano RN, Anokhin AP,
Heath AC, Warner B, Reeder J, Kuczynski J, Caporaso JG, Lozupone
CA, Lauber C, Clemente JC, Knights D, Knight R, Gordon JI.
Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature.
2012;486:222–7.
- 55. Di Gioia D, Aloisio I, Mazzola G, Biavati B. Bifi dobacteria: their impact
on gut microbiota composition and their applications as probiotics
in infants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014;98(2):563–77.
- 56. Dominguez-Bello, M.G., Costello, E.K., Contreras, M., Magris, M.,
Hidalgo, G., Fierer, N., Knight, R., 2010. Delivery mode shapes the
acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple
body habitats in newborns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107,
11971–11975.
- 57. Black M, Bhattacharya S, Philip S, Norman JE, McLernon DJ.
Planned Cesarean Delivery at Term and Adverse Outcomes in
Childhood Health. JAMA. 2015;314(21):2271–9.
- 58. Kuhle S, Tong OS, Woolcott CG. Association between caesarean
section and childhood obesity: a systematic review and metaanalysis.
Obes Rev. 2015;16(4):295–303.
- 59. Adlercreutz EH, Wingren CJ, Vincente RP, Merlo J, Agardh D.
Perinatal risk factors increase the risk of being affected by both type
1 diabetes and coeliac disease. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104(2):178–84.
- 60. Kuhle S, Tong OS, Woolcott CG. Association between caesarean
section and childhood obesity: a systematic review and metaanalysis.
Obes Rev. 2015;16(4):295–303.
- 61. Adlerberth I, Strachan DP, Matricardi PM, Ahrne S, Orfei L, Aberg N,
Perkin MR, Tripodi S, Hesselmar B, Saalman R, et al. Gut microbiota
and development of atopic eczema in 3 European birth cohorts. J
Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(2):343–50.
- 62. Neu J, Rushing J. Cesarean versus vaginal delivery: long-term
infant outcomes and the hygiene hypothesis. Clin Perinatol.
2011;38(2):321–31.
- 63. Betran AP, Merialdi M, Lauer JA, Bing-Shun W, Thomas J, Van Look
P, Wagner M. Rates of caesarean section: analysis of global, regional
and national estimates. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2007;21(2):98–
113.
- 64. Liu D, Yu J, Li L, Ai Q, Feng J, Song C, Li H. Bacterial community
structure associated with elective cesarean section versus
vaginal delivery in Chinese newborns. J Pediatr Gastr Nutr.
2015;60(2):240–6.
- 65. Rutayisire E, Huang K, Liu Y, Tao F. The mode of delivery affects the
diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the
fi rst year of infants' life: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol.
2016;16(1):86.
- 66. Mitsou EK, Kirtzalidou E, Oikonomou I, Liosis G, Kyriacou A. Fecal
microfl ora of Greek healthy neonates. Anaerobe. 2008;14(2):94–
101.
- 67. Gronlund MM, Lehtonen OP, Eerola E, Kero P. Fecal microfl ora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery: permanent
changes in intestinal fl ora after cesarean delivery. J Pediatr
Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999; 28(1):19–25.
- 68. Bezirtzoglou E. The intestinal microfl ora during the fi rst weeks of life.
Anaerobe. 1997;3(2–3):173–7.
- 69. Nagpal R, Tsuji H, Takahashi T, Kawashima K, Nagata S, Nomoto
K, Yamashiro Y. Sensitive Quantitative Analysis of the Meconium
Bacterial Microbiota in Healthy Term Infants Born Vaginally or by
Cesarean Section. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1997.
- 70. Dethlefsen L, Huse S, Sogin ML, Relman DA. The pervasive effects
of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep
16S rRNA sequencing. PLoS Biol. 2008;6(11):e280.
- 71. Penders J, Thijs C, Vink C, Stelma FF, Snijders B, Kummeling
I, van den Brandt PA, Stobberingh EE. Factors infl uencing the
composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics.
