Derleme
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COVID-19 Hastalığında Görülen Ağız Bulguları

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 178 - 184, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.1030689

Öz

Sars- Cov-2 virüsü, tüm dünyada hızla yayılım göstermiş, Mart 2020 tarihinden itibaren ise, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından, dünya genelinde pandemi ilan edilmiştir. Covid-19'un genel semptomları olarak ateş, yorgunluk, öksürük, kas ağrısı, nefes darlığı, baş ağrısı, boğaz ağrısıdır ve pnömoni görülebilmektedir. Covid-19’da en sık görülen ağız semptomu ise hastaların %45’inde görülen tat bozukluklarıdır. Ayrıca hastalarda, herpetiform ve aft benzeri lezyonlar, kandidiyazis ve Kawasaki benzeri lezyonlar gibi çeşitli oral mukoza lezyonları görülebilmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı, Covid-19 hastalığında görülen ağız bulgularını incelemektir.

Kaynakça

  • Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020). https://COVID19.saglik.gov.tr/ Eklenti/38597/0/COVID-19 rehberi genel bilgiler epidemiyoloji ve tani pdf, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 Rehberi, Genel Bilgiler Epidemiyolojı ve Tanı Bölümü, s;5-6, Güncellenme Tarihi:3.09.2020.
  • Corchuelo J, Ulloa FC. Oral manifestations in a patient with a history of asymptomatic COVID-19: Case report. Int J Infect Dis 2020;100:154-7. 7
  • Xu J, Chu M, Zhong F, et al. Digestive symptoms of COVID-19 and expression of ACE2 in digestive tract organs. Cell Death Discov 2020;6:1-8.
  • Martín Carreras-Presas C, Amaro Sánchez J, López-Sánchez AF, et al. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oral Dis 2021;27:710-2.
  • Tapia ROC, Labrador AJP, Guimaraes DM, et al. Oral mucosal lesions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Report of four cases. Are they a true sign of COVID-19 disease? Spec Care Dent 2020;40:555-650.
  • Chary E, Carsuzaa F, Trijolet JP, et al. Prevalence and recovery from olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in Covid-19 infection: A prospective multicenter study. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020;34:686-93.
  • Seirafianpour F, Sodagar S, Pour Mohammad A, et al. Cutaneous manifestations and considerations in COVID‐19 pandemic: a systematic review. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:13986.
  • Dos Santos JA, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, et al. Oral mucosal lesions in a COVID-19 patient: New signs or secondary manifestations? Int J Infect Dis 2020;97:326-8.
  • Dos Santos JA, Normando AGC, da Silva RLC, et al. Oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19: A living systematic review. J Dent Res 2021;100:141-54.
  • Aggarwal S, Garcia-Telles N, Aggarwal G, et al. Clinical features, laboratory characteristics, and outcomes of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): early report from the United States. Diagnosis 2020;7:91-96.
  • Dos Santos JA, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, et al. Oral Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: A 6-Month Update. J Dent Res 2021; doi: 10.1177/00220345211029637.
  • Finsterer J, Stollberger C. Causes of hypogeusia/hyposmia in SARSCoV2 infected patients. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1793–1794.
  • Kinnamon SC, Cummings TA. Chemosensory transduction mechanisms in taste. Annu Rev Physiol 1992; 54:715–731.
  • Milanetti E, Miotto M, Di Rienzo L, et al. In-Silico Evidence for a Two Receptor Based Strategy of SARS-CoV-2. Front Mol Biosci 2021; doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.690655.
  • Pushpass RG, Pellicciotta N, Kelly C, et al. Reduced salivary mucin binding and glycosylation in older adults influences taste in an in vitro cell model. Nutrients 2019;11:2280.
  • Vaira LA, Salzano G, Fois AG, et al. Potential pathogenesis of ageusia and anosmia in COVID-19 patients. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10:1103–1104.
  • Nataf S. An alteration of the dopamine synthetic pathway is possibly involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1743–1744.
  • Tsuruoka S, Wakaumi M, Nishiki K, et al. Subclinical alteration of taste sensitivity induced by candesartan in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;57:807–812.
  • Unnikrishnan D, Murakonda P, Dharmarajan TS. If it is not cough, it must be dysgeusia: differing adverse effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the same individual. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2004;5:107–110.
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  • Biadsee A, Biadsee A, Kassem F, et al. Olfactory and oral manifestations of COVID-19: sex-related symptoms— a potential pathway to early diagnosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 163:722–728.
  • Chen L, Zhao J, Peng J, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and characterization of oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Cell Prolif 2020;53:12923.
  • Fantozzi PJ, Pampena E, Di Vanna D, et al. Xerostomia, gustatory and olfactory dysfunctions in patients with COVID-19. Am J Otolaryngol 2020;41:102721.
