Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Durumluk ve Sürekli Yalnızlığın Cinsiyet ve Psikososyal Faktörlerle İlişkisi

Yıl 2021, , 25 - 42, 15.09.2021

Elif Aysimi Duman

https://doi.org/10.52597/buje.994847

Öz

Yalnızlık üniversite öğrencilerinin iyi oluş halini ve akademik performansını etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma cinsiyet ve yalnızlık ölçümlerinin psikososyal faktörlerle ilişkisini incelemektedir. Durumluk ve sürekli yalnızlık arasında zayıf ama anlamlı bir ilişki olması, erkeklerin kadınlardan daha fazla sürekli yalnızlığı olması, ve sürekli yalnızlığın psikososyal faktörlerle daha güçlü ilişkili olması beklenmektedir. Katılımcılar Türkiye'den 239 üniversite öğrencisidir (Myaş=20.49, SDyaş=1.73; %49 kadın). Sürekli yalnızlık (UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği) ve durumluk yalnızlık (tek madde) ayrı olarak ölçülmüştür. İncelenen psikososyal faktörler depresif belirtiler, sosyal destek, benlik saygısı ve yaşam doyumudur. Sonuçlar, durumluk ve sürekli yalnızlık arasında zayıf ama anlamlı, kadınlarda daha güçlü olan bir ilişki göstermiştir. Erkeklerde sürekli yalnızlık kadınlara göre daha fazla görülmüştür. Psikososyal faktörlerin yalnızlıkla ilişkileri sürekli yalnızlık için daha kuvvetlidir. Sonuçlar, üniversite öğrencilerine özel eğitim ve müdahale programları geliştirilebilmesi açısından önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yalnızlık, cinsiyet farkları, depresyon, yaşam doyumu, sosyal destek, benlik saygısı

Associations of State and Trait Loneliness with Gender and Psychosocial Factors in Undergraduates

Öz

Loneliness influences well-being and academic performance of undergraduates. This study investigates how gender and loneliness measures associate with psychosocial factors. A weak positive association between state and trait loneliness is hypothesized with men exhibiting higher trait loneliness than women, and trait loneliness more closely linked with psychosocial factors. Participants were 239 undergraduates from Turkey. Trait loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale) and state loneliness (single-item) were measured separately. Psychosocial factors were depressive symptoms, social support, self-esteem and life satisfaction. Results showed a weak positive correlation between state and trait loneliness that is stronger in women, with men exhibiting higher trait loneliness. Psychosocial factors had significant correlations with loneliness that were stronger for trait loneliness. Results are important for developing specialized education and intervention programs for undergraduates.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Loneliness, gender differences, depression, life satisfaction, social support, self-esteem