2006;118(2):511–21.
- 72. Stokholm J, Schjørring S, Pedersen L, Bischoff AL, Følsgaard N,
Carson CG, Chawes BL, Bønnelykke K, Mølgaard A, Krogfelt KA,
Bisgaard H. Prevalence and predictors of antibiotic administration
during pregnancy and birth. PLoS One.2013;8(12):e82932.
- 73. Cho I, Yamanishi S, Cox L, Methé BA, Zavadil J, Li K, Gao Z, Mahana
D, Raju K, Teitler I, Li H, Alekseyenko AV, Blaser MJ. Antibiotics in
early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity. Nature.
2012;488(7413):621-6.
- 74. Azad MB, Konya T, Persaud RR, Guttman DS, Chari RS, Field CJ,
Sears MR, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Becker AB, Scott
JA, Kozyrskyj AL; CHILD Study Investigators. Impact of maternal
intrapartum antibiotics, method of birth and breastfeeding on gut
microbiota during the fi rst year of life: a prospective cohort study.
BJOG. 2016;123(6):983-93.
- 75. Mueller NT, Whyatt R, Hoepner L, Oberfi eld S, Dominguez-Bello
MG, Widen EM, Hassoun A, Perera F, Rundle A. Prenatal exposure
to antibiotics, cesarean section and risk of childhood obesity. Int J
Obes (Lond). 2015;39(4):665-70.
- 76. Stensballe LG, Simonsen J, Jensen SM, Bønnelykke K, Bisgaard H.
Use of antibiotics during pregnancy increases the risk of asthma in
early childhood. J Pediatr 2013;162:832–838.e3.
- 77. Virta L, Auvinen A, Helenius H, Huovinen P, Kolho KL. Association of
repeated exposure to antibiotics with the development of pediatric
Crohn’s disease–a nationwide, register-based fi nnish case-control
study. Am J Epidemiol 2012;175:775–84.
- 78. Perez PF, Dore J, Leclerc M, Levenez F, Benyacoub J, Serrant
P, Segura- Roggero I, Schiffrin EJ, Donnet-Hughes A. Bacterial
imprinting of the neonatal immune system: lessons from maternal
cells? Pediatrics. 2007; 119(3):e724–732.
- 79. Jeurink PV, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Jiménez E, Knippels LM,
Fernández L,Garssen J, Knol J, Rodríguez JM, Martín R. Human
milk: a source of more life than we imagine. Benef Microbes.
2013;4(1):17-30.
- 80. Goulet O. Potential role of the intestinal microbiota in programming
health and disease. Nutr Rev. 2015;73 Suppl 1:32–40.
- 81. Underwood MA, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. Bifi dobacterium
longum subspecies infantis: champion colonizer of the infant gut.
Pediatr Res. 2015; 77(1–2):229–35.
- 82. Fallani M, Young D, Scott J, Norin E, Amarri S, Adam R, Aguilera M,
Khanna S, Gil A, Edwards CA, Doré J; Other Members of the INFABIO
Team. Intestinal microbiota of 6-week-old infants across Europe:
geographic infl uence beyond delivery mode, breast-feeding, and
antibiotics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.2010;51(1):77-84.
- 83. Bezirtzoglou E, Tsiotsias A, Welling GW. Microbiota profi le in feces
of breast and formula-fed newborns by using fl uorescence in situ
hybridization (FISH). Anaerobe. 2011;17(6):478–82.
- 84. Penders J, Vink C, Driessen C, London N, Thijs C, Stobberingh
EE. Quantifi cation of Bifi dobacterium spp., Escherichia coli and
Clostridium diffi cile in faecal samples of breast-fed and formula-fed
infants by real-time PCR. Fems Microbiol Lett. 2005;243(1):141–7.
- 85. Cabrera-Rubio R, Collado MC, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E,
Mira A. The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and
is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery. Am J Clin Nutr
2012; 96:544–51.