  • Sinjari B, D’Ardes D, Santilli M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and oral manifestation:an observational, human study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:3218.
  • Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci 2020;12:1-5.
  • Tsuchiya H. Oral symptoms associated with COVID-19 and their pathogenic mechanisms: A Literature Review. Dent J 2021;9:32.
  • Freni F, Meduri A, Gazia F, et al. Symptomatology in head and neck district in coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a possible neuroinvasive action of SARS-CoV-2. Am J Otolaryngol 2020;41:102612.
  • Reza-Zaldívar EE, Hernández-Sapiéns MA, Minjarez B, et al. Infection mechanism of SARS-COV-2 and its implication on the nervous system. Front Immunol 2021;11:621735.
  • Saniasiaya J. Xerostomia and COVID-19: unleashing Pandora’s box. Ear Nose Throat J 2021;100:139.
  • Belchior Fontenele MN, Pedrosa MDS. Xerostomia and taste alterations in COVID-19. Ear Nose Throat J 2021;100:186–187.
  • Da Silva Pedrosa M, Sipert CR, Nogueira FN. Altered taste in patients with COVID-19: the potential role of salivary glands. Oral Dis 2021; 27:798–800.
  • Riad A, Kassem I, Hockova B, et al. Halitosis in COVID-19 patients. Spec Care Dentist 2021; 41:282–285.
  • Lechien JR, Chetrit A, Chekkoury-Idrissi Y, et al. Parotitis-like symptoms associated with COVID-19, France, March–April 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26: 2270–2271.
  • Riad A, Kassem I, Badrah M, et al. Acute parotitis as a presentation of COVID-19? Oral Dis 2020; doi:10.1111/odi.13571
  • Fisher J, Monette DL, Patel KR, et al. COVID-19 associated parotitis. Am J Emerg Med 2021;39:254.e1–254.e3
  • Capaccio P, Pignataro L, Corbellino M, et al. Acute parotitis: a possible precocious clinical manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020;163:182-183.
  • Slots J. Periodontitis: facts, fallacies and the future. Periodontol 2000 2017;75:7-23.
  • Bozoglan A, Ertugrul AS, Taspınar M, et al. Determining the relationship between atherosclerosis and periodontopathogenic microorganisms in chronic periodontitis patients. Acta Odontol Scand 2017;75:233-42.
  • Pitones-Rubio V, Chávez-Cortez EG, Hurtado- Camarena A, et al. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness? Med Hypotheses 2020;144:109969.
  • Cappuyns I, Gugerli P, Mombelli A. Viruses in periodontal disease-a review. Oral Dis 2005;11:219-9.
  • Badran Z, Gaudin A, Struillou X, et al. Periodontal pockets: A potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2? Med Hypotheses 2020;143:109907.
  • Herrera D, Serrano J, Roldán S, et al. Is the oral cavity relevant in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? Clin Oral Investig 2020;24:2925-30.
  • Sampson V. Oral hygiene risk factor. Br Dent J. 2020;228:569.
  • Sahni V, Gupta S. COVID-19 & Periodontitis: The cytokine connection. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:109908.
  • Bozoğlan A, Yılmaz Bozoğlan M. Periodontal hastalık, SARS-CoV-2 ve ilaçlar. Emingil G, editör. Diş Hastalıkları ve COVID-19. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.75-82.
  • Sampson V, Kamona N, Sampson A. Could there be a link between oral hygiene and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections? Br Dent J 2020;228:971-5.
  • Toraldo DM, Conte L. Influence of the lung microbiota Dysbiosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: the controversial use of corticosteroid and antibiotic treatments and the role of Eosinophils as a disease marker. J Clin Med Res 2019;11:667-675.
  • Scannapieco FA, Genco RJ. Association of periodontal infections with atherosclerotic and pulmonary diseases. J Periodontal Res 1999;34:340-5.
  • Scannapieco FA. Position paper of The American Academy of Periodontology: periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for systemic diseases. J Periodontol 1998;69:841-50.
  • Marouf N, Cai W, Said KN, et al. Association between periodontitis and severity of COVID-19 infection: A case–control study. J Clin Periodontol 2021;48: 483-91.
  • Anand PS, Jadhav P, Kamath KP, et al. A case-control study on the association between periodontitis and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). J Periodontol 2021; doi:10.1002/JPER.21-0272
  • Patel J, Woolley J. Necrotizing periodontal disease: oral manifestation of COVID-19. Oral Dis 2021;27:768-9.
  • Ismail MT, Naser MM. Parotitis as clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection, emergency physician experience: A case report. Medicine 2020; 9:1089-92.
  • Aghazadeh N, Homayouni M, Sartori-Valinotti JC. Oral vesicles and acral erythema: report of a cutaneous manifestation of COVID-19. Int J Dermatol 2020;59:1153-4.
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  • Martín Carreras-Presas C, Amaro Sánchez J, López-Sánchez AF, et al. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oral Dis 2021;27:710-2.
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Oral Symptoms in Covid-19 Disease