Kaynakça

• Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M. T., & Qualter, P. (2020). Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 110066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066
• Bartels, M., Cacioppo, J. T., Hudziak, J. J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008). Genetic and environmental contributions to stability in loneliness throughout childhood. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 147(3), 385-391.
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation, 1, 82.
• Boomsma, D. I., Willemsen, G., Dolan, C. V., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2005). Genetic and environmental contributions to loneliness in adults: The Netherlands twin register study. Behavior Genetics, 35(6), 745-752.
• Borys, S., & Perlman, D. (1985). Gender differences in loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11(1), 63-74.
• Buluş, M. (1997). Üniversite öğrencilerinde yalnızlık. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(3), 82-90.
• Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 238-249.
• Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M., Berntson, G. G., Nouriani, B., & Spiegel, D. (2006). Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(6), 1054-1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.007
• Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 140-151. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140
• Canel-Çınarbaş, D., Cui, Y., & Lauridsen, E. (2011). Cross-cultural validation of the Beck depression inventory–II across US and Turkish samples. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 44(2), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175611400289
• Ceyhan, E., & Ceyhan, A. A. (2011). Üniversite psikolojik danişma merkezine başvuran öğrencilerin yalnizlik ve depresyon düzeyleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(160), 81-92.
• Çeçen, A. R. (2008a). Üniversite öğrencilerinde yaşam doyumu yordamada bireysel bütünlük (tutarlılık) duygusu, aile bütünlük duygusu ve benlik saygısı. Journal of Theory & Practice in Education (JTPE), 4(1), 19-30.
• Çeçen, A. R. (2008b). Öğrencilerinin cinsiyetlerine ve anababa tutum algılarına göre yalnızlık ve sosyal destek düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 415-431.
• Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Yayımlanmamış uzmanlık tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fak, Psikiyatri ABD, Ankara.
• de Jong Gierveld, J., Van Tilburg, T., & Dykstra, P. A. (2006). Loneliness and social isolation. Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, 485-500.
• de Jong Gierveld, J. D. J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2010). The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: Tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European Journal of Ageing, 7(2), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-010-0144-6
• Demir, A. (1990). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yalnızlık düzeylerini etkileyen bazı etmenler. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Diehl, K., Jansen, C., Ishchanova, K., & Hilger-Kolb, J. (2018). Loneliness at universities: Determinants of emotional and social loneliness among students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1865.
• Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
• Duru, E. (2008). Yalnızlığı yordamada sosyal destek ve sosyal bağlılığın rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 23(61), 15-24.
• Duru, E. (2016). Üniversiteye uyum sürecinde yalnızlığı yordamada sosyal destek ve sosyal bağlılığın doğrudan ve dolaylı rolleri. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 3(29). http://turkpdrdergisi.com/index.php/pdr/article/view/240
• Durak, M., Senol-Durak, E., & Gencoz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of the satisfaction with life scale among Turkish university students, correctional officers, and elderly adults. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 413-429.
• Eccles, A. M., & Qualter, P. (2021). Alleviating loneliness in young people–a meta‐analysis of interventions. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 26(1), 17-33.
• Eker, D., & Arkar, H. (1995). Çok boyutlu algılanan sosyal destek ölçeği’nin faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi,10(34), 17-25.
• Erol, S., Sezer, A., Şişman, F. N., & Öztürk, S. (2016). The perception of loneliness and life satisfaction at older people. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences, 5(3), 60-69.
• Gardner, W. L., & Gabriel, S. (2004). Gender differences in relational and collective interdependence: implications for self-views, social behavior, and subjective well-being. In A. H. Eagly, A. E. Beall, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The psychology of gender (p. 169–191). Guilford Press.
• Güloğlu, B., & Karaırmak, O. (2010). Üniversite öğrencilerinde yalnızlığın yordayıcısı olarak benlik saygısı ve psikolojik sağlamlık. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 11(2), 73-88.
• Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218-227.
• Henninger IV, W. R., Eshbaugh, E. M., Osbeck, A., & Madigan, C. (2016). Perceived social support and roommate status as predictors of college student loneliness. Journal of College & University Student Housing, 42(2), 46-59.
• Kapci, E. G., Uslu, R., Turkcapar, H., & Karaoglan, A. (2008). Beck Depression Inventory II: Evaluation of the psychometric properties and cut‐off points in a Turkish adult population. Depression and Anxiety, 25(10), E104-E110. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20371
• Kılıç, M., & Karakuş, Ö. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal görünüş kaygıları ile benlik saygıları ve yalnızlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(3), 3837-3852.
• Lasgaard, M., Friis, K., & Shevlin, M. (2016). “Where are all the lonely people?” A population-based study of high-risk groups across the life span. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(10), 1373-1384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1279-3
• Lee, C. Y. S., & Goldstein, S. E. (2016). Loneliness, stress, and social support in young adulthood: Does the source of support matter? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(3), 568-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0395-9
• Lin, S. H., & Huang, Y. C. (2012). Investigating the relationships between loneliness and learning burnout. Active Learning in Higher Education, 13(3), 231-243.
