Mevcut ve Gelişmekte Olan Aşı Teknolojileri; Kısa derleme

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 148 - 156, 25.10.2023

Elmas Pınar Kahraman Kılbaş , Mustafa Altındiş

https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.1374872

Öz

Aşı teknolojileri, daha etkili ve çok yönlü aşılama stratejilerine duyulan ihtiyaç nedeniyle önemli ölçüde gelişti. Geleneksel aşılar öncelikle bağışıklık sistemini uyarmak için zayıflatılmış veya etkisiz hale getirilmiş patojenleri kullanıyordu. Ancak moleküler biyoloji ve immünolojideki son gelişmeler yeni aşı platformlarının geliştirilmesine yol açtı. Dikkate değer ilerlemelerden biri, COVID-19 aşılarından biri olan mRNA aşılarının geliştirilmesidir. Bu aşılar, hücrelere patojenin zararsız bir kısmını üretme talimatı vermek için sentetik mRNA'yı kullanarak güçlü bir bağışıklık tepkisi ortaya çıkarır. Umut verici başka bir yaklaşım, patojenik antijenleri kodlayan genetik materyali konakçı hücrelere iletmek için değiştirilmiş bir virüs kullanan viral vektör aşılarını içerir. Bu teknoloji, Ebola ve COVID-19 gibi hastalıklara karşı güçlü bir bağışıklık tepkisi sağlayarak umut vaat etmektedir. Protein alt birim aşılarındaki yenilikler, bir bağışıklık tepkisini tetiklemek için patojenin proteinler veya peptidler gibi zararsız parçalarının kullanılmasını içerir. Bu aşılar, genellikle adjuvanlar veya nanopartikül dağıtım sistemleri yoluyla geliştirilmiş güvenlik ve etkinlik sunar. Ayrıca, DNA aşıları gibi nükleik asit bazlı aşılardaki ilerlemeler, aşılama için potansiyel olarak güçlü ve esnek bir platform sunmaktadır. Ek olarak, günümüzde nanoteknoloji sayesinde bağışıklık tepkileri güçlendirerek aşı gelişiminekatkı sağlanmıştır. Nanopartiküller, antijenleri veya adjuvanları kapsülleyerek aşı etkinliğini optimize edebilmektedir.Sonuç olarak, mevcut aşı teknolojileri, mRNA ve viral vektör aşıları, protein alt birim aşıları, nükleik asit bazlı aşılar ve nanoteknoloji dahil olmak üzere yenilikçi ve çeşitli yaklaşımlara doğru bir geçiş sergilemektedir. Bu ilerlemeler, ortaya çıkan bulaşıcı hastalıkların ele alınması ve aşının erişilebilirliğinin, güvenliğinin ve etkinliğinin iyileştirilmesi konusunda umut vaat etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Enfeksiyonlar, Immunizasyon, Aşı Teknolojileri, mRNA aşıları, Nanoaşılar

Current and Emerging Vaccine Technologies; A short review

Öz

Vaccine technologies have evolved significantly due to the need for more effective and versatile vaccination strategies. Traditional vaccines primarily used weakened or inactivated pathogens to stimulate the immune system. However, recent advances in molecular biology and immunology have led to the development of new vaccine platforms. One notable advance is the development of mRNA vaccines, one of the COVID-19 vaccines. These vaccines elicit a strong immune response by using synthetic mRNA to instruct cells to produce a harmless portion of the pathogen. Another promising approach involves viral vector vaccines, which use a modified virus to deliver genetic material encoding pathogenic antigens into host cells. This technology shows promise by providing a strong immune response against diseases such as Ebola and COVID-19. Innovations in protein subunit vaccines involve using harmless parts of the pathogen, such as proteins or peptides, to trigger an immune response. These vaccines often offer improved safety and efficacy through adjuvants or nanoparticle delivery systems. Additionally, advances in nucleic acid-based vaccines, such as DNA vaccines, offer a potentially powerful and flexible platform for vaccination. In addition, nanotechnology has contributed to vaccine development by strengthening immune responses. Nanoparticles can optimize vaccine efficacy by encapsulating antigens or adjuvants. As a result, current vaccine technologies are shifting towards innovative and diverse approaches, including mRNA and viral vector vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines, and nanotechnology. These advances hold promise for addressing emerging infectious diseases and improving vaccine availability, safety, and effectiveness.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Infections, Immunization, Vaccine Technologies, mRNA vaccines, Nanovaccines

Kaynakça

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