Applications of Turmeric Starch and Curcumin

Yıl 2023, , 99 - 125, 30.06.2023

Kevser Kübra Kırboğa , Burcu Tekin , Münevver Demir

https://doi.org/10.55117/bufbd.1161709

Cited By: 1

Öz

In Asia and Central America, turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), sometimes known as "Indian saffron," is a perennial plant that belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. Due to the dried turmeric rhizomes' high concentration of minerals, proteins, carbs, and lipids, as well as the fact that it is available in a form that is simple to use and contains heat, light, and oxygen. Its excellent storage stability against environmental factors makes it more desirable, particularly in the context of the food business. In this study, based on the research on turmeric, curcumin, and its starch, the molecular mechanisms and pharmacological properties underlying its use in various diseases such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-obesity, cardio-liver, anti-cancer, anti-arthritis. And its effects on metabolism. In addition to the lack of sufficient studies, it has been argued that its use in the food and pharmaceutical industry is promising when the results of the research are examined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Turmeric Starch, Curcumin, Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

Zerdeçal Nişastası ve Kurkuminin Uygulamaları

Öz

Asya ve Orta Amerika'da bazen "Hint safranı" olarak bilinen zerdeçal (Curcuma longa L.), Zingiberaceae familyasına ait çok yıllık bir bitkidir. Kurutulmuş zerdeçal rizomlarının yüksek konsantrasyonda mineraller, proteinler, karbonhidratlar ve lipitler içermesinin yanı sıra kullanımı kolay ve ısı, ışık ve oksijen içeren bir formda mevcut olması, çevresel faktörlere karşı mükemmel depolama kararlılığı, özellikle gıda işi bağlamında onu daha çok arzu edilir kılmaktadır. Zerdeçal, kurkumin ve nişastası üzerine yapılan araştırmalara dayanan bu çalışmada, anti-inflamatuar, anti-diyabetik, antioksidan, anti-obezite, kardiyo-karaciğer gibi çeşitli hastalıklarda kullanımının altında yatan moleküler mekanizmalar ve farmakolojik özellikler, anti-kanser, anti-artrit. ve metabolizma üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Yeterli çalışma olmamasının yanı sıra, araştırma sonuçları incelendiğinde gıda ve ilaç endüstrisinde kullanımının umut verici olduğu görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

: Zerdeçal (Curcuma longa L.), kurkumin, zerdeçal nişastası

Kaynakça

• [1] M. E. Braga, S. R. Moreschi, and M. A. A. Meireles, "Effects of supercritical fluid extraction on Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale R. starches," Carbohydrate polymers, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 340-346, 2006.
• [2] O. M. Oluba, E. Osayame, and A. O. Shoyombo, "Production and characterization of keratin-starch bio-composite film from chicken feather waste and turmeric starch," Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, vol. 33, p. 101996, 2021.
• [3] A. M. Pascoal, M. C. B. Di-Medeiros, K. A. Batista, M. I. G. Leles, L. M. Lião, and K. F. Fernandes, "Extraction and chemical characterization of starch from S. lycocarpum fruits," Carbohydrate polymers, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 1304-1310, 2013.
• [4] R. M. Daudt, I. C. Külkamp-Guerreiro, F. Cladera-Olivera, R. C. S. Thys, and L. D. F. Marczak, "Determination of properties of pinhão starch: Analysis of its applicability as pharmaceutical excipient," Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 52, pp. 420-429, 2014.
• [5] R. P. Yadav, G. Tarun, C. Roshan, and P. Yadav, "Versatility of turmeric: A review the golden spice of life," Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 41-46, 2017.
• [6] P. Van Hung and T. N. D. Vo, "Structure, physicochemical characteristics, and functional properties of starches isolated from yellow (Curcuma longa) and black (Curcuma caesia) turmeric rhizomes," Starch‐Stärke, vol. 69, no. 5-6, p. 1600285, 2017.
• [7] K. Thangavel and K. Dhivya, "Determination of curcumin, starch and moisture content in turmeric by Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR)," Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 264-269, 2019.
• [8] B. Kocaadam and N. Şanlier, "Curcumin, an active component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), and its effects on health," Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, vol. 57, no. 13, pp. 2889-2895, 2017.
• [9] D. Eigner and D. Scholz, "Ferula asa-foetida and Curcuma longa in traditional medical treatment and diet in Nepal," Journal of ethnopharmacology, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 1999.
• [10] S. Prasad and B. B. Aggarwal, "Turmeric, the golden spice," Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition, 2011.
• [11] D. Kuttigounder, J. R. Lingamallu, and S. Bhattacharya, "Turmeric powder and starch: selected physical, physicochemical, and microstructural properties," Journal of Food Science, vol. 76, no. 9, pp. C1284-C1291, 2011.
• [12] A. Jyothi, S. Moorthy, and B. Vimala, "Physicochemical and functional properties of starch from two species of Curcuma," International Journal of Food Properties, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 135-145, 2003.
• [13] R. M. C. Di Martino, A. Bisi, A. Rampa, S. Gobbi, and F. Belluti, "Recent progress on curcumin-based therapeutics: a patent review (2012-2016). Part II: curcumin derivatives in cancer and neurodegeneration," Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 953-965, 2017.
• [14] A. M. Serpa Guerra et al., "The nanotech potential of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) in food technology: A review," Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1842-1854, 2020.
• [15] M. Akram, A. A. Shahab-Uddin, K. Usmanghani, A. Hannan, E. Mohiuddin, and M. Asif, "Curcuma longa and curcumin: a review article," Rom J Biol Plant Biol, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 65-70, 2010.
• [16] Á. L. Santana and M. A. A. Meireles, "New starches are the trend for industry applications: a review," Food and public health, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 229-241, 2014.
• [17] N. Badenhuizen, "General method for starch isolation," Methods in carbohydrate chemistry, vol. 4, pp. 14-15, 1964.
• [18] K. M. Nelson, J. L. Dahlin, J. Bisson, J. Graham, G. F. Pauli, and M. A. Walters, "The essential medicinal chemistry of curcumin: miniperspective," Journal of medicinal chemistry, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1620-1637, 2017.
• [19] P. Anand, A. B. Kunnumakkara, R. A. Newman, and B. B. Aggarwal, "Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises," Molecular pharmaceutics, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 807-818, 2007.
• [20] P. Anand et al., "Biological activities of curcumin and its analogues (Congeners) made by man and Mother Nature," Biochemical pharmacology, vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 1590-1611, 2008.
