Öz
The concept of trauma, which is as old as the history of humanity, has been the subject of joint work of many
different disciplines such as art, literature, science and philosophy. Trauma can occur in a single event, but large
disasters can occur in large scale, such as mass killings. The traumatic situation is the imbalance between a real
threat and a person's coping power. For a variety of reasons, such as the occurrence of the event, existing
support, psychopathological predisposition, presence of previous traumas, the effects may vary from person to
person. Today, as experiences in the field of developmental psychopathology grow, the interest has shifted to
how the memories are stored in the mind, how these memories affect daily perceptions and how it is made
meaningful with external reality. In addition to the fact that events from childhood and even births can have
different effects on each individual, is each experience processed the same way with spirituality? Studies have
shown that traumatic experience is coded differently from a non‐traumatic event.
Only a selected part of the traumatic experience can be processed with a conscious focus that is required
for the open operation. The need to reduce emotional floods during trauma can lead to distraction from the
traumatic elements of an experience, and some traumas transcend one's subjective coping power and are
dissociated to survive spirituality. In traumatic situations, especially in very severe mass trauma traces like a
ghost, generations like a shadow.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Auerhahn, N. C., Laub, D. & Peskin, H., Psychotherapy with Holocaust survivors.Psychotherapy,1993, 30, 434–442.Barocas, H., and Barocas, C. , Wounds of the fathers: The next generation of Holocaust victims.International Review of PsychoAnalysis, 6, 1979, 331‐40.Bergman, M.S. ve Jucovy, M.E., Generations of the Holocaust. New York: Basic Books. 1982.Black D., Harris‐Hendricks J. & Mezey G., Newman M., Psychological Trauma: DevelopmentalApproach Edited by London: Gaskell, 1997, 412.Carll, E. K.,Trauma psychology : issues in violence, disaster, health, and illness / edited byElizabeth Carll ; foreword by H. E. Khunying Laxanachantorn Laohaphan. Westport, Conn. :Praeger,2007.Connolly, A., Healing the wounds of our fathers: intergenerational trauma, memory,symbolization and narrative, Journal of Analytical Psychology, 2011, 56,607‐626Colman, W., ‘Mourning and the symbolic process’. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 55, 2,2010, 275‐97.Derin, G. (2018). Kuşaklararası Eksende Psikotarih Temelli Çocuk Yetiştirme StillerininTravma, Bağlanma ve Dissosiyasyon Açısından İncelnmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi‐Cerrahpaşa Adli Tıp Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Anabilim Dalı.Eizerik, C.L., ‘The past as resistance, the past as constructed’. Panel Report. InternationalJournal of Psychoanalysis, 9 I, 3, 2010, 87‐90.Faimberg, H., ‘The telescoping of generations: Genealogy of certain identifications’.Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 24,1988, 99‐1 I 8.Flavell, J. H., Miller, P. H. & Miller, S. A., Cognitive Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall, 1993.Fivush, R. & Hudson, J. A. , Knowing and Remembering in Young Children. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1990.Freud, S., Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Standard Edition 18. 1920.Freud, S., Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety. Standard Edition 20. 1926.Freud, S. & Breuer, J., Studies in Hysteria London: Hogarth Press, 1895.Janet, P., The Major Symptoms of Hysteria. London and New York: Macmillan, 1907.Janet, P., Les Médications Psychologiques. Three Volumes. Paris: Felix Alcan, 1919.Kestenberg, J., ‘A metapsychological assessment based on an analysis of a survivor’s child’. InGenerations of the Holocaust, eds. M.S. Bergman & M.E. Jucovy. New York: Basic Books, 1982.Kijak, M. & Funtowicz, S., ‘The syndrome of the survivor of extreme situations: definitions,difficulties, hypotheses’. International Review of Psychoanalysis, 9,1982, 25‐3 3.Krystal, H. , Massive psychic trauma. New York: International Universities Press, 1968.Macmillan, M., “Freud and Janet on Organic and Hysterical Paralyses: A Mystery Solved?” Int.Rev. Psycho‐Anal., 17, 1990, 189‐203.Mandelstam, N., Hope Against Hope. New York: The Modern Library, 1999.Mandler, J. M., “Categorical and Schematic Organization of Memory.” In Puff, C. R., Editor,Memory Organization and Structure. New York: Academic Press, 1979.Mitchell, S. A., Black M. J., Freud ve Sonrası Modern Psikanalitik Düşüncenin Tarihi, İstanbulBilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2012.Nelson, K., The psychological and social origins of autobiographical memory. PsychologicalScience, 2, 1993a, 1–8.Nelson, K., Events, narratives, memory: what develops? In Minnesota Symposium in ChildDevelopment: Memory and Emotion (ed. C. A. Nelson). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1993b.Öztürk, E. (2003). Travma kökenli dissosiyatif bozukluk vakalarının ailelerinde çocukluk çağıtravmalarının sıklığı. Doktora Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Adli Tıp Enstitüsü SosyalBilimler Anabilim Dalı.Öztürk, E., & Şar, V., The “Apparently Normal” Family: A Contemporary Agent ofTransgenerationalTraumaandDissociation. Journal of TraumaPractice, 4(3‐4), 2006, 287‐303Öztürk E., Travma ve Disosiyasyon, Disosiyatif Kimlik Bozukluğunun Psikoterapisi ve AileDinamikleri. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul, 2017Perry, C., and Laurence, J. R., “Mental Processes Outside Awareness: The Contributions ofFreud and Janet.” In Bowers, K. S., and Meichenbaum, D., Editors, The Unconscious Reconsidered.New York: Wiley,1984.Siegel, D., Cognition and Perception. In Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (6th edn) (edsH. I. Kaplan & B. J. Sadock), 1995, pp. 277–291. New York: Williams and Wilkins.Squire, L. R., Declarative and non‐declarative memory: multiple brain systems supportinglearning and memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 1992a, 232–243Squire, L. R., Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys andhumans. Psychological Review, 99, 1992b 195–231.Squire, L. R. , Zola‐Morgan, S., Cave, C. B., Memory: organization of brain systems andcognition. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology LV, 1990, 1007–1023.Stern, D. B., Partners in thought: Working with unformulated experience, dissociation, andenactment. New York: Routledge, 2010.Van Der Kolk, B.A. ve Van Der Hart, O. , The Intrusive Past: The Flexibility of Memory and theEngraving of Trauma. Amer. Imago, 1991, 48(4):425‐454.Van der Kolk, B.A., ‘Post‐traumatic stress disorder’. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 2000,2, I.Veith, R. C. & Murburg, M. M., Basal sympathiadrenal function in posttraumatic stressdisorder. Biological Psychiatry, 1992, 31, 1050–1056.
Öz
İnsanlık tarihi kadar eski olan travma kavramı sanat, edebiyat, bilim, felsefe gibi pek çok farklı disiplinin
ortak çalışma konusu olmuştur. Travma tek bir olayda ortaya çıkabileceği gibi, büyük afetler, toplu kıyımlar gibi
çok büyük ölçülerde meydana gelebilir. Travmatik durum gerçek bir tehdit ile kişinin baş etme gücü arasındaki
dengesizliktir. Olayın meydana geliş şekli, var olan destekler, psikopatolojik yatkınlık, önceki travmaların varlığı
gibi çeşitli nedenlerden ötürü etkileri kişiden kişiye göre farklılık gösterebilir. Günümüzde gelişimsel
psikopatoloji alanında deneyimler arttıkça ilgi anıların zihinde nasıl saklandığına, bu anıların günlük algıları
nasıl etkilediğine ve dış gerçeklikle nasıl anlamlandırıldığına kaymıştır. Çocukluktan hatta doğumdan itibaren
yaşanılan olayların her bir birey üzerinde farklı etkiler yaratabildiği gerçeğinin yanı sıra her bir deneyim aynı
şekilde mi ruhsallığa işlenir? Yapılan çalışmalar travmatik deneyimin travmatik olmayan bir olaydan farklı bir
şekilde kodlandığını göstermiştir. Travmatik deneyimin sadece seçilmiş bir kısmı, açık işlem için gerekli olan
“bilinçli” odak dikkatiyle işlenebilir. Travma sırasında duygusal selleri azaltma ihtiyacı, dikkatin bir deneyimin
travmatik unsurlarından uzaklaşmasına neden olabilir ve bazı travmalar kişinin öznel baş etme gücünü aşar ve
ruhsallığın hayatta kalabilmesi için disosiye edilir. Özellikle çok ağır toplu yaşanan travmatik durumlarda
travma bir hayalet gibi nesillerin bir gölge gibi takip eder.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Auerhahn, N. C., Laub, D. & Peskin, H., Psychotherapy with Holocaust survivors.Psychotherapy,1993, 30, 434–442.Barocas, H., and Barocas, C. , Wounds of the fathers: The next generation of Holocaust victims.International Review of PsychoAnalysis, 6, 1979, 331‐40.Bergman, M.S. ve Jucovy, M.E., Generations of the Holocaust. New York: Basic Books. 1982.Black D., Harris‐Hendricks J. & Mezey G., Newman M., Psychological Trauma: DevelopmentalApproach Edited by London: Gaskell, 1997, 412.Carll, E. K.,Trauma psychology : issues in violence, disaster, health, and illness / edited byElizabeth Carll ; foreword by H. E. Khunying Laxanachantorn Laohaphan. Westport, Conn. :Praeger,2007.Connolly, A., Healing the wounds of our fathers: intergenerational trauma, memory,symbolization and narrative, Journal of Analytical Psychology, 2011, 56,607‐626Colman, W., ‘Mourning and the symbolic process’. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 55, 2,2010, 275‐97.Derin, G. (2018). Kuşaklararası Eksende Psikotarih Temelli Çocuk Yetiştirme StillerininTravma, Bağlanma ve Dissosiyasyon Açısından İncelnmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi‐Cerrahpaşa Adli Tıp Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Anabilim Dalı.Eizerik, C.L., ‘The past as resistance, the past as constructed’. Panel Report. InternationalJournal of Psychoanalysis, 9 I, 3, 2010, 87‐90.Faimberg, H., ‘The telescoping of generations: Genealogy of certain identifications’.Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 24,1988, 99‐1 I 8.Flavell, J. H., Miller, P. H. & Miller, S. A., Cognitive Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall, 1993.Fivush, R. & Hudson, J. A. , Knowing and Remembering in Young Children. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1990.Freud, S., Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Standard Edition 18. 1920.Freud, S., Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety. Standard Edition 20. 1926.Freud, S. & Breuer, J., Studies in Hysteria London: Hogarth Press, 1895.Janet, P., The Major Symptoms of Hysteria. London and New York: Macmillan, 1907.Janet, P., Les Médications Psychologiques. Three Volumes. Paris: Felix Alcan, 1919.Kestenberg, J., ‘A metapsychological assessment based on an analysis of a survivor’s child’. InGenerations of the Holocaust, eds. M.S. Bergman & M.E. Jucovy. New York: Basic Books, 1982.Kijak, M. & Funtowicz, S., ‘The syndrome of the survivor of extreme situations: definitions,difficulties, hypotheses’. International Review of Psychoanalysis, 9,1982, 25‐3 3.Krystal, H. , Massive psychic trauma. New York: International Universities Press, 1968.Macmillan, M., “Freud and Janet on Organic and Hysterical Paralyses: A Mystery Solved?” Int.Rev. Psycho‐Anal., 17, 1990, 189‐203.Mandelstam, N., Hope Against Hope. New York: The Modern Library, 1999.Mandler, J. M., “Categorical and Schematic Organization of Memory.” In Puff, C. R., Editor,Memory Organization and Structure. New York: Academic Press, 1979.Mitchell, S. A., Black M. J., Freud ve Sonrası Modern Psikanalitik Düşüncenin Tarihi, İstanbulBilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2012.Nelson, K., The psychological and social origins of autobiographical memory. PsychologicalScience, 2, 1993a, 1–8.Nelson, K., Events, narratives, memory: what develops? In Minnesota Symposium in ChildDevelopment: Memory and Emotion (ed. C. A. Nelson). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1993b.Öztürk, E. (2003). Travma kökenli dissosiyatif bozukluk vakalarının ailelerinde çocukluk çağıtravmalarının sıklığı. Doktora Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Adli Tıp Enstitüsü SosyalBilimler Anabilim Dalı.Öztürk, E., & Şar, V., The “Apparently Normal” Family: A Contemporary Agent ofTransgenerationalTraumaandDissociation. Journal of TraumaPractice, 4(3‐4), 2006, 287‐303Öztürk E., Travma ve Disosiyasyon, Disosiyatif Kimlik Bozukluğunun Psikoterapisi ve AileDinamikleri. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul, 2017Perry, C., and Laurence, J. R., “Mental Processes Outside Awareness: The Contributions ofFreud and Janet.” In Bowers, K. S., and Meichenbaum, D., Editors, The Unconscious Reconsidered.New York: Wiley,1984.Siegel, D., Cognition and Perception. In Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (6th edn) (edsH. I. Kaplan & B. J. Sadock), 1995, pp. 277–291. New York: Williams and Wilkins.Squire, L. R., Declarative and non‐declarative memory: multiple brain systems supportinglearning and memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 1992a, 232–243Squire, L. R., Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys andhumans. Psychological Review, 99, 1992b 195–231.Squire, L. R. , Zola‐Morgan, S., Cave, C. B., Memory: organization of brain systems andcognition. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology LV, 1990, 1007–1023.Stern, D. B., Partners in thought: Working with unformulated experience, dissociation, andenactment. New York: Routledge, 2010.Van Der Kolk, B.A. ve Van Der Hart, O. , The Intrusive Past: The Flexibility of Memory and theEngraving of Trauma. Amer. Imago, 1991, 48(4):425‐454.Van der Kolk, B.A., ‘Post‐traumatic stress disorder’. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 2000,2, I.Veith, R. C. & Murburg, M. M., Basal sympathiadrenal function in posttraumatic stressdisorder. Biological Psychiatry, 1992, 31, 1050–1056.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Aralık 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3 |