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 178 - 184, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.1030689

Öz

SARS Cov-2 virus has spread rapidly all over the world, and since March 2020, it has been declared a worldwide pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The general symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, fatigue, cough, myalgia, dyspnea, headache, sore throat and pneumonia. The most common oral symptom in COVID-19 is taste disorders, which is seen in 45% of patients. In addition, various oral mucosal lesions such as herpetiform and aphthous-like lesions, candidiasis and Kawasaki-like lesions can be observed in patients. The purpose of this review study is to examine the mouth findings seen in COVID-19 disease.

Kaynakça

  • Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020). https://COVID19.saglik.gov.tr/ Eklenti/38597/0/COVID-19 rehberi genel bilgiler epidemiyoloji ve tani pdf, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 Rehberi, Genel Bilgiler Epidemiyolojı ve Tanı Bölümü, s;5-6, Güncellenme Tarihi:3.09.2020.
  • Corchuelo J, Ulloa FC. Oral manifestations in a patient with a history of asymptomatic COVID-19: Case report. Int J Infect Dis 2020;100:154-7. 7
  • Xu J, Chu M, Zhong F, et al. Digestive symptoms of COVID-19 and expression of ACE2 in digestive tract organs. Cell Death Discov 2020;6:1-8.
  • Martín Carreras-Presas C, Amaro Sánchez J, López-Sánchez AF, et al. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oral Dis 2021;27:710-2.
  • Tapia ROC, Labrador AJP, Guimaraes DM, et al. Oral mucosal lesions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Report of four cases. Are they a true sign of COVID-19 disease? Spec Care Dent 2020;40:555-650.
  • Chary E, Carsuzaa F, Trijolet JP, et al. Prevalence and recovery from olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in Covid-19 infection: A prospective multicenter study. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020;34:686-93.
  • Seirafianpour F, Sodagar S, Pour Mohammad A, et al. Cutaneous manifestations and considerations in COVID‐19 pandemic: a systematic review. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:13986.
  • Dos Santos JA, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, et al. Oral mucosal lesions in a COVID-19 patient: New signs or secondary manifestations? Int J Infect Dis 2020;97:326-8.
  • Dos Santos JA, Normando AGC, da Silva RLC, et al. Oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19: A living systematic review. J Dent Res 2021;100:141-54.
  • Aggarwal S, Garcia-Telles N, Aggarwal G, et al. Clinical features, laboratory characteristics, and outcomes of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): early report from the United States. Diagnosis 2020;7:91-96.
  • Dos Santos JA, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, et al. Oral Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: A 6-Month Update. J Dent Res 2021; doi: 10.1177/00220345211029637.
  • Finsterer J, Stollberger C. Causes of hypogeusia/hyposmia in SARSCoV2 infected patients. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1793–1794.
  • Kinnamon SC, Cummings TA. Chemosensory transduction mechanisms in taste. Annu Rev Physiol 1992; 54:715–731.
  • Milanetti E, Miotto M, Di Rienzo L, et al. In-Silico Evidence for a Two Receptor Based Strategy of SARS-CoV-2. Front Mol Biosci 2021; doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.690655.
  • Pushpass RG, Pellicciotta N, Kelly C, et al. Reduced salivary mucin binding and glycosylation in older adults influences taste in an in vitro cell model. Nutrients 2019;11:2280.
  • Vaira LA, Salzano G, Fois AG, et al. Potential pathogenesis of ageusia and anosmia in COVID-19 patients. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10:1103–1104.
  • Nataf S. An alteration of the dopamine synthetic pathway is possibly involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1743–1744.