• [21] S. A. Noureddin, R. M. El-Shishtawy, and K. O. Al-Footy, "Curcumin analogues and their hybrid molecules as multifunctional drugs," European journal of medicinal chemistry, vol. 182, p. 111631, 2019.
• [22] R. L. Thangapazham, A. Sharma, and R. K. Maheshwari, "Multiple molecular targets in cancer chemoprevention by curcumin," The AAPS journal, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. E443-E449, 2006.
• [23] R. Policegoudra and S. Aradhya, "Structure and biochemical properties of starch from an unconventional source-Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome," Food hydrocolloids, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 513-519, 2008.
• [24] X.-Y. Xu, X. Meng, S. Li, R.-Y. Gan, Y. Li, and H.-B. Li, "Bioactivity, health benefits, and related molecular mechanisms of curcumin: Current progress, challenges, and perspectives," Nutrients, vol. 10, no. 10, p. 1553, 2018.
• [25] J. L. Ou, Y. Mizushina, S. Y. Wang, D. Y. Chuang, M. Nadar, and W. L. Hsu, "Structure–activity relationship analysis of curcumin analogues on anti‐influenza virus activity," The FEBS journal, vol. 280, no. 22, pp. 5829-5840, 2013.
• [26] X.-y. Fu et al., "Strategy to suppress oxidative damage-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells by curcumin: the role of ROS-mediated DNA damage and the MAPK and AKT pathways," Molecular neurobiology, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 369-378, 2016.
• [27] A. Allegra, V. Innao, S. Russo, D. Gerace, A. Alonci, and C. Musolino, "Anticancer activity of curcumin and its analogues: preclinical and clinical studies," Cancer investigation, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2017.
• [28] M. K. Shanmugam et al., "The multifaceted role of curcumin in cancer prevention and treatment," Molecules, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 2728-2769, 2015.
• [29] A. Zielińska et al., "Properties, extraction methods, and delivery systems for curcumin as a natural source of beneficial health effects," Medicina, vol. 56, no. 7, p. 336, 2020.
• [30] L. Zhang et al., "A novel folate-modified self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of curcumin for colon targeting," International journal of nanomedicine, vol. 7, p. 151, 2012.
• [31] W. Liu et al., "Oral bioavailability of curcumin: problems and advancements," Journal of drug targeting, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 694-702, 2016.
• [32] S. Prasad, A. K. Tyagi, and B. B. Aggarwal, "Recent developments in delivery, bioavailability, absorption and metabolism of curcumin: the golden pigment from golden spice," Cancer research and treatment: official journal of Korean Cancer Association, vol. 46, no. 1, p. 2, 2014.
• [33] J. L. Ryan et al., "Curcumin for radiation dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of thirty breast cancer patients," Radiation research, vol. 180, no. 1, pp. 34-43, 2013.
• [34] K.-Y. Yang, L.-C. Lin, T.-Y. Tseng, S.-C. Wang, and T.-H. Tsai, "Oral bioavailability of curcumin in rat and the herbal analysis from Curcuma longa by LC–MS/MS," Journal of chromatography B, vol. 853, no. 1-2, pp. 183-189, 2007.
• [35] S. I. Hoehle, E. Pfeiffer, A. M. Sólyom, and M. Metzler, "Metabolism of curcuminoids in tissue slices and subcellular fractions from rat liver," Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 756-764, 2006.
• [36] S. S. Bansal, M. Goel, F. Aqil, M. V. Vadhanam, and R. C. Gupta, "Advanced drug delivery systems of curcumin for cancer chemoprevention," Cancer prevention research, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 1158-1171, 2011.
• [37] G. Shoba, D. Joy, T. Joseph, M. Majeed, R. Rajendran, and P. Srinivas, "Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers," Planta medica, vol. 64, no. 04, pp. 353-356, 1998.
• [38] C. Hsieh, "Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions," Anticancer Res, vol. 21, no. 2895, p. e2900, 2001.
• [39] C. D. Lao et al., "Dose escalation of a curcuminoid formulation," BMC complementary and alternative medicine, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-4, 2006.
• [40] R. A. Sharma et al., "Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance," Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 10, no. 20, pp. 6847-6854, 2004.
• [41] M.-H. Pan, T.-M. Huang, and J.-K. Lin, "Biotransformation of curcumin through reduction and glucuronidation in mice," Drug metabolism and disposition, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 486-494, 1999.
• [42] S. Perkins et al., "Chemopreventive efficacy and pharmacokinetics of curcumin in the min/+ mouse, a model of familial adenomatous polyposis," Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 535-540, 2002.
• [43] K. Maiti, K. Mukherjee, A. Gantait, B. P. Saha, and P. K. Mukherjee, "Curcumin–phospholipid complex: preparation, therapeutic evaluation and pharmacokinetic study in rats," International journal of pharmaceutics, vol. 330, no. 1-2, pp. 155-163, 2007.
• [44] N. Chand, "Standardized turmeric and curcumin," in Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine: Springer, 2019, pp. 3-23.
• [45] L. Vollono et al., "Potential of curcumin in skin disorders," Nutrients, vol. 11, no. 9, p. 2169, 2019.
• [46] U. Eke‐Okoro, R. Raffa, J. Pergolizzi Jr, F. Breve, R. Taylor Jr, and N. R. Group, "Curcumin in turmeric: Basic and clinical evidence for a potential role in analgesia," Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 460-466, 2018.
• [47] V. Soleimani, A. Sahebkar, and H. Hosseinzadeh, "Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its major constituent (curcumin) as nontoxic and safe substances," Phytotherapy Research, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 985-995, 2018.
• [48] K. H. Cox, A. Pipingas, and A. B. Scholey, "Investigation of the effects of solid lipid curcumin on cognition and mood in a healthy older population," Journal of psychopharmacology, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 642-651, 2015.
• [49] J. M. Oliver et al., "Novel form of curcumin improves endothelial function in young, healthy individuals: a double-blind placebo controlled study," Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 2016, 2016.
• [50] Y. S. Yang, Y. F. Su, H. W. Yang, Y. H. Lee, J. I. Chou, and K. C. Ueng, "Lipid‐lowering effects of curcumin in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial," Phytotherapy research, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 1770-1777, 2014.
• [51] S. Chuengsamarn, S. Rattanamongkolgul, B. Phonrat, R. Tungtrongchitr, and S. Jirawatnotai, "Reduction of atherogenic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes by curcuminoid extract: a randomized controlled trial," The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 144-150, 2014.
