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Monkeypox Virus; Epidemiology of the World and Turkey

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 75 - 80, 30.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.1160542

Öz

Monkeypox virus has the potential to spread through zoonotic reservoirs. The virus reaches other geographical regions through displacements caused by war, migration, and other reasons. In previous years, human monkeypox was a rare zoonotic disease confined to West and Central Africa, however, this geographic range has expanded rapidly with the decline of smallpox vaccine-induced immunity in the world population. The multi-country monkeypox epidemic, which has been going on since the beginning of May 2022, was seen for the first time in many continents outside of Africa. Cases have been reported mostly from European countries and the Western Hemisphere of the World. Cases have been reported extensively from the European region and EU/EEA countries, most commonly Spain, Germany, France, and the UK. By 8 August 2022, over 28 000 confirmed cases and twelve deaths have been reported worldwide. Until 09 August 2022, 5 cases were reported from Turkey.
In this review, the epidemiology of Monkeypox and the general characteristics of the causative agent of Monkeypox is reviewed, with current information and data.

Kaynakça

  • Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses. 2020;12(11):1257.
  • Sklenovská N, Van Ranst M. Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans. Front Public Health. 2018;6:241.
  • Titanji BK, Tegomoh B, Nematollahi S, Konomos M, Kulkarni PA. Monkeypox: A Contemporary Review for Healthcare Professionals. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(7):ofac310.
  • Xiang Y, White A. Monkeypox virus emerges from the shadow of its more infamous cousin: family biology matters. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11(1):1768-77.
  • Guarner J, Del Rio C, Malani PN. Monkeypox in 2022-What Clinicians Need to Know. JAMA. 2022;328(2):139-140.
  • How it Spreads. Monkeypox. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/transmission.html. Updated 29 July 2022. Accessed 29 July 2022.
  • Antinori A, Mazzotta V, Vita S, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy, May 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022;27(22):2200421.
  • Happi C, Adetifa I, Mbala P, et al. Urgent need for a non-discriminatory and non-stigmatizing nomenclature for monkeypox virus. Virological.org. https://virological.org/t/urgent-need-for-a-non-discriminatory-and-non-stigmatizing-nomenclature-for-monkeypox-virus/853
  • Peiró-Mestres A, Fuertes I, Camprubí-Ferrer D, et al. Frequent detection of monkeypox virus DNA in saliva, semen, and other clinical samples from 12 patients, Barcelona, Spain, May to June 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022;27(28):2200503.
  • Saied AA. Should not airborne transmission be ignored in the 2022 monkeypox outbreak? Int J Surg. 2022;104
  • Kumar N, Acharya A, Gendelman HE, Byrareddy SN. The 2022 outbreak and the pathobiology of the monkeypox virus. J Autoimmun. 2022;131:102855.
  • Lai CC, Hsu CK, Yen MY, Lee PI, Ko WC, Hsueh PR. Monkeypox: An emerging global threat during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2022:S1684-1182(22)00102-5.
  • Chadha J, Khullar L, Gulati P, Chhibber S, Harjai K. Insights into the monkeypox virus: Making of another pandemic within the pandemic? Environ Microbiol, 2022.
  • Kmiec D, Kirchhoff F. Monkeypox: A New Threat? Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(14):7866.
  • Moss B. Poxvirus cell entry: how many proteins does it take? Viruses. 2012;4(5):688-707.
  • McFadden G. Poxvirus tropism. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005;3(3):201-13.
  • Grant R, Nguyen LL, Breban R. Modelling human-to-human transmission of monkeypox. Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(9):638-640.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox-Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52(27):642-6.
  • Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, et al. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. J Gen Virol 2005;86:2661–72.
  • Happi C, Adetifa I, Mbala P, et al. Urgent need for a non-discriminatory and non-stigmatizing nomenclature for monkeypox virus;Virological.org. https://virological.org/t/urgent-need-for-a-non-discriminatory-and-non-stigmatizing-nomenclature-for-monkeypox-virus/853.
  • https://nextstrain.org/monkeypox/mpxv Accessed 8 August 2022.
  • Nakazawa Y, Mauldin MR, Emerson GL, et al. A phylogeographic investigation of African monkeypox. Viruses 2015;7:2168–84.