- 86. Collado MC, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Maternal
weight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy modify
the immunomodulatory potential of breast milk. Pediatr Res
2012;72:77–85.
- 87. Laitinen K, Collado MC, Isolauri E. Early nutritional environment:
focus on health effects of microbiota and probiotics. Benef
Microbes 2010;1:383–90.
- 88. Bai DL, Wu KM, Tarrant M. Association between intrapartum
interventions and breastfeeding duration. J Midwifery Womens
Health. 2013;58(1):25–32.
- 89. Martin R, Langa S, Reviriego C, Jiminez E, Marin ML, Xaus J,
Fernandez L,Rodriguez JM. Human milk is a source of lactic acid
bacteria for the infant gut. J Pediatr. 2003;143(6):754–8.
Kadın Üreme Sistemi Mikrobiyotası
Yıl 2017,
- Mikrobiyota, 95 - 103, 15.11.2017
Hilal Uslu Yuvacı
A. Serhan Cevrioğlu
Öz
Mikrobiyom projesi ile vücudumuzdaki büyük mikroorganizma fl orası üyelerinin detaylandırılması yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda kadın üreme sisteminde yer alan mikroorganizma fl orası da üreme sağlığı, gebelik ve yenidoğan sağlığı yönünden yeniden ele alınmıştır. Kadın üreme sistemindeki mikroorganizmaların farklı bakış açısıyla incelenmesiyle yapılan araştırmalar sayesinde, elde olunan yeni bilgilerin bireylerde sağlık ve hastalık oluşumuna katkıları ve gelecekte buna yönelik yeni tedavi yöntemlerinin planlanması mümkün olabilecektir. Derlemede kadın üreme sistemi mikrobiyomunda saptanan değişimlerin infertilite, gebelik ve yenidoğan yönünden olası potansiyel etkilerinden ve klinik pratiğindeki uygulamalarından bahsedilecektir.
Kaynakça
- 1. Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, Deming CB, Davis J, Young AC;
NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Bouffard GG, Blakesley
RW, Murray PR, Green ED, Turner ML, Segre JA. Topographical
and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science.
2009;324(5931):1190-2.
- 2. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L,
Sargent M, Gill SR, Nelson KE, Relman DA. Diversity of the human
intestinal microbial fl ora. Science.2005;308(5728):1635-8.
- 3. Nasidze I, Li J, Quinque D, Tang K, Stoneking M. Global diversity
in the human salivary microbiome. Genome Res. 2009;19(4):636-
43.
- 4. Oakley BB, Fiedler TL, Marrazzo JM, Fredricks DN. Diversity of
Human Vaginal Bacterial Communities and Associations with
Clinically Defi ned Bacterial Vaginosis. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology. 2008;74(15):4898-4909.
- 5. Relman DA. The Human Microbiome and the Future Practice of
Medicine. JAMA. 2015;314(11):1127-8.
- 6. Ravel J, Gajer P, Abdo Z, Schneider GM, Koenig SS, McCulle SL,
Karlebach S, Gorle R, Russell J, Tacket CO, Brotman RM, Davis CC,
Ault K, Peralta L, Forney LJ. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age
women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108 Suppl 1:4680-7.
- 7. Priestley CJ, Jones BM, Dhar J, Goodwin L. What is normal vaginal
fl ora? Genitourin Med. 1997;73(1):23-8.
- 8. Schwebke JR, Richey CM, Weiss2 HL. Correlation of behaviors
with microbiological changes in vaginal fl ora. J Infect Dis.
1999;180(5):1632-6.
- 9. Mirmonsef P, Hotton AL, Gilbert D, Gioia CJ, Maric D, Hope TJ,
Landay AL, Spear GT. Glycogen Levels in Undiluted Genital Fluid
and Their Relationship to Vaginal pH, Estrogen, and Progesterone.
PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153553.