• [52] G. Garcea et al., "Detection of curcumin and its metabolites in hepatic tissue and portal blood of patients following oral administration," British journal of cancer, vol. 90, no. 5, pp. 1011-1015, 2004.
• [53] B. Joe, M. Vijaykumar, and B. Lokesh, "Biological properties of curcumin-cellular and molecular mechanisms of action," Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 97-111, 2004.
• [54] A. Asai and T. Miyazawa, "Occurrence of orally administered curcuminoid as glucuronide and glucuronide/sulfate conjugates in rat plasma," Life sciences, vol. 67, no. 23, pp. 2785-2793, 2000.
• [55] D. Paolino et al., "Improvement of oral bioavailability of curcumin upon microencapsulation with methacrylic copolymers," Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 7, p. 485, 2016.
• [56] U. Klickovic et al., "Human pharmacokinetics of high dose oral curcumin and its effect on heme oxygenase-1 expression in healthy male subjects," BioMed research international, vol. 2014, 2014.
• [57] X. Zeng et al., "Selective reduction in the expression of UGTs and SULTs, a novel mechanism by which piperine enhances the bioavailability of curcumin in rat," Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 3-19, 2017.
• [58] S. Peng et al., "Hybrid liposomes composed of amphiphilic chitosan and phospholipid: Preparation, stability and bioavailability as a carrier for curcumin," Carbohydrate polymers, vol. 156, pp. 322-332, 2017.
• [59] T. Feng, Y. Wei, R. J. Lee, and L. Zhao, "Liposomal curcumin and its application in cancer," International journal of nanomedicine, vol. 12, p. 6027, 2017.
• [60] W. Xu, P. Ling, and T. Zhang, "Polymeric micelles, a promising drug delivery system to enhance bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs," Journal of drug delivery, vol. 2013, 2013.
• [61] B. Haley and E. Frenkel, "Nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer treatment," in Urologic Oncology: Seminars and original investigations, 2008, vol. 26, no. 1: Elsevier, pp. 57-64.
• [62] J.-U. A. Junghanns and R. H. Müller, "Nanocrystal technology, drug delivery and clinical applications," International journal of nanomedicine, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 295, 2008.
• [63] S. Chaurasia, R. R. Patel, P. Chaubey, N. Kumar, G. Khan, and B. Mishra, "Lipopolysaccharide based oral nanocarriers for the improvement of bioavailability and anticancer efficacy of curcumin," Carbohydrate polymers, vol. 130, pp. 9-17, 2015.
• [64] G. D. Akbay and A. G. Pekcan, "Zerdeçal: Beslenme ve sağlık yönünden değerlendirilmesi," Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 68-72, 2016.
• [65] G. H. da Silva, M. A. Fernandes, L. N. F. Trevizan, F. T. de Lima, J. O. Eloy, and M. Chorilli, "A critical review of properties and analytical methods for the determination of docetaxel in biological and pharmaceutical matrices," Critical reviews in analytical chemistry, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 517-527, 2018.
• [66] Y. Peng et al., "Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the inflammatory diseases: Status, limitations and countermeasures," Drug design, development and therapy, vol. 15, p. 4503, 2021.
• [67] M. Ashrafizadeh, H. Rafiei, R. Mohammadinejad, E. G. Afshar, T. Farkhondeh, and S. Samarghandian, "Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin mediated by JAK/STAT signaling pathway: a review," Phytotherapy Research, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1745-1760, 2020.
• [68] M. Olcum, B. Tastan, I. Ercan, I. B. Eltutan, and S. Genc, "Inhibitory effects of phytochemicals on NLRP3 inflammasome activation: a review," Phytomedicine, vol. 75, p. 153238, 2020.
• [69] W. Zhang et al., "Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of Th17/Treg balance in health and disease," European Journal of Immunology, vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 2137-2150, 2021.
• [70] S. Barangi, A. W. Hayes, and G. Karimi, "The more effective treatment of atrial fibrillation applying the natural compounds; as NADPH oxidase and ion channel inhibitors," Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 1230-1241, 2018.
• [71] V. Jairath and B. G. Feagan, "Global burden of inflammatory bowel disease," The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 2-3, 2020.
• [72] D. Ν. Skyvalidas et al., "Curcumin mediates attenuation of pro-inflammatory interferon γ and interleukin 17 cytokine responses in psoriatic disease, strengthening its role as a dietary immunosuppressant," Nutrition Research, vol. 75, pp. 95-108, 2020.
• [73] N. K. Campbell et al., "Naturally derived Heme-Oxygenase 1 inducers attenuate inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells and T cells: Relevance for psoriasis treatment," Scientific reports, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2018.
• [74] J. Liu et al., "Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients," EBioMedicine, vol. 55, p. 102763, 2020.
• [75] M. J. Fowler, "Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes," Clinical diabetes, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 77-82, 2008.
• [76] R. R. Petchi, C. Vijaya, and S. Parasuraman, "Antidiabetic Activity of Polyherbal Formulation in Streptozotocin – Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats," Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 108-117, 2014/04/01/ 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/2225-4110.126174.
• [77] V. K. Sayeli and A. K. Shenoy, "Antidiabetic effect of bio-enhanced preparation of turmeric in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic Wistar rats," Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 474-479, 2021/07/01/ 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2021.04.010.
• [78] A. D. Association, "9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020," Diabetes care, vol. 43, no. Supplement_1, pp. S98-S110, 2020.
• [79] R. Jadhav and G. Puchchakayala, "Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic activity of flavonoids: boswellic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, rutin on streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats," Group, vol. 1, p. 100g, 2012.
• [80] D.-w. Zhang, M. Fu, S.-H. Gao, and J.-L. Liu, "Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review," Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2013, 2013.
• [81] J. Lal, "Turmeric, Curcumin and Our Life: A Review," 2012.
• [82] T. Szkudelski, "Streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced diabetes in the rat. Characteristics of the experimental model," Experimental biology and medicine, vol. 237, no. 5, pp. 481-490, 2012.
• [83] R. D. Wilson and M. Islam, "Fructose-fed streptozotocin-injected rat: an alternative model for type 2 diabetes," Pharmacological reports, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 129-139, 2012.
• [84] P. Rai, D. Jaiswal, S. Mehta, D. Rai, B. Sharma, and G. Watal, "Effect of Curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder with milk in STZ induced diabetic rats," Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 175-181, 2010.