  • Weaver JR, Isaacs SN. Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins. Immunol Rev. 2008 Oct;225:96-113.
  • Beer EM, Rao VB. A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(10):e0007791.
  • Kozlov M. Monkeypox outbreaks: 4 key questions researchers have. Nature. 2022;606(7913):238-239.
  • Kugelman JR, Johnston SC, Mulembakani PM, et al. Genomic variability of monkeypox virus among humans, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(2):232-9.
  • Isidro J, Borges V, Pinto M, et al. First draft genome sequence of Monkeypox virus associated with the suspected multi-country outbreak, May 2022 (confirmed case in Portugal), (20 May 2022) https://virological.org/t/first-draft-genome-sequence-of-monkeypox-virus-associated-with-the-suspected-multi-country-outbreak-may-2022-confirmed-case-in-portugal/799.
  • Velavan TP, Meyer CG. Monkeypox 2022 outbreak: An update. Trop Med Int Health. 2022;27(7):604-605.
  • Monkeypox cumulative confirmed cases. https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/monkeypox?facet=none&Metric=Confirmed+cases&Frequency=Cumulative&Relative+to+population=false&country=~OWID_WRL. Accessed 29 July 2022.
  • Multi-country outbreak of monkeypox, External situation report. 25 July 2022. Edition 2. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/multi-country-outbreak-of-monkeypox--external-situation-report--2---25-july-2022. Accessed 30 July 2022.
  • Monkeypox multi-country outbreak. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/monkeypox-outbreak. Situation update 08 August 2022. Accessed 09 August 2022.
  • Turkey reports 1st case of monkeypox. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/turkiye-reports-1st-case-of-monkeypox/2626527. 30 June 2022.
  • Geographical distribution of confirmed monkeypox cases the in EU/EEA, Balkans, and Turkey. https://monkeypoxreport.ecdc.europa.eu/. Accessed 09 August 2022.
  • 2022 Monkeypox Outbreak: Global Trends. World Health Organization. https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global/#2_Global_situation_update . Produced on 09 August 2022. Accessed 09 August 2022.
  • https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/23-07-2022-who-director-general-declares-the-ongoing-monkeypox-outbreak-a-public-health-event-of-international-concern. Accessed 30 July 2022.
  • Signs and Symptoms, Monkeypox. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/symptoms.html. Updated August 5, 2022. Accessed 24 August 2022.
  • Huang YA, Howard-Jones AR, Durrani S, Wang Z, Williams PC. Monkeypox: A clinical update for paediatricians. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022.
  • How to Report Results from Orthopoxvirus, Non-Variola Orthopoxvirus, and Monkeypox Virus Laboratory Diagnostic Testing. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/lab-personnel/report-results.html. Updated July 19, 2022. Accessed 24 August 2022.
  • Nalca A, Rimoin AW, Bavari S, Whitehouse CA. Reemergence of monkeypox: prevalence, diagnostics, and countermeasures. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(12):1765-71.
  • Adler H, Gould S, Hine P, et al. Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(8):1153-62.
  • Treatment, Monkeypox. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/treatment.html. Updated 17 June 2022. Accessed 30 July 2022.
  • McCurdy LH, Larkin BD, Martin JE, Graham BS. Modified vaccinia Ankara: potential as an alternative smallpox vaccine. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(12):1749-53.
  • Vaccines. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/vaccines.html. Accessed 29 July 2022.
  • FDA approves first live, non-replicating vaccine to prevent smallpox and monkeypox. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-live-non-replicating-vaccine-prevent-smallpox-and-monkeypox. Accessed 29 July 2022.
  • Nalca A, Zumbrun EE. ACAM2000: the new smallpox vaccine for United States Strategic National Stockpile. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2010;4:71-9.
  • Petersen BW, Harms TJ, Reynolds MG, Harrison LH. Use of Vaccinia Virus Smallpox Vaccine in Laboratory and Health Care Personnel at Risk for Occupational Exposure to Orthopoxviruses - Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(10):257-62.
  • Monkeypox and smallpox vaccine guidance. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/smallpox-vaccine.html. Updated 2 July 2022. Accessed 29 July 2022.
  • Wittek R. Vaccinia immune globulin: current policies, preparedness, and product safety and efficacy. Int J Infect Dis. 2006;10(3):193-201.