- 10. Hickey RJ, Zhou X, Settles ML, Erb J, Malone K, Hansmann MA,
Shew ML, Van Der Pol B, Fortenberry JD, Forney LJ. Vaginal
microbiota of adolescent girls prior to the onset of menarche
resemble those of reproductive-age women. MBio. 2015;6(2).
- 11. Eschenbach DA, Thwin SS, Patton DL, Hooton TM, Stapleton AE,
Agnew K, Winter C, Meier A, Stamm WE. Infl uence of the normal
menstrual cycle on vaginal tissue, discharge, and microfl ora. Clin
Infect Dis. 2000;30(6):901-7.
- 12. Brotman RM, Shardell MD, Gajer P, Fadrosh D, Chang K, Silver MI,
Viscidi RP, Burke AE, Ravel J, Gravitt PE. Association between the
vaginal microbiota, menopause status, and signs of vulvovaginal
atrophy. Menopause. 2014;21(5):450-8.
- 13. Borges S, Silva J, Teixeira P. The role of lactobacilli and probiotics in
maintaining vaginal health. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289(3):479-
89.Review.
- 14. Machado A, Salgueiro D, Harwich M, Jefferson KK, Cerca N.
Quantitative analysis of initial adhesion of bacterial vaginosisassociated
anaerobes to ME-180 cells. Anaerobe. 2013;23:1-4.
- 15. Mastromarino P, Brigidi P, Macchia S, Maggi L, Pirovano F,
Trinchieri V, Conte U, Matteuzzi D. Characterization and selection
of vaginal Lactobacillus strains for the preparation of vaginal tablets.
J Appl Microbiol. 2002;93(5):884-93.
- 16. Boskey ER, Cone RA, Whaley KJ, Moench TR. Origins of vaginal
acidity: high D/L lactate ratio is consistent with bacteria being the
primary source. Hum Reprod.2001;16(9):1809-13.
- 17. Aroutcheva A, Gariti D, Simon M, Shott S, Faro J, Simoes JA,
Gurguis A, Faro S. Defense factors of vaginal lactobacilli. Am J
Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(2):375-9.
- 18. Machado D, Castro J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Martinez-de-Oliveira
J, Cerca N.Bacterial Vaginosis Biofi lms: Challenges to Current
Therapies and Emerging Solutions. Front Microbiol. 2016;6:1528.
- 19. Nelson DB, Hanlon A, Nachamkin I, Haggerty C, Mastrogiannis
DS, Liu C,Fredricks DN. Early pregnancy changes in bacterial
vaginosis-associated bacteria and preterm delivery. Paediatr Perinat
Epidemiol. 2014;28(2):88-96.
- 20. Kenyon C, Colebunders R, Crucitti T. The global epidemiology of
bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol.
2013 Dec;209(6):505-23.
- 21. Taylor BD, Darville T, Haggerty CL. Does bacterial vaginosis cause
pelvic infl ammatory disease? Sex Transm Dis. 2013 Feb;40(2):117-
22.
- 22. Beruchashvili M, Gogiashvili L, Datunashvili E, Topuria Z, Tsagareli
Z. Morphological peculiarities of endometrium in chronic
endometritis associated with bacterial vaginosis. Georgian Med
News. 2010;(181):59-63.
- 23. Cu-Uvin S, Hogan JW, Caliendo AM, Harwell J, Mayer KH, Carpenter
CC; HIV Epidemiology Research Study. Association between
bacterial vaginosis and expression of human immunodefi ciency
virus type 1 RNA in the female genital tract. Clin Infect Dis.
2001;33(6):894-6.
- 24. Cherpes TL, Melan MA, Kant JA, Cosentino LA, Meyn LA, Hillier
SL. Genital tract shedding of herpes simplex virus type 2 in
women: effects of hormonal contraception, bacterial vaginosis,
and vaginal group B Streptococcus colonization. Clin Infect Dis.
2005;40(10):1422-8.
- 25. Leitich H, Bodner-Adler B, Brunbauer M, Kaider A, Egarter C,
Husslein P.Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for preterm delivery: a
meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189(1):139-47.