• [85] J. Hajavi, A. A. Momtazi, T. P. Johnston, M. Banach, M. Majeed, and A. Sahebkar, "Curcumin: a naturally occurring modulator of adipokines in diabetes," Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 118, no. 12, pp. 4170-4182, 2017.
• [86] S. S. Patil and V. K. Rathod, "Simultaneous extraction and partial purification of proteins from spent turmeric powder using ultrasound intensified three phase partitioning and its potential as antidiabetic agent," Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, vol. 172, p. 108788, 2022/02/01/ 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2022.108788.
• [87] P. Poirier et al., "Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism," Circulation, vol. 113, no. 6, pp. 898-918, 2006.
• [88] W. H. Organization, Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. World Health Organization, 2003.
• [89] M. Singh, T. Thrimawithana, R. Shukla, and B. Adhikari, "Managing obesity through natural polyphenols: A review," Future Foods, vol. 1, p. 100002, 2020.
• [90] S. Ghosh, S. Banerjee, and P. C. Sil, "The beneficial role of curcumin on inflammation, diabetes and neurodegenerative disease: A recent update," Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 83, pp. 111-124, 2015.
• [91] M. A. El-Moselhy, A. Taye, S. S. Sharkawi, S. F. El-Sisi, and A. F. Ahmed, "The antihyperglycemic effect of curcumin in high fat diet fed rats. Role of TNF-α and free fatty acids," Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1129-1140, 2011.
• [92] A. Ejaz, D. Wu, P. Kwan, and M. Meydani, "Curcumin inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and angiogenesis and obesity in C57/BL mice," The Journal of nutrition, vol. 139, no. 5, pp. 919-925, 2009.
• [93] C. Y. Kim, T. T. Le, C. Chen, J.-X. Cheng, and K.-H. Kim, "Curcumin inhibits adipocyte differentiation through modulation of mitotic clonal expansion," The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 910-920, 2011.
• [94] W. Shao et al., "Curcumin prevents high fat diet induced insulin resistance and obesity via attenuating lipogenesis in liver and inflammatory pathway in adipocytes," PloS one, vol. 7, no. 1, p. e28784, 2012.
• [95] L. Tian et al., "Curcumin represses mouse 3T3-L1 cell adipogenic differentiation via inhibiting miR-17-5p and stimulating the Wnt signalling pathway effector Tcf7l2," Cell death & disease, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. e2559-e2559, 2018.
• [96] J. Ahn, H. Lee, S. Kim, and T. Ha, "Curcumin-induced suppression of adipogenic differentiation is accompanied by activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling," American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, vol. 298, no. 6, pp. C1510-C1516, 2010.
• [97] R. Wu et al., "Epigallocatechin gallate targets FTO and inhibits adipogenesis in an mRNA m6A-YTHDF2-dependent manner," International journal of obesity, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1378-1388, 2018.
• [98] X. Wang, L. Zhu, J. Chen, and Y. Wang, "mRNA m6A methylation downregulates adipogenesis in porcine adipocytes," Biochemical and biophysical research communications, vol. 459, no. 2, pp. 201-207, 2015.
• [99] X. Zhao et al., "FTO-dependent demethylation of N6-methyladenosine regulates mRNA splicing and is required for adipogenesis," Cell research, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 1403-1419, 2014.
• [100] R. Wu et al., "FTO regulates adipogenesis by controlling cell cycle progression via m6A-YTHDF2 dependent mechanism," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, vol. 1863, no. 10, pp. 1323-1330, 2018.
• [101] R. Wu et al., "m6A methylation controls pluripotency of porcine induced pluripotent stem cells by targeting SOCS3/JAK2/STAT3 pathway in a YTHDF1/YTHDF2-orchestrated manner," Cell death & disease, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1-15, 2019.
• [102] X. Wang et al., "m6A mRNA methylation controls autophagy and adipogenesis by targeting Atg5 and Atg7," Autophagy, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 1221-1235, 2020.
• [103] N. Lu et al., "Curcumin attenuates lipopolysaccharide‐induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorder by modification of m6A RNA methylation in piglets," Lipids, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 53-63, 2018.
• [104] Z. Gan et al., "Resveratrol and curcumin improve intestinal mucosal integrity and decrease m6A RNA methylation in the intestine of weaning piglets," ACS omega, vol. 4, no. 17, pp. 17438-17446, 2019.
• [105] Y. Chen et al., "Curcumin prevents obesity by targeting TRAF4-induced ubiquitylation in m6A-dependent manner," EMBO reports, vol. 22, no. 5, p. e52146, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.202052146.
• [106] N. Baziar and M. Parohan, "The effects of curcumin supplementation on body mass index, body weight, and waist circumference in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials," Phytotherapy Research, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 464-474, 2020.
• [107] M. Obika and H. Noguchi, "Diagnosis and evaluation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease," Experimental diabetes research, vol. 2012, 2011.
• [108] S. Zelber-Sagi, V. Ratziu, and R. Oren, "Nutrition and physical activity in NAFLD: an overview of the epidemiological evidence," World journal of gastroenterology: WJG, vol. 17, no. 29, p. 3377, 2011.
• [109] M. jarhahzadeh, P. Alavinejad, F. Farsi, D. Husain, and A. Rezazadeh, "The effect of turmeric on lipid profile, malondialdehyde, liver echogenicity and enzymes among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized double blind clinical trial," Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 112, 2021/10/18 2021, doi: 10.1186/s13098-021-00731-7.
• [110] P. Marzuillo, E. M. Del Giudice, and N. Santoro, "Pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: New insights and future directions," (in eng), World J Hepatol, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 217-225, 2014, doi: 10.4254/wjh.v6.i4.217.
• [111] C. P. Day, "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a massive problem," (in eng), Clin Med (Lond), vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 176-178, 2011, doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.11-2-176.
• [112] G. Targher, C. P. Day, and E. Bonora, "Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease," New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 363, no. 14, pp. 1341-1350, 2010.
• [113] D. Schuppan and J. M. Schattenberg, "Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Pathogenesis and novel therapeutic approaches," Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 28, no. S1, pp. 68-76, 2013.
• [114] F. Farsi, M. Mohammadshahi, P. Alavinejad, A. Rezazadeh, M. Zarei, and K. A. Engali, "Functions of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Liver Enzymes, Markers of Systemic Inflammation, and Adipokines in Patients Affected by Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial," Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 346-353, 2016/05/18 2016, doi: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1021057.
