COVID-19 Hastalığında Görülen Ağız Bulguları

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 178 - 184, 31.12.2021

Merve Köseoğlu , Mustafa Altındiş

https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.1030689

Öz

Sars- Cov-2 virüsü, tüm dünyada hızla yayılım göstermiş, Mart 2020 tarihinden itibaren ise, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından, dünya genelinde pandemi ilan edilmiştir. Covid-19'un genel semptomları olarak ateş, yorgunluk, öksürük, kas ağrısı, nefes darlığı, baş ağrısı, boğaz ağrısıdır ve pnömoni görülebilmektedir. Covid-19’da en sık görülen ağız semptomu ise hastaların %45’inde görülen tat bozukluklarıdır. Ayrıca hastalarda, herpetiform ve aft benzeri lezyonlar, kandidiyazis ve Kawasaki benzeri lezyonlar gibi çeşitli oral mukoza lezyonları görülebilmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı, Covid-19 hastalığında görülen ağız bulgularını incelemektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19, Ağız bulguları, Oral mukoza lezyonları, Tat bozuklukları

Oral Symptoms in Covid-19 Disease

Öz

SARS Cov-2 virus has spread rapidly all over the world, and since March 2020, it has been declared a worldwide pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The general symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, fatigue, cough, myalgia, dyspnea, headache, sore throat and pneumonia. The most common oral symptom in COVID-19 is taste disorders, which is seen in 45% of patients. In addition, various oral mucosal lesions such as herpetiform and aphthous-like lesions, candidiasis and Kawasaki-like lesions can be observed in patients. The purpose of this review study is to examine the mouth findings seen in COVID-19 disease.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, Oral manifestations, Oral mucosa lesions, Taste disorders