- 26. Li J, McCormick J, Bocking A, Reid G. Importance of vaginal
microbes in reproductive health. Reprod Sci. 2012;19(3):235-42.
- 27. Eckert LO, Moore DE, Patton DL, Agnew KJ, Eschenbach DA.
Relationship of vaginal bacteria and infl ammation with conception
and early pregnancy loss following in-vitro fertilization. Infect Dis
Obstet Gynecol. 2003;11(1):11-7.
- 28. van Oostrum N, De Sutter P, Meys J, Verstraelen H. Risks associated
with bacterial vaginosis in infertility patients: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(7):1809-15.
- 29. Salah RM, Allam AM, Magdy AM, Mohamed ASh. Bacterial
vaginosis and infertility: cause or association? Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol. 2013;167(1):59-63.
- 30. Haahr T, Jensen JS, Thomsen L, Duus L, Rygaard K, Humaidan
P. Abnormal vaginal microbiota may be associated with poor
reproductive outcomes: a prospective study in IVF patients. Hum
Reprod. 2016;31(4):795-803.
- 31. Borgdorff H, Verwijs MC, Wit FW, Tsivtsivadze E, Ndayisaba GF,
Verhelst R, Schuren FH, van de Wijgert JH. The impact of hormonal
contraception and pregnancy on sexually transmitted infections
and on cervicovaginal microbiota in african sex workers. Sex
Transm Dis. 2015;42(3):143-52.
- 32. Dareng EO, Ma B, Famooto AO, Adebamowo SN, Offi ong RA,
Olaniyan O, Dakum PS,Wheeler CM, Fadrosh D, Yang H, Gajer P,
Brotman RM, Ravel J, Adebamowo CA. Prevalent high-risk HPV
infection and vaginal microbiota in Nigerian women. Epidemiol
Infect. 2016;144(1):123-37.
- 33. Mitra A, MacIntyre DA, Lee YS, Smith A, Marchesi JR, Lehne B,
Bhatia R, Lyons D, Paraskevaidis E, Li JV, Holmes E, Nicholson JK,
Bennett PR, Kyrgiou M.Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia disease
progression is associated with increased vaginal microbiome
diversity. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16865.
- 34. Mayer BT, Srinivasan S, Fiedler TL, Marrazzo JM, Fredricks DN,Schiffer JT. Rapid and Profound Shifts in the Vaginal Microbiota
Following Antibiotic Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis. J Infect Dis.
2015;212(5):793-802.
- 35. Vicariotto F, Mogna L, Del Piano M. Effectiveness of the two
microorganisms Lactobacillus fermentum LF15 and Lactobacillus
plantarum LP01, formulated in slow-release vaginal tablets,
in women affected by bacterial vaginosis: a pilot study. J Clin
Gastroenterol. 2014;48 Suppl 1:S106-12.
- 36. Bradshaw CS, Pirotta M, De Guingand D, Hocking JS, Morton AN,
Garland SM,Fehler G, Morrow A, Walker S, Vodstrcil LA, Fairley CK.
Effi cacy of oral metronidazole with vaginal clindamycin or vaginal
probiotic for bacterial vaginosis: randomised placebo-controlled
double-blind trial. PLoS One.2012;7(4):e34540.
- 37. Falagas M, Betsi GI, Athanasiou S. Probiotics for the treatment
of women with bacterial vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Infect.
2007;13(7):657-64. Review.
- 38. Recine N, Palma E, Domenici L, Giorgini M, Imperiale L, Sassu
C, Musella A,Marchetti C, Muzii L, Benedetti Panici P. Restoring
vaginal microbiota: biological control of bacterial vaginosis. A
prospective case-control study using Lactobacillus rhamnosus BMX
54 as adjuvant treatment against bacterial vaginosis. Arch Gynecol
Obstet. 2016;293(1):101-7.