• [115] K. Madan, P. Bhardwaj, S. Thareja, S. D. Gupta, and A. Saraya, "Oxidant Stress and Antioxidant Status Among Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)," Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol. 40, no. 10, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://journals.lww.com/jcge/Fulltext/2006/11000/Oxidant_Stress_and_Antioxidant_Status_Among.11.aspx.
• [116] A. P. Rolo, J. S. Teodoro, and C. M. Palmeira, "Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis," Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 59-69, 2012/01/01/ 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.003.
• [117] P. Alavinejad et al., "The Effects of Dark Chocolate Consumption on Lipid Profile, Fasting Blood Sugar, Liver Enzymes, Inflammation, and Antioxidant Status in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot study," Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research, vol. 4, 12/21 2015, doi: 10.17554/j.issn.2224-3992.2015.04.589.
• [118] C. M. White and J. Y. Lee, "The impact of turmeric or its curcumin extract on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review of clinical trials," (in eng), Pharm Pract (Granada), vol. 17, no. 1, p. 1350, Jan-Mar 2019, doi: 10.18549/PharmPract.2019.1.1350.
• [119] Z. Wei et al., "The effects of curcumin on the metabolic parameters of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials," (in eng), Hepatol Int, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 302-313, May 2019, doi: 10.1007/s12072-018-9910-x.
• [120] F. Mansour-Ghanaei, M. Pourmasoumi, A. Hadi, and F. Joukar, "Efficacy of curcumin/turmeric on liver enzymes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials," Integrative Medicine Research, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 57-61, 2019/03/01/ 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2018.07.004.
• [121] S. A. Mard, S. P. Alavinejad, Z. Shokati Eshkiki, Z. Pourmousa, N. Zaeemzadeh, and S. J. Hashemi, "A Pilot Study of Epigallocatechin Gallate Treatment in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver," 2020, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), Flavonoids, Antioxidant, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) vol. 25, no. 2, p. 8, 2020-07-12 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www.govaresh.org/index.php/dd/article/view/2163.
• [122] A. Sahebkar, M.-C. Serban, S. Ursoniu, and M. Banach, "Effect of curcuminoids on oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials," Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 18, pp. 898-909, 2015/10/01/ 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.005.
• [123] D. J. Messner, G. Sivam, and K. V. Kowdley, "Curcumin reduces the toxic effects of iron loading in rat liver epithelial cells," (in eng), Liver Int, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 63-72, Jan 2009, doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01793.x.
• [124] S.-W. Kim et al., "The effectiveness of fermented turmeric powder in subjects with elevated alanine transaminase levels: a randomised controlled study," BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 58, 2013/03/08 2013, doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-58.
• [125] Y. Panahi, N. Khalili, M. S. Hosseini, M. Abbasinazari, and A. Sahebkar, "Lipid-modifying effects of adjunctive therapy with curcuminoids–piperine combination in patients with metabolic syndrome: Results of a randomized controlled trial," Complementary Therapies in Medicine, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 851-857, 2014/10/01/ 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2014.07.006.
• [126] Y. Panahi, P. Kianpour, R. Mohtashami, R. Jafari, L. E. Simental-Mendía, and A. Sahebkar, "Curcumin Lowers Serum Lipids and Uric Acid in Subjects With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial," (in eng), J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 223-9, Sep 2016, doi: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000406.
• [127] R. S. Wong, "Apoptosis in cancer: from pathogenesis to treatment," Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 2011.
• [128] J. H. Bauer and S. L. Helfand, "New tricks of an old molecule: lifespan regulation by p53," Aging cell, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 437-440, 2006.
• [129] M. Tuorkey, "Curcumin a potent cancer preventive agent: Mechanisms of cancer cell killing," Interventional Medicine and Applied Science, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 139-146, 2014.
• [130] L. Moragoda, R. Jaszewski, and A. Majumdar, "Curcumin induced modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis in gastric and colon cancer cells," Anticancer research, vol. 21, no. 2A, pp. 873-878, 2001.
• [131] F. A. Siddiqui et al., "Curcumin decreases Warburg effect in cancer cells by down-regulating pyruvate kinase M2 via mTOR-HIF1α inhibition," Scientific reports, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2018.
• [132] R. Buettner, L. B. Mora, and R. Jove, "Activated STAT signaling in human tumors provides novel molecular targets for therapeutic intervention," Clinical cancer research, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 945-954, 2002.
• [133] S. S. Chung and J. V. Vadgama, "Curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate inhibit the cancer stem cell phenotype via down-regulation of STAT3–NFκB signaling," Anticancer research, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 39-46, 2015.
• [134] Y. Uehara et al., "Inhibition of β-catenin and STAT3 with a curcumin analog suppresses gastric carcinogenesis in vivo," Gastric Cancer, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 774-783, 2015.
• [135] A. Hu et al., "Curcumin suppresses invasiveness and vasculogenic mimicry of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx through the inhibition of JAK-2/STAT-3 signaling pathway," American journal of cancer research, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 278, 2015.
• [136] J. W. Bijlsma, F. Berenbaum, and F. P. Lafeber, "Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical practice," The Lancet, vol. 377, no. 9783, pp. 2115-2126, 2011.
• [137] E.-J. Seo, T. Efferth, and A. Panossian, "Curcumin downregulates expression of opioid-related nociceptin receptor gene (OPRL1) in isolated neuroglia cells," Phytomedicine, vol. 50, pp. 285-299, 2018.
• [138] Z. Zhang et al., "Curcumin slows osteoarthritis progression and relieves osteoarthritis-associated pain symptoms in a post-traumatic osteoarthritis mouse model," Arthritis research & therapy, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-12, 2016.
• [139] N. Zhang et al., "FM0807 decelerates experimental arthritis progression by inhibiting inflammatory responses and joint destruction via modulating NF-κB and MAPK pathways," Bioscience Reports, vol. 39, no. 9, 2019.
• [140] M. L. Manca et al., "Potential therapeutic effect of curcumin loaded hyalurosomes against inflammatory and oxidative processes involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: The use of fibroblast-like synovial cells cultured in synovial fluid," European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics, vol. 136, pp. 84-92, 2019.
• [141] S. Srivastava, A. K. Saksena, S. Khattri, S. Kumar, and R. S. Dagur, "Curcuma longa extract reduces inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in osteoarthritis of knee: a four-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial," Inflammopharmacology, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 377-388, 2016.