Monkeypox Virüsü; Dünya ve Türkiye Epidemiyolojisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 75 - 80, 30.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.1160542

Öz

Maymun Çiçek Virüsü, zoonotik rezervuarlar yoluyla yayılma potansiyeline sahip bir virüstür. Virüs savaş, göç veya diğer nedenler kaynaklı yer değişiklikleri ile diğer coğrafik bölgelere ulaşmaktadır. Önceki yıllarda maymun çiçeği, Batı ve Orta Afrika ile sınırlı, nadir görülen bir zoonotik hastalık iken hastalığın bu coğrafik dağılımı, dünya nüfusunda çiçek aşısı kaynaklı bağışıklığın azalmasıyla birlikte hızla genişlemiştir. Mayıs 2022'nin başından beri devam eden ve birden çok ülkede izlenen maymun çiçeği salgını ilk defa Afrika dışında birçok kıtada görülmüştür. Bu vakaların çoğu Avrupa'dan ve Batı Yarımküreden bildirilmiştir. Vakalar, en sık İspanya, Almanya, Fransa ve İngiltere olmak üzere Avrupa Bölgesi ve EU/EEA ülkelerinden yoğun olarak bildirilmiştir. 8 Ağustos 2022'ye kadar dünya genelinde 28000’in üzerinde doğrulanmış vaka ve 12 ölüm bildirilmiştir. 09 Ağustos 2022 tarihine kadar Türkiye’den 5 vaka bildirilmiştir.
Bu derlemede, mevcut güncel bilgiler ve veriler ile maymun çiçeği hastalığının epidemiyolojisi ve maymun çiçek hastalığı etkeninin genel özellikleri gözden geçirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses. 2020;12(11):1257.
  • Sklenovská N, Van Ranst M. Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans. Front Public Health. 2018;6:241.
  • Titanji BK, Tegomoh B, Nematollahi S, Konomos M, Kulkarni PA. Monkeypox: A Contemporary Review for Healthcare Professionals. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(7):ofac310.
  • Xiang Y, White A. Monkeypox virus emerges from the shadow of its more infamous cousin: family biology matters. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11(1):1768-77.
  • Guarner J, Del Rio C, Malani PN. Monkeypox in 2022-What Clinicians Need to Know. JAMA. 2022;328(2):139-140.
  • How it Spreads. Monkeypox. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/transmission.html. Updated 29 July 2022. Accessed 29 July 2022.
  • Antinori A, Mazzotta V, Vita S, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy, May 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022;27(22):2200421.
  • Happi C, Adetifa I, Mbala P, et al. Urgent need for a non-discriminatory and non-stigmatizing nomenclature for monkeypox virus. Virological.org. https://virological.org/t/urgent-need-for-a-non-discriminatory-and-non-stigmatizing-nomenclature-for-monkeypox-virus/853
  • Peiró-Mestres A, Fuertes I, Camprubí-Ferrer D, et al. Frequent detection of monkeypox virus DNA in saliva, semen, and other clinical samples from 12 patients, Barcelona, Spain, May to June 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022;27(28):2200503.
  • Saied AA. Should not airborne transmission be ignored in the 2022 monkeypox outbreak? Int J Surg. 2022;104
  • Kumar N, Acharya A, Gendelman HE, Byrareddy SN. The 2022 outbreak and the pathobiology of the monkeypox virus. J Autoimmun. 2022;131:102855.
  • Lai CC, Hsu CK, Yen MY, Lee PI, Ko WC, Hsueh PR. Monkeypox: An emerging global threat during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2022:S1684-1182(22)00102-5.
  • Chadha J, Khullar L, Gulati P, Chhibber S, Harjai K. Insights into the monkeypox virus: Making of another pandemic within the pandemic? Environ Microbiol, 2022.
  • Kmiec D, Kirchhoff F. Monkeypox: A New Threat? Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(14):7866.
  • Moss B. Poxvirus cell entry: how many proteins does it take? Viruses. 2012;4(5):688-707.
  • McFadden G. Poxvirus tropism. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005;3(3):201-13.
  • Grant R, Nguyen LL, Breban R. Modelling human-to-human transmission of monkeypox. Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(9):638-640.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox-Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52(27):642-6.
  • Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, et al. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. J Gen Virol 2005;86:2661–72.
  • Happi C, Adetifa I, Mbala P, et al. Urgent need for a non-discriminatory and non-stigmatizing nomenclature for monkeypox virus;Virological.org. https://virological.org/t/urgent-need-for-a-non-discriminatory-and-non-stigmatizing-nomenclature-for-monkeypox-virus/853.
  • https://nextstrain.org/monkeypox/mpxv Accessed 8 August 2022.
  • Nakazawa Y, Mauldin MR, Emerson GL, et al. A phylogeographic investigation of African monkeypox. Viruses 2015;7:2168–84.
  • Weaver JR, Isaacs SN. Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins. Immunol Rev. 2008 Oct;225:96-113.
  • Beer EM, Rao VB. A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(10):e0007791.