• Luhmann, M., & Hawkley, L. C. (2016). Age differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age. Developmental Psychology, 52(6), 943-959. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000117
• Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, A., Yarcheski, T. J., Cannella, B. L., & Hanks, M. M. (2006). A meta-analytic study of predictors for loneliness during adolescence. Nursing Research, 55(5), 308-315.
• Martina, C. M. S., & Stevens, N. L. (2006). Breaking the cycle of loneliness? Psychological effects of a friendship enrichment program for older women. Aging and Mental Health, 10(5), 467-475.
• Masi, C. M., Chen, H. Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011). A meta-analysis of interventions to reduce loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(3), 219-266.
• Matthews, T., Danese, A., Wertz, J., Odgers, C. L., Ambler, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2016). Social isolation, loneliness and depression in young adulthood: A behavioural genetic analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(3), 339-348.
• Nicolaisen, M., & Thorsen, K. (2014). Who are lonely? Loneliness in different age groups (18–81 years old), using two measures of loneliness. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 78(3), 229-257. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.78.3.b
• Oktan, V. (2015). Üniversite öğrencilerinde problemli internet kullanimi, yalnizlik ve algilanan sosyal destek. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 23(1), 281-292.
• Özdemir, H., & Tatar, A. (2019). Genç yetişkinlerde yalnızlığın yordayıcıları: Depresyon, kaygı, sosyal destek, duygusal zekâ. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 1(2), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.19.1.11
• Özkaya, G. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yalnızlık düzeyleri ile umutsuzluk ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişki. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi,. Haliç Üniversitesi Akademik Arşiv.
• Peltzer, K., & Pengpid, S. (2017). Loneliness: Its correlates and associations with health risk behaviours among university students in 25 countries. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 27(3), 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2017.1321851
• Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (Eds.). (1982). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
• Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2003). Risk factors for loneliness in adulthood and old age--a meta-analysis. In S. P. Shohov (Ed.), Advances in psychology research, Vol. 19 (p. 111–143). Nova Science Publishers.
• Ponzetti Jr, J. J. (1990). Loneliness among college students. Family Relations, 39(3), 336-340.
• Richardson, T., Elliott, P., & Roberts, R. (2017). Relationship between loneliness and mental health in students. Journal of Public Mental Health, 16(2), 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMH-03-2016-0013
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Measures package, 61(52), 18.
• Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290-294.
• Sadoughi, M., & Hesampour, F. (2017). The relationship between perceived social support and loneliness among university students. Multilingual Academic Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 5(1), 1-6.
• Schultz Jr, N. R., & Moore, D. (1988). Loneliness: Differences across three age levels. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5(3), 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407588053001
• Stoliker, B. E., & Lafreniere, K. D. (2015). The influence of perceived stress, loneliness, and learning burnout on university students' educational experience. College Student Journal, 49(1), 146-160.
• Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2007). Examining Life Satisfaction Levels of University Students in Terms of Some Variables. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 22, 132-143.
• van Roekel, E., Verhagen, M., Engels, R. C., Scholte, R. H., Cacioppo, S., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2018). Trait and state levels of loneliness in early and late adolescents: Examining the differential reactivity hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(6), 888-899.
• van Staden, W. C., & Coetzee, K. (2010). Conceptual relations between loneliness and culture. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23(6), 524-529. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833f2ff9
• Victor, C. R., & Yang, K. (2012). The prevalence of loneliness among adults: a case study of the United Kingdom. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 85-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2011.613875
• Williams, C. Y., Townson, A. T., Kapur, M., Ferreira, A. F., Nunn, R., Galante, J., & Usher-Smith, J. A. (2021). Interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness during COVID-19 physical distancing measures: rapid systematic review. PloS one, 16(2), e0247139.
• Ye, Y., & Lin, L. (2015). Examining relations between locus of control, loneliness, subjective well-being, and preference for online social interaction. Psychological Reports, 116(1), 164-175. Doi: 10.2466/07.09.PR0.116k14w3
• Yıldırım, A., Aşılar, R. H., Karakurt, P., Çapık, C., & Kasımoğlu, N. (2018). Examination of the relationship among depressive symptom, loneliness and eating attitudes in university students with sociodemographic characteristics. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 12(4), 264-274. https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.462906
• Yıldız, M. A., & Karadaş, C. (2017). Multiple mediation of self-esteem and perceived social support in the relationship between loneliness and life satisfaction. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(3), 130-139.
• Yılmaz, E., Yılmaz, E., & Karaca, F. (2008). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal destek ve yalnızlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Genel Tıp Dergisi,18(2), 71-79
• YÖK (2020). Yükseköğretim Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi. https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr
• Yöyen, E. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin benlik saygısı ve yalnızlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 25(6), 2185-2198.
• Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2