• [142] A. F. Wright, C. F. Chakarova, M. M. Abd El-Aziz, and S. S. Bhattacharya, "Photoreceptor degeneration: genetic and mechanistic dissection of a complex trait," (in eng), Nat Rev Genet, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 273-84, Apr 2010, doi: 10.1038/nrg2717.
• [143] L. Wang, C. Li, H. Guo, T. S. Kern, K. Huang, and L. Zheng, "Curcumin inhibits neuronal and vascular degeneration in retina after ischemia and reperfusion injury," (in eng), PLoS One, vol. 6, no. 8, p. e23194, 2011, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023194.
• [144] S. Enoch, J. E. Grey, and K. G. Harding, "Recent advances and emerging treatments," Bmj, vol. 332, no. 7547, pp. 962-965, 2006.
• [145] G. Topman, F.-H. Lin, and A. Gefen, "The natural medications for wound healing–Curcumin, Aloe-Vera and Ginger–do not induce a significant effect on the migration kinematics of cultured fibroblasts," Journal of biomechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 170-174, 2013.
• [146] A. J. Singer and R. A. Clark, "Cutaneous wound healing," New England journal of medicine, vol. 341, no. 10, pp. 738-746, 1999.
• [147] C. Mohanty, M. Das, and S. K. Sahoo, "Sustained wound healing activity of curcumin loaded oleic acid based polymeric bandage in a rat model," Molecular pharmaceutics, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 2801-2811, 2012.
• [148] S. Manoharan, G. J. Guillemin, R. S. Abiramasundari, M. M. Essa, M. Akbar, and M. D. Akbar, "The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Huntington’s Disease: A Mini Review," Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2016, p. 8590578, 2016/12/27 2016, doi: 10.1155/2016/8590578.
• [149] S. Amor, F. Puentes, D. Baker, and P. van der Valk, "Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases," (in eng), Immunology, vol. 129, no. 2, pp. 154-69, Feb 2010, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03225.x.
• [150] G. M. Cole, B. Teter, and S. A. Frautschy, "NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN," in The Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Curcumin in Health and Disease, B. B. Aggarwal, Y.-J. Surh, and S. Shishodia Eds. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2007, pp. 197-212.
• [151] M. T. Lin and M. F. Beal, "Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases," (in eng), Nature, vol. 443, no. 7113, pp. 787-95, Oct 19 2006, doi: 10.1038/nature05292.
• [152] A. Martínez, M. Portero-Otin, R. Pamplona, and I. Ferrer, "Protein targets of oxidative damage in human neurodegenerative diseases with abnormal protein aggregates," (in eng), Brain Pathol, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 281-97, Mar 2010, doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00326.x.
• [153] R. B. Mythri, G. Harish, S. K. Dubey, K. Misra, and M. M. Bharath, "Glutamoyl diester of the dietary polyphenol curcumin offers improved protection against peroxynitrite-mediated nitrosative stress and damage of brain mitochondria in vitro: implications for Parkinson's disease," (in eng), Mol Cell Biochem, vol. 347, no. 1-2, pp. 135-43, Jan 2011, doi: 10.1007/s11010-010-0621-4.
• [154] G. P. Lim, T. Chu, F. Yang, W. Beech, S. A. Frautschy, and G. M. Cole, "The curry spice curcumin reduces oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse," (in eng), J Neurosci, vol. 21, no. 21, pp. 8370-7, Nov 1 2001, doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.21-21-08370.2001.
• [155] S. Parakh and J. D. Atkin, "Protein folding alterations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis," (in eng), Brain Res, vol. 1648, no. Pt B, pp. 633-649, Oct 1 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.010.
• [156] G. Ponath, C. Park, and D. Pitt, "The Role of Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis," (in English), Frontiers in Immunology, Review vol. 9, 2018-February-19 2018, doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00217.
• [157] M. Qureshi, E. A. Al-Suhaimi, F. Wahid, O. Shehzad, and A. Shehzad, "Therapeutic potential of curcumin for multiple sclerosis," Neurological Sciences, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 207-214, 2018/02/01 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10072-017-3149-5.
• [158] R. Brambilla, "The contribution of astrocytes to the neuroinflammatory response in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis," Acta Neuropathologica, vol. 137, no. 5, pp. 757-783, 2019/05/01 2019, doi: 10.1007/s00401-019-01980-7.
• [159] M. L. Giuffrida et al., "Beta-amyloid monomers are neuroprotective," (in eng), J Neurosci, vol. 29, no. 34, pp. 10582-7, Aug 26 2009, doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.1736-09.2009.
• [160] M. Yamada, K. Ono, T. Hamaguchi, and M. Noguchi-Shinohara, "Natural Phenolic Compounds as Therapeutic and Preventive Agents for Cerebral Amyloidosis," (in eng), Adv Exp Med Biol, vol. 863, pp. 79-94, 2015, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-18365-7_4.
• [161] N. Arun and N. Nalini, "Efficacy of turmeric on blood sugar and polyol pathway in diabetic albino rats," (in eng), Plant Foods Hum Nutr, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 41-52, Winter 2002, doi: 10.1023/a:1013106527829.
• [162] M. Kim and Y. Kim, "Hypocholesterolemic effects of curcumin via up-regulation of cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase in rats fed a high fat diet," (in eng), Nutr Res Pract, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 191-5, Jun 2010, doi: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.3.191.
• [163] P. Rinwa, A. Kumar, and S. Garg, "Suppression of neuroinflammatory and apoptotic signaling cascade by curcumin alone and in combination with piperine in rat model of olfactory bulbectomy induced depression," (in eng), PLoS One, vol. 8, no. 4, p. e61052, 2013, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061052.
• [164] A. F. Jorm, "History of depression as a risk factor for dementia: an updated review," (in eng), Aust N Z J Psychiatry, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 776-81, Dec 2001, doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00967.x.
• [165] D. Gustafson, E. Rothenberg, K. Blennow, B. Steen, and I. Skoog, "An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease," (in eng), Arch Intern Med, vol. 163, no. 13, pp. 1524-8, Jul 14 2003, doi: 10.1001/archinte.163.13.1524.
• [166] S. D. Yan et al., "RAGE and amyloid-beta peptide neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease," (in eng), Nature, vol. 382, no. 6593, pp. 685-91, Aug 22 1996, doi: 10.1038/382685a0.
• [167] C. Reitz, C. Brayne, and R. Mayeux, "Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease," (in eng), Nat Rev Neurol, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 137-52, Mar 2011, doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.2.