  • Tsuruoka S, Wakaumi M, Nishiki K, et al. Subclinical alteration of taste sensitivity induced by candesartan in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;57:807–812.
  • Unnikrishnan D, Murakonda P, Dharmarajan TS. If it is not cough, it must be dysgeusia: differing adverse effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the same individual. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2004;5:107–110.
  • Abubakr N, Salem ZA, Kamel AHM. Oral manifestations in mild-tomoderate cases of COVID-19 viral infection in the adult population. Dent Med Probl 2021; 58:7–15.
  • Biadsee A, Biadsee A, Kassem F, et al. Olfactory and oral manifestations of COVID-19: sex-related symptoms— a potential pathway to early diagnosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 163:722–728.
  • Chen L, Zhao J, Peng J, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and characterization of oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Cell Prolif 2020;53:12923.
  • Fantozzi PJ, Pampena E, Di Vanna D, et al. Xerostomia, gustatory and olfactory dysfunctions in patients with COVID-19. Am J Otolaryngol 2020;41:102721.
  • Sinjari B, D’Ardes D, Santilli M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and oral manifestation:an observational, human study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:3218.
  • Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci 2020;12:1-5.
  • Tsuchiya H. Oral symptoms associated with COVID-19 and their pathogenic mechanisms: A Literature Review. Dent J 2021;9:32.
  • Freni F, Meduri A, Gazia F, et al. Symptomatology in head and neck district in coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a possible neuroinvasive action of SARS-CoV-2. Am J Otolaryngol 2020;41:102612.
  • Reza-Zaldívar EE, Hernández-Sapiéns MA, Minjarez B, et al. Infection mechanism of SARS-COV-2 and its implication on the nervous system. Front Immunol 2021;11:621735.
  • Saniasiaya J. Xerostomia and COVID-19: unleashing Pandora’s box. Ear Nose Throat J 2021;100:139.
  • Belchior Fontenele MN, Pedrosa MDS. Xerostomia and taste alterations in COVID-19. Ear Nose Throat J 2021;100:186–187.
  • Da Silva Pedrosa M, Sipert CR, Nogueira FN. Altered taste in patients with COVID-19: the potential role of salivary glands. Oral Dis 2021; 27:798–800.
  • Riad A, Kassem I, Hockova B, et al. Halitosis in COVID-19 patients. Spec Care Dentist 2021; 41:282–285.
  • Lechien JR, Chetrit A, Chekkoury-Idrissi Y, et al. Parotitis-like symptoms associated with COVID-19, France, March–April 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26: 2270–2271.
  • Riad A, Kassem I, Badrah M, et al. Acute parotitis as a presentation of COVID-19? Oral Dis 2020; doi:10.1111/odi.13571
  • Fisher J, Monette DL, Patel KR, et al. COVID-19 associated parotitis. Am J Emerg Med 2021;39:254.e1–254.e3
  • Capaccio P, Pignataro L, Corbellino M, et al. Acute parotitis: a possible precocious clinical manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020;163:182-183.
  • Slots J. Periodontitis: facts, fallacies and the future. Periodontol 2000 2017;75:7-23.
  • Bozoglan A, Ertugrul AS, Taspınar M, et al. Determining the relationship between atherosclerosis and periodontopathogenic microorganisms in chronic periodontitis patients. Acta Odontol Scand 2017;75:233-42.
  • Pitones-Rubio V, Chávez-Cortez EG, Hurtado- Camarena A, et al. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness? Med Hypotheses 2020;144:109969.
  • Cappuyns I, Gugerli P, Mombelli A. Viruses in periodontal disease-a review. Oral Dis 2005;11:219-9.
  • Badran Z, Gaudin A, Struillou X, et al. Periodontal pockets: A potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2? Med Hypotheses 2020;143:109907.
  • Herrera D, Serrano J, Roldán S, et al. Is the oral cavity relevant in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? Clin Oral Investig 2020;24:2925-30.
  • Sampson V. Oral hygiene risk factor. Br Dent J. 2020;228:569.