- 39. Nelson DE, Dong Q, Van der Pol B, Toh E, Fan B, Katz BP, Mi D,
Rong R, Weinstock GM, Sodergren E, Fortenberry JD. Bacterial
communities of the coronal sulcus and distal urethra of adolescent
males. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36298.
- 40. Schwebke JR, Desmond RA. A randomized trial of the duration
of therapy with metronidazole plus or minus azithromycin for
treatment of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Clin Infect Dis.
2007;44(2):213-9.
- 41. Cruciani F, Biagi E, Severgnini M, Consolandi C, Calanni F, Donders
G, Brigidi P, Vitali B. Development of a microarray-based tool to
characterize vaginal bacterial fl uctuations and application to a novel
antibiotic treatment for bacterial vaginosis. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother. 2015;59(5):2825-34.
- 42. Reid G, Brigidi P, Burton JP, Contractor N, Duncan S, Fargier E,
Hill C, Lebeer S, Martín R, McBain AJ, Mor G, O'Neill C, Rodríguez
JM, Swann J, van Hemert S, Ansell J. Microbes central to human
reproduction. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2015;73(1):1-11.
- 43. Pelzer ES, Allan JA, Waterhouse MA, Ross T, Beagley KW, Knox CL.
Microorganisms within human follicular fl uid: effects on IVF. PLoS
One.2013;8(3):e59062.
- 44. Barbonetti A, Cinque B, Vassallo MR, Mineo S, Francavilla S, Cifone
MG, Francavilla F. Effect of vaginal probiotic lactobacilli on in vitroinduced
sperm lipid peroxidation and its impact on sperm motility
and viability. Fertil Steril.2011;95(8):2485-8.
- 45. Escherich T. The intestinal bacteria of the neonate and breast-fed
infant.1885. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(2):352-6.
- 46. Jones HE, Harris KA, Azizia M, Bank L, Carpenter B, Hartley JC, Klein
N, Peebles D. Differing prevalence and diversity of bacterial species
in fetal membranes from very preterm and term labor. PLoS One.
2009;4(12):e8205.
- 47. Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino J, Versalovic
J. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med.
2014;6(237):237ra65.
- 48. Jiménez E, Marín ML, Martín R, Odriozola JM, Olivares M, Xaus J,
Fernández L, Rodríguez JM. Is meconium from healthy newborns
actually sterile? Res Microbiol. 2008;159(3):187-93.
- 49. Wassenaar TM, Panigrahi P. Is a foetus developing in a sterile
environment? Lett Appl Microbiol. 2014;59(6):572-9.
- 50. Funkhouser LJ, Bordenstein SR. Mom knows best: the universality of
maternal microbial transmission. PLoS Biol. 2013;11(8):e1001631.
- 51. Perez-Muñoz ME, Arrieta MC, Ramer-Tait AE, Walter J. A critical
assessment of the "sterile womb" and "in utero colonization"
hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant
microbiome. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):48.
- 52. Shreiner AB, Kao JY, Young VB. The gut microbiome in health and in
disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2015;31(1):69-75.
- 53. Matamoros S, Gras-Leguen C, Le Vacon F, Potel G, de La Cochetiere
MF. Development of intestinal microbiota in infants and its impact
on health. Trends Microbiol. 2013;21(4):167-73.
- 54. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG,
Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Baldassano RN, Anokhin AP,
Heath AC, Warner B, Reeder J, Kuczynski J, Caporaso JG, Lozupone
CA, Lauber C, Clemente JC, Knights D, Knight R, Gordon JI.
Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature.
2012;486:222–7.
- 55. Di Gioia D, Aloisio I, Mazzola G, Biavati B. Bifi dobacteria: their impact
on gut microbiota composition and their applications as probiotics
in infants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014;98(2):563–77.
- 56. Dominguez-Bello, M.G., Costello, E.K., Contreras, M., Magris, M.,
Hidalgo, G., Fierer, N., Knight, R., 2010. Delivery mode shapes the
acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple
body habitats in newborns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107,
11971–11975.