• [168] Y. Wang et al., "Curcumin as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease: a study of the effects of curcumin on hippocampal expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein," (in eng), Am J Chin Med, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 59-70, 2013, doi: 10.1142/s0192415x13500055.
• [169] A. L. Lopresti, M. Maes, M. J. M. Meddens, G. L. Maker, E. Arnoldussen, and P. D. Drummond, "Curcumin and major depression: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the potential of peripheral biomarkers to predict treatment response and antidepressant mechanisms of change," European Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 38-50, 2015/01/01/ 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.11.015.
• [170] B. Leonard and M. Maes, "Mechanistic explanations how cell-mediated immune activation, inflammation and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways and their sequels and concomitants play a role in the pathophysiology of unipolar depression," Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 764-785, 2012/02/01/ 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.005.
• [171] M. B. Howren, D. M. Lamkin, and J. Suls, "Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis," (in eng), Psychosom Med, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 171-86, Feb 2009, doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b.
• [172] L. Fusar-Poli et al., "Curcumin for depression: a meta-analysis," (in eng), Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, vol. 60, no. 15, pp. 2643-2653, 2020, doi: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1653260.
• [173] B. J et al., "Curcumin as an add-on to antidepressive treatment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical study. Bergman J, Miodownik C, Bersudsky Y, Sokolik S, Lerner PP, Kreinin A, Polakiewicz J, Lerner V. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2013 May-Jun;36(3):73-7," Clinical Neuropharmacology, vol. 36, pp. 73-77, 05/01 2013.
• [174] J. Sanmukhani et al., "Efficacy and safety of curcumin in major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial," (in eng), Phytother Res, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 579-85, Apr 2014, doi: 10.1002/ptr.5025.
• [175] A. L. Lopresti, M. Maes, G. L. Maker, S. D. Hood, and P. D. Drummond, "Curcumin for the treatment of major depression: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study," (in eng), J Affect Disord, vol. 167, pp. 368-75, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.001.
• [176] J. Li et al., "Sub-Acute Treatment of Curcumin Derivative J147 Ameliorates Depression-Like Behavior Through 5-HT(1A)-Mediated cAMP Signaling," (in eng), Front Neurosci, vol. 14, p. 701, 2020, doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00701.
• [177] M. M. Abd-Rabo, G. S. Georgy, N. M. Saied, and W. A. Hassan, "Involvement of the serotonergic system and neuroplasticity in the antidepressant effect of curcumin in ovariectomized rats: Comparison with oestradiol and fluoxetine," (in eng), Phytother Res, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 387-396, Feb 2019, doi: 10.1002/ptr.6232.
• [178] M. R. Jennings and R. J. Parks, "Curcumin as an antiviral agent," Viruses, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 1242, 2020.
• [179] Z. Sui, R. Salto, J. Li, C. Craik, and P. R. O. de Montellano, "Inhibition of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases by curcumin and curcumin boron complexes," Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 415-422, 1993.
• [180] V. H. Ferreira, A. Nazli, S. E. Dizzell, K. Mueller, and C. Kaushic, "The anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin protects the genital mucosal epithelial barrier from disruption and blocks replication of HIV-1 and HSV-2," PloS one, vol. 10, no. 4, p. e0124903, 2015.
• [181] R. K. Sharma et al., "Immunomodulatory activities of curcumin-stabilized silver nanoparticles: Efficacy as an antiretroviral therapeutic," Immunological investigations, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 833-846, 2017.
• [182] B. K. Adams et al., "Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel curcumin analogs as anti-cancer and anti-angiogenesis agents," Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, vol. 12, no. 14, pp. 3871-3883, 2004.
• [183] B. C. Mounce, T. Cesaro, L. Carrau, T. Vallet, and M. Vignuzzi, "Curcumin inhibits Zika and chikungunya virus infection by inhibiting cell binding," Antiviral research, vol. 142, pp. 148-157, 2017.
• [184] F. Nimmerjahn et al., "Active NF-κB signalling is a prerequisite for influenza virus infection," Journal of General Virology, vol. 85, no. 8, pp. 2347-2356, 2004.
• [185] S. Han, J. Xu, X. Guo, and M. Huang, "Curcumin ameliorates severe influenza pneumonia via attenuating lung injury and regulating macrophage cytokines production," Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 84-93, 2018.
• [186] J. Dai et al., "Inhibition of curcumin on influenza A virus infection and influenzal pneumonia via oxidative stress, TLR2/4, p38/JNK MAPK and NF-κB pathways," International immunopharmacology, vol. 54, pp. 177-187, 2018.
• [187] C.-C. Wen et al., "Specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus," Journal of medicinal chemistry, vol. 50, no. 17, pp. 4087-4095, 2007.
• [188] V. K. Maurya, S. Kumar, A. K. Prasad, M. L. Bhatt, and S. K. Saxena, "Structure-based drug designing for potential antiviral activity of selected natural products from Ayurveda against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and its cellular receptor," Virusdisease, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 179-193, 2020.
• [189] S.-Y. Teow, K. Liew, S. A. Ali, A. S.-B. Khoo, and S.-C. Peh, "Antibacterial action of curcumin against Staphylococcus aureus: a brief review," Journal of tropical medicine, vol. 2016, 2016.
• [190] P. Tyagi, M. Singh, H. Kumari, A. Kumari, and K. Mukhopadhyay, "Bactericidal activity of curcumin I is associated with damaging of bacterial membrane," PloS one, vol. 10, no. 3, p. e0121313, 2015.
• [191] S. A. Marathe, A. Balakrishnan, V. D. Negi, D. Sakorey, N. Chandra, and D. Chakravortty, "Curcumin reduces the motility of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by binding to the flagella, thereby leading to flagellar fragility and shedding," Journal of bacteriology, vol. 198, no. 13, pp. 1798-1811, 2016.
• [192] P. Bellio et al., "Curcumin inhibits the SOS response induced by levofloxacin in Escherichia coli," Phytomedicine, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 430-434, 2014.
• [193] M. Suzuki et al., "Elucidation of anti-allergic activities of curcumin-related compounds with a special reference to their anti-oxidative activities," Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 1438-1443, 2005.
• [194] S. Yano et al., "Antiallergic Activity of Curcuma longa (II): Features of inhibitory actions on histamine release from mast cells," Natural medicines= 生薬學雜誌, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 325-329, 2000.