  • Sahni V, Gupta S. COVID-19 & Periodontitis: The cytokine connection. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:109908.
  • Bozoğlan A, Yılmaz Bozoğlan M. Periodontal hastalık, SARS-CoV-2 ve ilaçlar. Emingil G, editör. Diş Hastalıkları ve COVID-19. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.75-82.
  • Sampson V, Kamona N, Sampson A. Could there be a link between oral hygiene and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections? Br Dent J 2020;228:971-5.
  • Toraldo DM, Conte L. Influence of the lung microbiota Dysbiosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: the controversial use of corticosteroid and antibiotic treatments and the role of Eosinophils as a disease marker. J Clin Med Res 2019;11:667-675.
  • Scannapieco FA, Genco RJ. Association of periodontal infections with atherosclerotic and pulmonary diseases. J Periodontal Res 1999;34:340-5.
  • Scannapieco FA. Position paper of The American Academy of Periodontology: periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for systemic diseases. J Periodontol 1998;69:841-50.
  • Marouf N, Cai W, Said KN, et al. Association between periodontitis and severity of COVID-19 infection: A case–control study. J Clin Periodontol 2021;48: 483-91.
  • Anand PS, Jadhav P, Kamath KP, et al. A case-control study on the association between periodontitis and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). J Periodontol 2021; doi:10.1002/JPER.21-0272
  • Patel J, Woolley J. Necrotizing periodontal disease: oral manifestation of COVID-19. Oral Dis 2021;27:768-9.
  • Ismail MT, Naser MM. Parotitis as clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection, emergency physician experience: A case report. Medicine 2020; 9:1089-92.
  • Aghazadeh N, Homayouni M, Sartori-Valinotti JC. Oral vesicles and acral erythema: report of a cutaneous manifestation of COVID-19. Int J Dermatol 2020;59:1153-4.
  • Díaz Rodríguez M, Jimenez Romera A, Villarroel M. Oral manifestations associated with COVID-19. Oral Dis 2020; doi: 10.1111/odi.13555
  • Kammerer T, Walch J, Flaig M, et al. COVID-19 associated herpetic gingivostomatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021;46:174-6.
  • Martín Carreras-Presas C, Amaro Sánchez J, López-Sánchez AF, et al. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oral Dis 2021;27:710-2.
  • Putra BE, Adiarto S, Dewayanti SR, et al. Viral Exanthem with “pin and needles sensation” on extremities of COVID-19 patient. Int J Infect Dis 2020;96:355-358.
  • Brandao TB, Gueiros LA, Melo TS, et al. Oral lesions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: could the oral cavity be a target organ? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021;131:45-51.
  • Olisova OY, Anpilogova EM, Shnakhova LM. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a skin rash in a child. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:13712.
  • Malih N, Hajinasrollah G, Zare M, et al. Unexpected presentation of COVID-19 in a 38-year-old male patient: a case report. Case Rep Dermatol 2020;12:124-131.
  • Dominguez-Santas M, Diaz-Guimaraens B, Fernandez-Nieto D, et al. Minor aphthae associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:1022-3.
  • Sakaida T, Isao T, Matsubara A, et al. Unique skin manifestations of COVID-19: is drug eruption specific to COVID-19? J Dermatol Sci 2020; 99:62-64.
  • Soares CD, de Carvalho RA, de Carvalho KA, et al. Letter to editor: oral lesions in a patient with Covid-19. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2020;25:563-564.
  • Ansari R, Gheitani M, Heidari F, et al. Oral cavity lesions as a manifestation of the novel virus (COVID-19): a letter-to-editor. Oral Dis 2021; 27:771-2.
  • Singh C, Tay J, Shoqirat N. Skin and mucosal damage in patients diagnosed with COVID-19: a case report. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2020;47:435-8.
  • Chaux-Bodard AG, Deneuve S, Desoutter A. Oral manifestation of Covid-19 as an inaugural symptom? J Oral Med Oral Surg 2020;26:18.