- 57. Black M, Bhattacharya S, Philip S, Norman JE, McLernon DJ.
Planned Cesarean Delivery at Term and Adverse Outcomes in
Childhood Health. JAMA. 2015;314(21):2271–9.
- 58. Kuhle S, Tong OS, Woolcott CG. Association between caesarean
section and childhood obesity: a systematic review and metaanalysis.
Obes Rev. 2015;16(4):295–303.
- 59. Adlercreutz EH, Wingren CJ, Vincente RP, Merlo J, Agardh D.
Perinatal risk factors increase the risk of being affected by both type
1 diabetes and coeliac disease. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104(2):178–84.
- 60. Kuhle S, Tong OS, Woolcott CG. Association between caesarean
section and childhood obesity: a systematic review and metaanalysis.
Obes Rev. 2015;16(4):295–303.
- 61. Adlerberth I, Strachan DP, Matricardi PM, Ahrne S, Orfei L, Aberg N,
Perkin MR, Tripodi S, Hesselmar B, Saalman R, et al. Gut microbiota
and development of atopic eczema in 3 European birth cohorts. J
Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(2):343–50.
- 62. Neu J, Rushing J. Cesarean versus vaginal delivery: long-term
infant outcomes and the hygiene hypothesis. Clin Perinatol.
2011;38(2):321–31.
- 63. Betran AP, Merialdi M, Lauer JA, Bing-Shun W, Thomas J, Van Look
P, Wagner M. Rates of caesarean section: analysis of global, regional
and national estimates. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2007;21(2):98–
113.
- 64. Liu D, Yu J, Li L, Ai Q, Feng J, Song C, Li H. Bacterial community
structure associated with elective cesarean section versus
vaginal delivery in Chinese newborns. J Pediatr Gastr Nutr.
2015;60(2):240–6.
- 65. Rutayisire E, Huang K, Liu Y, Tao F. The mode of delivery affects the
diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the
fi rst year of infants' life: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol.
2016;16(1):86.
- 66. Mitsou EK, Kirtzalidou E, Oikonomou I, Liosis G, Kyriacou A. Fecal
microfl ora of Greek healthy neonates. Anaerobe. 2008;14(2):94–
101.
- 67. Gronlund MM, Lehtonen OP, Eerola E, Kero P. Fecal microfl ora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery: permanent
changes in intestinal fl ora after cesarean delivery. J Pediatr
Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999; 28(1):19–25.
- 68. Bezirtzoglou E. The intestinal microfl ora during the fi rst weeks of life.
Anaerobe. 1997;3(2–3):173–7.
- 69. Nagpal R, Tsuji H, Takahashi T, Kawashima K, Nagata S, Nomoto
K, Yamashiro Y. Sensitive Quantitative Analysis of the Meconium
Bacterial Microbiota in Healthy Term Infants Born Vaginally or by
Cesarean Section. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1997.
- 70. Dethlefsen L, Huse S, Sogin ML, Relman DA. The pervasive effects
of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep
16S rRNA sequencing. PLoS Biol. 2008;6(11):e280.
- 71. Penders J, Thijs C, Vink C, Stelma FF, Snijders B, Kummeling
I, van den Brandt PA, Stobberingh EE. Factors infl uencing the
composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics.
2006;118(2):511–21.
- 72. Stokholm J, Schjørring S, Pedersen L, Bischoff AL, Følsgaard N,
Carson CG, Chawes BL, Bønnelykke K, Mølgaard A, Krogfelt KA,
Bisgaard H. Prevalence and predictors of antibiotic administration
during pregnancy and birth. PLoS One.2013;8(12):e82932.
- 73. Cho I, Yamanishi S, Cox L, Methé BA, Zavadil J, Li K, Gao Z, Mahana
D, Raju K, Teitler I, Li H, Alekseyenko AV, Blaser MJ. Antibiotics in
early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity. Nature.
2012;488(7413):621-6.