Kaynakça

• Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020). https://COVID19.saglik.gov.tr/ Eklenti/38597/0/COVID-19 rehberi genel bilgiler epidemiyoloji ve tani pdf, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 Rehberi, Genel Bilgiler Epidemiyolojı ve Tanı Bölümü, s;5-6, Güncellenme Tarihi:3.09.2020.
• Corchuelo J, Ulloa FC. Oral manifestations in a patient with a history of asymptomatic COVID-19: Case report. Int J Infect Dis 2020;100:154-7. 7
• Xu J, Chu M, Zhong F, et al. Digestive symptoms of COVID-19 and expression of ACE2 in digestive tract organs. Cell Death Discov 2020;6:1-8.
• Martín Carreras-Presas C, Amaro Sánchez J, López-Sánchez AF, et al. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oral Dis 2021;27:710-2.
• Tapia ROC, Labrador AJP, Guimaraes DM, et al. Oral mucosal lesions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Report of four cases. Are they a true sign of COVID-19 disease? Spec Care Dent 2020;40:555-650.
• Chary E, Carsuzaa F, Trijolet JP, et al. Prevalence and recovery from olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in Covid-19 infection: A prospective multicenter study. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020;34:686-93.
• Seirafianpour F, Sodagar S, Pour Mohammad A, et al. Cutaneous manifestations and considerations in COVID‐19 pandemic: a systematic review. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:13986.
• Dos Santos JA, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, et al. Oral mucosal lesions in a COVID-19 patient: New signs or secondary manifestations? Int J Infect Dis 2020;97:326-8.
• Dos Santos JA, Normando AGC, da Silva RLC, et al. Oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19: A living systematic review. J Dent Res 2021;100:141-54.
• Aggarwal S, Garcia-Telles N, Aggarwal G, et al. Clinical features, laboratory characteristics, and outcomes of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): early report from the United States. Diagnosis 2020;7:91-96.
• Dos Santos JA, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, et al. Oral Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: A 6-Month Update. J Dent Res 2021; doi: 10.1177/00220345211029637.
• Finsterer J, Stollberger C. Causes of hypogeusia/hyposmia in SARSCoV2 infected patients. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1793–1794.
• Kinnamon SC, Cummings TA. Chemosensory transduction mechanisms in taste. Annu Rev Physiol 1992; 54:715–731.
• Milanetti E, Miotto M, Di Rienzo L, et al. In-Silico Evidence for a Two Receptor Based Strategy of SARS-CoV-2. Front Mol Biosci 2021; doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.690655.
• Pushpass RG, Pellicciotta N, Kelly C, et al. Reduced salivary mucin binding and glycosylation in older adults influences taste in an in vitro cell model. Nutrients 2019;11:2280.
• Vaira LA, Salzano G, Fois AG, et al. Potential pathogenesis of ageusia and anosmia in COVID-19 patients. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10:1103–1104.
• Nataf S. An alteration of the dopamine synthetic pathway is possibly involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1743–1744.
• Tsuruoka S, Wakaumi M, Nishiki K, et al. Subclinical alteration of taste sensitivity induced by candesartan in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;57:807–812.
• Unnikrishnan D, Murakonda P, Dharmarajan TS. If it is not cough, it must be dysgeusia: differing adverse effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the same individual. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2004;5:107–110.
• Abubakr N, Salem ZA, Kamel AHM. Oral manifestations in mild-tomoderate cases of COVID-19 viral infection in the adult population. Dent Med Probl 2021; 58:7–15.
• Biadsee A, Biadsee A, Kassem F, et al. Olfactory and oral manifestations of COVID-19: sex-related symptoms— a potential pathway to early diagnosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 163:722–728.
• Chen L, Zhao J, Peng J, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and characterization of oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Cell Prolif 2020;53:12923.
• Fantozzi PJ, Pampena E, Di Vanna D, et al. Xerostomia, gustatory and olfactory dysfunctions in patients with COVID-19. Am J Otolaryngol 2020;41:102721.
• Sinjari B, D’Ardes D, Santilli M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and oral manifestation:an observational, human study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:3218.
• Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci 2020;12:1-5.
• Tsuchiya H. Oral symptoms associated with COVID-19 and their pathogenic mechanisms: A Literature Review. Dent J 2021;9:32.