• [195] K. Shimoda and H. Hamada, "Enzymatic synthesis and anti-allergic activities of curcumin oligosaccharides," Biochemistry Insights, vol. 3, p. BCI. S2768, 2010.
• [196] V. P. Kurup and C. S. Barrios, "Immunomodulatory effects of curcumin in allergy," Molecular nutrition & food research, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 1031-1039, 2008.
• [197] A. Abidi, S. Gupta, M. Agarwal, H. Bhalla, and M. Saluja, "Evaluation of efficacy of curcumin as an add-on therapy in patients of bronchial asthma," Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, vol. 8, no. 8, p. HC19, 2014.
• [198] P. J. Barnes, "Cytokine modulators as novel therapies for asthma," Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, vol. 42, p. 81, 2002.
• [199] J. S. Jurenka, "Anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin, a major constituent of Curcuma longa: a review of preclinical and clinical research," Alternative medicine review, vol. 14, no. 2, 2009.
• [200] M. H. Boskabady, F. Amin, and F. Shakeri, "The effect of Curcuma longa on inflammatory mediators and immunological, oxidant, and antioxidant biomarkers in asthmatic rats," Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2021, 2021.
• [201] S. M. Vaidya, A. R. Singh, V. G. Patel, N. A. Khan, R. P. Yewale, and D. M. K. Kale, "A review on herbs against snake venom," Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, vol. 7, no. SP6, pp. 5-9, 2018.
• [202] L. A. Ferreira et al., "Antivenom and biological effects of ar-turmerone isolated from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae)," Toxicon, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1211-1218, 1992.
• [203] X. Gao et al., "Immunomodulatory activity of curcumin: suppression of lymphocyte proliferation, development of cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and cytokine production in vitro," Biochemical pharmacology, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 51-61, 2004.
• [204] Z. Ma, N. Wang, H. He, and X. Tang, "Pharmaceutical strategies of improving oral systemic bioavailability of curcumin for clinical application," Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 316, pp. 359-380, 2019.
• [205] N. Ghalandarlaki, A. M. Alizadeh, and S. Ashkani-Esfahani, "Nanotechnology-applied curcumin for different diseases therapy," BioMed research international, vol. 2014, 2014.
• [206] M. Rahmani, A. Golian, H. Kermanshahi, and M. R. Bassami, "Effects of curcumin and nanocurcumin on growth performance, blood gas indices and ascites mortalities of broiler chickens reared under normal and cold stress conditions," Italian Journal of Animal Science, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 438-446, 2017.
• [207] G. R. Vaz et al., "Development of nasal lipid nanocarriers containing curcumin for brain targeting," Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 961-974, 2017.
• [208] S. Mangalathillam, N. S. Rejinold, A. Nair, V.-K. Lakshmanan, S. V. Nair, and R. Jayakumar, "Curcumin loaded chitin nanogels for skin cancer treatment via the transdermal route," Nanoscale, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 239-250, 2012.
• [209] P. Anand, A. B. Kunnumakkara, R. A. Newman, and B. B. Aggarwal, "Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises," (in eng), Mol Pharm, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 807-18, Nov-Dec 2007, doi: 10.1021/mp700113r.
• [210] C. Saikia, M. K. Das, A. Ramteke, and T. K. Maji, "Controlled release of curcumin from thiolated starch-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles: An in vitro evaluation," International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials, vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 349-358, 2017/05/03 2017, doi: 10.1080/00914037.2016.1217532.
• [211] H. Sadeghzadeh, Y. Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi, A. Akbarzadeh, H. Dariushnejad, F. Sanjarian, and N. Zarghami, "The Effects of Nanoencapsulated Curcumin-Fe3O4 on Proliferation and hTERT Gene Expression in Lung Cancer Cells," (in eng), Anticancer Agents Med Chem, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1363-1373, 2017, doi: 10.2174/1871520617666170213115756.
• [212] D. Lachowicz et al., "Biocompatible and fluorescent superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with superior magnetic properties coated with charged polysaccharide derivatives," (in eng), Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, vol. 150, pp. 402-407, Feb 1 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.11.003.
• [213] L. Hou et al., "Smart nanocomposite hydrogels based on azo crosslinked graphene oxide for oral colon-specific drug delivery," (in eng), Nanotechnology, vol. 27, no. 31, p. 315105, Aug 5 2016, doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/31/315105.
• [214] S. Some et al., "Cancer therapy using ultrahigh hydrophobic drug-loaded graphene derivatives," (in eng), Sci Rep, vol. 4, p. 6314, Sep 10 2014, doi: 10.1038/srep06314.
• [215] Z. Moussa, M. Hmadeh, M. G. Abiad, O. H. Dib, and D. Patra, "Encapsulation of curcumin in cyclodextrin-metal organic frameworks: Dissociation of loaded CD-MOFs enhances stability of curcumin," (in eng), Food Chem, vol. 212, pp. 485-94, Dec 1 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.013.
• [216] H. Danafar, S. Davaran, K. Rostamizadeh, H. Valizadeh, and M. Hamidi, "Biodegradable m-PEG/PCL Core-Shell Micelles: Preparation and Characterization as a Sustained Release Formulation for Curcumin," (in eng), Adv Pharm Bull, vol. 4, no. Suppl 2, pp. 501-10, Dec 2014, doi: 10.5681/apb.2014.074.
• [217] P. Jourghanian, S. Ghaffari, M. Ardjmand, S. Haghighat, and M. Mohammadnejad, "Sustained release Curcumin loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles," (in eng), Adv Pharm Bull, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 17-21, Mar 2016, doi: 10.15171/apb.2016.004.
• [218] P. Kumari et al., "Cholesterol-conjugated poly(D, L-lactide)-based micelles as a nanocarrier system for effective delivery of curcumin in cancer therapy," (in eng), Drug Deliv, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 209-223, Nov 2017, doi: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1245365.
• [219] A. Kalani et al., "Curcumin-loaded embryonic stem cell exosomes restored neurovascular unit following ischemia-reperfusion injury," (in eng), Int J Biochem Cell Biol, vol. 79, pp. 360-369, Oct 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.002.
• [220] Y. H. Cheng, Y. C. Ko, Y. F. Chang, S. H. Huang, and C. J. Liu, "Thermosensitive chitosan-gelatin-based hydrogel containing curcumin-loaded nanoparticles and latanoprost as a dual-drug delivery system for glaucoma treatment," Exp Eye Res, vol. 179, pp. 179-187, Feb 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.017.