- 74. Azad MB, Konya T, Persaud RR, Guttman DS, Chari RS, Field CJ,
Sears MR, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Becker AB, Scott
JA, Kozyrskyj AL; CHILD Study Investigators. Impact of maternal
intrapartum antibiotics, method of birth and breastfeeding on gut
microbiota during the fi rst year of life: a prospective cohort study.
BJOG. 2016;123(6):983-93.
- 75. Mueller NT, Whyatt R, Hoepner L, Oberfi eld S, Dominguez-Bello
MG, Widen EM, Hassoun A, Perera F, Rundle A. Prenatal exposure
to antibiotics, cesarean section and risk of childhood obesity. Int J
Obes (Lond). 2015;39(4):665-70.
- 76. Stensballe LG, Simonsen J, Jensen SM, Bønnelykke K, Bisgaard H.
Use of antibiotics during pregnancy increases the risk of asthma in
early childhood. J Pediatr 2013;162:832–838.e3.
- 77. Virta L, Auvinen A, Helenius H, Huovinen P, Kolho KL. Association of
repeated exposure to antibiotics with the development of pediatric
Crohn’s disease–a nationwide, register-based fi nnish case-control
study. Am J Epidemiol 2012;175:775–84.
- 78. Perez PF, Dore J, Leclerc M, Levenez F, Benyacoub J, Serrant
P, Segura- Roggero I, Schiffrin EJ, Donnet-Hughes A. Bacterial
imprinting of the neonatal immune system: lessons from maternal
cells? Pediatrics. 2007; 119(3):e724–732.
- 79. Jeurink PV, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Jiménez E, Knippels LM,
Fernández L,Garssen J, Knol J, Rodríguez JM, Martín R. Human
milk: a source of more life than we imagine. Benef Microbes.
2013;4(1):17-30.
- 80. Goulet O. Potential role of the intestinal microbiota in programming
health and disease. Nutr Rev. 2015;73 Suppl 1:32–40.
- 81. Underwood MA, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. Bifi dobacterium
longum subspecies infantis: champion colonizer of the infant gut.
Pediatr Res. 2015; 77(1–2):229–35.
- 82. Fallani M, Young D, Scott J, Norin E, Amarri S, Adam R, Aguilera M,
Khanna S, Gil A, Edwards CA, Doré J; Other Members of the INFABIO
Team. Intestinal microbiota of 6-week-old infants across Europe:
geographic infl uence beyond delivery mode, breast-feeding, and
antibiotics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.2010;51(1):77-84.
- 83. Bezirtzoglou E, Tsiotsias A, Welling GW. Microbiota profi le in feces
of breast and formula-fed newborns by using fl uorescence in situ
hybridization (FISH). Anaerobe. 2011;17(6):478–82.
- 84. Penders J, Vink C, Driessen C, London N, Thijs C, Stobberingh
EE. Quantifi cation of Bifi dobacterium spp., Escherichia coli and
Clostridium diffi cile in faecal samples of breast-fed and formula-fed
infants by real-time PCR. Fems Microbiol Lett. 2005;243(1):141–7.
- 85. Cabrera-Rubio R, Collado MC, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E,
Mira A. The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and
is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery. Am J Clin Nutr
2012; 96:544–51.
- 86. Collado MC, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Maternal
weight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy modify
the immunomodulatory potential of breast milk. Pediatr Res
2012;72:77–85.
- 87. Laitinen K, Collado MC, Isolauri E. Early nutritional environment:
focus on health effects of microbiota and probiotics. Benef
Microbes 2010;1:383–90.
- 88. Bai DL, Wu KM, Tarrant M. Association between intrapartum
interventions and breastfeeding duration. J Midwifery Womens
Health. 2013;58(1):25–32.
- 89. Martin R, Langa S, Reviriego C, Jiminez E, Marin ML, Xaus J,
Fernandez L,Rodriguez JM. Human milk is a source of lactic acid
bacteria for the infant gut. J Pediatr. 2003;143(6):754–8.