  • Ciccarese G, Drago F, Boatti M, et al. Oral erosions and petechiae during SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol 2021; 93:129-132.
  • Corchuelo J, Ulloa FC. Oral manifestations in a patient with a history of asymptomatic COVID-19: Case Report. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:154-7.
  • Labé P, Ly A, Sin C, et al. Erythema multiforme and Kawasaki disease associated with COVID-19 infection in children. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:539-41.
  • Jimenez-Cauhe J, Ortega-Quijano D, Carretero-Barrio I, et al. Erythema multiforme-like eruption in patients with COVID-19 infection:clinical and histological findings. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 45:892-5.
  • Cruz Tapia RO, Peraza Labrador AJ, Guimaraes DM, et al. Oral mucosal lesions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Report of four cases. Are they a true sign of COVID-19 disease? Spec Care Dentist. 2020;40:555-60.
  • Taslıdere B, Mehmetaj L, Ozcan AB, et al. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome induced by COVID-19: a case report. Am J Emerg Med 2020; doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.018
  • Taskın B, Vural S, Altug E, et al. COVID-19 presenting with atypical Sweet's syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:534-5.
  • Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395:1771-8.
  • Jones VG, Mills M, Suarez D, et al. COVID-19 and Kawasaki disease: novel virus and novel case. Hosp Pediatr 2020;10:537-40.
  • Mazzotta F, Troccoli T, Caselli D, et al. Acral rash in a child with COVID-19. Eur J Pediat Dermatol 2020;30:79-82.
  • Chérif MY, de Filette JM, André S, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019-related Kawasaki-like disease in an adult: a case report. JAAD Case Rep 2020;6:780-2.
  • Chiotos K, Bassiri H, Behrens EM, et al. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children During the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic: A Case Series. J Pediat Infect Dis Soc 2020;9:393-8.
  • Chiu JS, Lahoud-Rahme M, Schaffer D, et al. Kawasaki disease features and myocarditis in a patient with COVID- 19. Pediatr Cardiol 2020;41:1526-8
  • Pouletty M, Borocco C, Ouldali N, et al. Paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 mimicking Kawasaki disease (Kawa-COVID-19): a multicentre cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2020;79:999-1006.
  • Jimenez-Cauhe J, Ortega-Quijano D, de Perosanz-Lobo D, et al. Enanthem in patients with COVID-19 and skin rash. JAMA Dermatol 2020;156:1134-6.
  • Cebeci Kahraman F, Caskurlu H. Mucosal involvement in a COVID- 19-positive patient: a case report. Dermatol Ther 2020;33:13797
  • Tomo S, Miyahara GI, Simonato LE. Oral mucositis in a SARS-CoV- 2-infected patient: secondary or truly associated condition? Oral Dis 2020; doi: 10.1111/odi.13570.
  • Indu S. Multiple oral ulcerations–an initial manifestation of COVID 19 infection: a personal experience. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2020;24:227-9.
  • Iranmanesh B, Khalili M, Amiri R, et al. Oral manifestations of COVID‐19 disease: A review article. Dermatol Ther 2021;34:14578.
Toplam 86 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Diş Hekimliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Merve Köseoğlu 0000-0001-9110-9586

Mustafa Altındiş 0000-0003-0411-9669

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Kabul Tarihi 6 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Köseoğlu M, Altındiş M. COVID-19 Hastalığında Görülen Ağız Bulguları. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. Aralık 2021;5(3):178-184. doi:10.34084/bshr.1030689
  • Dergimiz Uluslararası hakemli bir dergi olup TÜRKİYE ATIF DİZİNİ, TürkMedline, CrossREF, ASOS index, Google Scholar, JournalTOCs, Eurasian Scientific Journal Index(ESJI), SOBIAD ve ISIindexing dizinlerinde taranmaktadır. TR Dizin(ULAKBİM), SCOPUS, DOAJ için başvurularımızın sonuçlanması beklenmektedir.