  • Kozlov M. Monkeypox outbreaks: 4 key questions researchers have. Nature. 2022;606(7913):238-239.
  • Kugelman JR, Johnston SC, Mulembakani PM, et al. Genomic variability of monkeypox virus among humans, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(2):232-9.
  • Isidro J, Borges V, Pinto M, et al. First draft genome sequence of Monkeypox virus associated with the suspected multi-country outbreak, May 2022 (confirmed case in Portugal), (20 May 2022) https://virological.org/t/first-draft-genome-sequence-of-monkeypox-virus-associated-with-the-suspected-multi-country-outbreak-may-2022-confirmed-case-in-portugal/799.
  • Velavan TP, Meyer CG. Monkeypox 2022 outbreak: An update. Trop Med Int Health. 2022;27(7):604-605.
  • Monkeypox cumulative confirmed cases. https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/monkeypox?facet=none&Metric=Confirmed+cases&Frequency=Cumulative&Relative+to+population=false&country=~OWID_WRL. Accessed 29 July 2022.
  • Multi-country outbreak of monkeypox, External situation report. 25 July 2022. Edition 2. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/multi-country-outbreak-of-monkeypox--external-situation-report--2---25-july-2022. Accessed 30 July 2022.
  • Monkeypox multi-country outbreak. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/monkeypox-outbreak. Situation update 08 August 2022. Accessed 09 August 2022.
  • Turkey reports 1st case of monkeypox. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/turkiye-reports-1st-case-of-monkeypox/2626527. 30 June 2022.
  • Geographical distribution of confirmed monkeypox cases the in EU/EEA, Balkans, and Turkey. https://monkeypoxreport.ecdc.europa.eu/. Accessed 09 August 2022.
  • 2022 Monkeypox Outbreak: Global Trends. World Health Organization. https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global/#2_Global_situation_update . Produced on 09 August 2022. Accessed 09 August 2022.
  • https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/23-07-2022-who-director-general-declares-the-ongoing-monkeypox-outbreak-a-public-health-event-of-international-concern. Accessed 30 July 2022.
  • Signs and Symptoms, Monkeypox. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/symptoms.html. Updated August 5, 2022. Accessed 24 August 2022.
  • Huang YA, Howard-Jones AR, Durrani S, Wang Z, Williams PC. Monkeypox: A clinical update for paediatricians. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022.
  • How to Report Results from Orthopoxvirus, Non-Variola Orthopoxvirus, and Monkeypox Virus Laboratory Diagnostic Testing. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/lab-personnel/report-results.html. Updated July 19, 2022. Accessed 24 August 2022.
  • Nalca A, Rimoin AW, Bavari S, Whitehouse CA. Reemergence of monkeypox: prevalence, diagnostics, and countermeasures. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(12):1765-71.
  • Adler H, Gould S, Hine P, et al. Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(8):1153-62.
  • Treatment, Monkeypox. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/treatment.html. Updated 17 June 2022. Accessed 30 July 2022.
  • McCurdy LH, Larkin BD, Martin JE, Graham BS. Modified vaccinia Ankara: potential as an alternative smallpox vaccine. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(12):1749-53.
  • Vaccines. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/vaccines.html. Accessed 29 July 2022.
  • FDA approves first live, non-replicating vaccine to prevent smallpox and monkeypox. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-live-non-replicating-vaccine-prevent-smallpox-and-monkeypox. Accessed 29 July 2022.
  • Nalca A, Zumbrun EE. ACAM2000: the new smallpox vaccine for United States Strategic National Stockpile. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2010;4:71-9.
  • Petersen BW, Harms TJ, Reynolds MG, Harrison LH. Use of Vaccinia Virus Smallpox Vaccine in Laboratory and Health Care Personnel at Risk for Occupational Exposure to Orthopoxviruses - Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(10):257-62.
  • Monkeypox and smallpox vaccine guidance. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/smallpox-vaccine.html. Updated 2 July 2022. Accessed 29 July 2022.
  • Wittek R. Vaccinia immune globulin: current policies, preparedness, and product safety and efficacy. Int J Infect Dis. 2006;10(3):193-201.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Viroloji, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Hasan Bayrak 0000-0002-7515-1570

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2022
Kabul Tarihi 25 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Bayrak H. Monkeypox Virus; Epidemiology of the World and Turkey. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. Ağustos 2022;6(2):75-80. doi:10.34084/bshr.1160542
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