• Freni F, Meduri A, Gazia F, et al. Symptomatology in head and neck district in coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a possible neuroinvasive action of SARS-CoV-2. Am J Otolaryngol 2020;41:102612.
• Reza-Zaldívar EE, Hernández-Sapiéns MA, Minjarez B, et al. Infection mechanism of SARS-COV-2 and its implication on the nervous system. Front Immunol 2021;11:621735.
• Saniasiaya J. Xerostomia and COVID-19: unleashing Pandora’s box. Ear Nose Throat J 2021;100:139.
• Belchior Fontenele MN, Pedrosa MDS. Xerostomia and taste alterations in COVID-19. Ear Nose Throat J 2021;100:186–187.
• Da Silva Pedrosa M, Sipert CR, Nogueira FN. Altered taste in patients with COVID-19: the potential role of salivary glands. Oral Dis 2021; 27:798–800.
• Riad A, Kassem I, Hockova B, et al. Halitosis in COVID-19 patients. Spec Care Dentist 2021; 41:282–285.
• Lechien JR, Chetrit A, Chekkoury-Idrissi Y, et al. Parotitis-like symptoms associated with COVID-19, France, March–April 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26: 2270–2271.
• Riad A, Kassem I, Badrah M, et al. Acute parotitis as a presentation of COVID-19? Oral Dis 2020; doi:10.1111/odi.13571
• Fisher J, Monette DL, Patel KR, et al. COVID-19 associated parotitis. Am J Emerg Med 2021;39:254.e1–254.e3
• Capaccio P, Pignataro L, Corbellino M, et al. Acute parotitis: a possible precocious clinical manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020;163:182-183.
• Slots J. Periodontitis: facts, fallacies and the future. Periodontol 2000 2017;75:7-23.
• Bozoglan A, Ertugrul AS, Taspınar M, et al. Determining the relationship between atherosclerosis and periodontopathogenic microorganisms in chronic periodontitis patients. Acta Odontol Scand 2017;75:233-42.
• Pitones-Rubio V, Chávez-Cortez EG, Hurtado- Camarena A, et al. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness? Med Hypotheses 2020;144:109969.
• Cappuyns I, Gugerli P, Mombelli A. Viruses in periodontal disease-a review. Oral Dis 2005;11:219-9.
• Badran Z, Gaudin A, Struillou X, et al. Periodontal pockets: A potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2? Med Hypotheses 2020;143:109907.
• Herrera D, Serrano J, Roldán S, et al. Is the oral cavity relevant in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? Clin Oral Investig 2020;24:2925-30.
• Sampson V. Oral hygiene risk factor. Br Dent J. 2020;228:569.
• Sahni V, Gupta S. COVID-19 & Periodontitis: The cytokine connection. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:109908.
• Bozoğlan A, Yılmaz Bozoğlan M. Periodontal hastalık, SARS-CoV-2 ve ilaçlar. Emingil G, editör. Diş Hastalıkları ve COVID-19. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.75-82.
• Sampson V, Kamona N, Sampson A. Could there be a link between oral hygiene and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections? Br Dent J 2020;228:971-5.
• Toraldo DM, Conte L. Influence of the lung microbiota Dysbiosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: the controversial use of corticosteroid and antibiotic treatments and the role of Eosinophils as a disease marker. J Clin Med Res 2019;11:667-675.
• Scannapieco FA, Genco RJ. Association of periodontal infections with atherosclerotic and pulmonary diseases. J Periodontal Res 1999;34:340-5.
• Scannapieco FA. Position paper of The American Academy of Periodontology: periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for systemic diseases. J Periodontol 1998;69:841-50.
• Marouf N, Cai W, Said KN, et al. Association between periodontitis and severity of COVID-19 infection: A case–control study. J Clin Periodontol 2021;48: 483-91.
• Anand PS, Jadhav P, Kamath KP, et al. A case-control study on the association between periodontitis and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). J Periodontol 2021; doi:10.1002/JPER.21-0272
• Patel J, Woolley J. Necrotizing periodontal disease: oral manifestation of COVID-19. Oral Dis 2021;27:768-9.
• Ismail MT, Naser MM. Parotitis as clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection, emergency physician experience: A case report. Medicine 2020; 9:1089-92.
• Aghazadeh N, Homayouni M, Sartori-Valinotti JC. Oral vesicles and acral erythema: report of a cutaneous manifestation of COVID-19. Int J Dermatol 2020;59:1153-4.
• Díaz Rodríguez M, Jimenez Romera A, Villarroel M. Oral manifestations associated with COVID-19. Oral Dis 2020; doi: 10.1111/odi.13555
• Kammerer T, Walch J, Flaig M, et al. COVID-19 associated herpetic gingivostomatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021;46:174-6.
• Martín Carreras-Presas C, Amaro Sánchez J, López-Sánchez AF, et al. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oral Dis 2021;27:710-2.
• Putra BE, Adiarto S, Dewayanti SR, et al. Viral Exanthem with “pin and needles sensation” on extremities of COVID-19 patient. Int J Infect Dis 2020;96:355-358.
• Brandao TB, Gueiros LA, Melo TS, et al. Oral lesions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: could the oral cavity be a target organ? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021;131:45-51.
• Olisova OY, Anpilogova EM, Shnakhova LM. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a skin rash in a child. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:13712.
• Malih N, Hajinasrollah G, Zare M, et al. Unexpected presentation of COVID-19 in a 38-year-old male patient: a case report. Case Rep Dermatol 2020;12:124-131.
• Dominguez-Santas M, Diaz-Guimaraens B, Fernandez-Nieto D, et al. Minor aphthae associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:1022-3.
• Sakaida T, Isao T, Matsubara A, et al. Unique skin manifestations of COVID-19: is drug eruption specific to COVID-19? J Dermatol Sci 2020; 99:62-64.
• Soares CD, de Carvalho RA, de Carvalho KA, et al. Letter to editor: oral lesions in a patient with Covid-19. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2020;25:563-564.
• Ansari R, Gheitani M, Heidari F, et al. Oral cavity lesions as a manifestation of the novel virus (COVID-19): a letter-to-editor. Oral Dis 2021; 27:771-2.
• Singh C, Tay J, Shoqirat N. Skin and mucosal damage in patients diagnosed with COVID-19: a case report. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2020;47:435-8.
• Chaux-Bodard AG, Deneuve S, Desoutter A. Oral manifestation of Covid-19 as an inaugural symptom? J Oral Med Oral Surg 2020;26:18.
• Ciccarese G, Drago F, Boatti M, et al. Oral erosions and petechiae during SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol 2021; 93:129-132.
• Corchuelo J, Ulloa FC. Oral manifestations in a patient with a history of asymptomatic COVID-19: Case Report. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:154-7.
• Labé P, Ly A, Sin C, et al. Erythema multiforme and Kawasaki disease associated with COVID-19 infection in children. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:539-41.
• Jimenez-Cauhe J, Ortega-Quijano D, Carretero-Barrio I, et al. Erythema multiforme-like eruption in patients with COVID-19 infection:clinical and histological findings. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 45:892-5.
• Cruz Tapia RO, Peraza Labrador AJ, Guimaraes DM, et al. Oral mucosal lesions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Report of four cases. Are they a true sign of COVID-19 disease? Spec Care Dentist. 2020;40:555-60.
• Taslıdere B, Mehmetaj L, Ozcan AB, et al. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome induced by COVID-19: a case report. Am J Emerg Med 2020; doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.018
• Taskın B, Vural S, Altug E, et al. COVID-19 presenting with atypical Sweet's syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:534-5.
• Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395:1771-8.
• Jones VG, Mills M, Suarez D, et al. COVID-19 and Kawasaki disease: novel virus and novel case. Hosp Pediatr 2020;10:537-40.
• Mazzotta F, Troccoli T, Caselli D, et al. Acral rash in a child with COVID-19. Eur J Pediat Dermatol 2020;30:79-82.
• Chérif MY, de Filette JM, André S, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019-related Kawasaki-like disease in an adult: a case report. JAAD Case Rep 2020;6:780-2.
• Chiotos K, Bassiri H, Behrens EM, et al. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children During the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic: A Case Series. J Pediat Infect Dis Soc 2020;9:393-8.
• Chiu JS, Lahoud-Rahme M, Schaffer D, et al. Kawasaki disease features and myocarditis in a patient with COVID- 19. Pediatr Cardiol 2020;41:1526-8
• Pouletty M, Borocco C, Ouldali N, et al. Paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 mimicking Kawasaki disease (Kawa-COVID-19): a multicentre cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2020;79:999-1006.
• Jimenez-Cauhe J, Ortega-Quijano D, de Perosanz-Lobo D, et al. Enanthem in patients with COVID-19 and skin rash. JAMA Dermatol 2020;156:1134-6.
• Cebeci Kahraman F, Caskurlu H. Mucosal involvement in a COVID- 19-positive patient: a case report. Dermatol Ther 2020;33:13797
• Tomo S, Miyahara GI, Simonato LE. Oral mucositis in a SARS-CoV- 2-infected patient: secondary or truly associated condition? Oral Dis 2020; doi: 10.1111/odi.13570.
• Indu S. Multiple oral ulcerations–an initial manifestation of COVID 19 infection: a personal experience. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2020;24:227-9.
• Iranmanesh B, Khalili M, Amiri R, et al. Oral manifestations of COVID‐19 disease: A review article. Dermatol Ther 2021;34:14578.