Erken Ebeveyn Kaybı Olan ve Olmayan Genç Yetişkinlerde Bağlanma Örüntüleri, Yas Tepkileri ve İşlevsel Olmayan Romantik İlişki İnançları
Yıl 2021,
, 43 - 69, 15.09.2021
Ali Varol
Deniz Albayrak-kaymak
,
Sibel Akmehmet-şekerler
Marc A. Markell
Öz
Erken ebeveyn kaybı yaşantısıyla ilintili olarak genç yetişkinlerin bağlanma örüntüleri, yas tepkileri ve işlevsel olmayan romantik ilişki inançları incelenmiştir. Katılımcılar İstanbul’daki bir devlet üniversitesine kayıtlı 423 öğrenciyi kapsamıştır. Veri toplamada çevrimiçi bir tarama paketi kullanılmıştır. Çözümlemeler bağlanma örüntülerinin kayıp durumuna göre değişmediğini göstermiştir. Erken ebeveyn kaybı grubunda, kayıtsız bağlanma örüntüsü ile işlevsel olmayan romantik ilişki inançları; kayıpsız grupta ise, saplantılı bağlanma örüntüsü ile işlevsel olmayan romantik ilişki inançları olumlu ilişkide bulunmuştur. Kayıtsız bağlanma örüntüsü olan ve fazla yas tepkisi gösteren katılımcıların işlevsel olmayan romantik ilişki inançlarının daha fazla olduğu bulunmuştur. Davranışsal ve bedensel tiplerin en yaygın; duygusal ve bilişsel tiplerin ise en nadir yas tepkileri olduğu görülmüştür.
Kaynakça
- Abrams, R. (2013). When parents die: Learning to live with the loss of a parent. Routledge.
- Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1978). The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(3), 436-438.
- Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1979). Attachment as related to mother-infant interaction. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 9, 1-51
- Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bell, S. M. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 1(41), 49-67
- Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Akerman, R., & Statham, J. (2014). Bereavement in childhood: The impact on psychological and educational outcomes and the effectiveness of support services. Child Wellbeing Research Centre and the Institute of Education.
- Balcı-Çelik, S. (2006). Yas ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(25), 105-114.
- Banse, R. (2004). Attachment style and marital satisfaction: Evidence for dyadic configuration effects. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(2), 273–282.
- Barner, J., & Rosenblatt, P. (2008). Giving at a loss: Couple exchange after the death of a parent. Mortality, 13(4), 318-334.
- Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226.
- Bartholomew, K., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Methods of assessing adult attachment. Attachment Theory and Close Relationships, 2(1), 25-45.
- Beck, A. T. (1979). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorder. Meridian Book.
- Beştav, G. (2007). Romantik ilişki doyumu ile cinsiyet, bağlanma stilleri, rasyonel olmayan inançlar ve aşka ilişkin tutumlar arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
- Birtchnell, J. (1970). The relationship between attempted suicide, depression and parent death. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 116(532), 307-313
- Birtchnell, J. (1972). Early parent death and psychiatric diagnosis. Social Psychiatry, 7(4), 202-210
- Bonanno, G. A., & Kaltman, S. (2001). The varieties of grief experience. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(5), 705-734. Bowlby, J. (1972). Attachment: Attachment and loss (Vol. 1). Pimlico.
- Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss (Vol. 3). Pimlico.
- Bowlby, J. (1998). Loss: Sadness and depression (No. 3). Random House.
- Brassard, A., Shaver, P. R., & Lussier, Y. (2007). Attachment, sexual experience, and sexual pressure in romantic relationships: A dyadic approach. Personal Relationships, 14(2), 475–494.
- Brazelton, T. B., & Yogman, M. W. (1986). Affective development in infancy. Ablex Publications.
- Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment styles and personality disorders: Their connections to each other and to parental divorce, parental death, and perceptions of parental caregiving. Journal of Personality, 66(5), 835-878.
- Canatan, K. (2009). Aile sosyolojisi. Açılım Kitap.
- Carter, S., & Sokol, J. (1988). Men who can’t love. Penguin Group.
- Carver, K. S., Hayslip, B., Gilley, A., & Watts, J. (2014). Influences on grief among parentally bereaved adults. Journal of Death and Dying, 69(2), 105-116.
- Christ, G. H. (2000). Impact of development on children's mourning. Cancer Practice, 8(2), 72-81.
- Collins, N. L., Guichard, A. C., Ford, M. B., & Feeney, B. C. (2006). Responding to need in intimate relationships: Normative processes and individual differences. In M. Mikulincer & G. S. Goodman (Eds.), Dynamics of romantic love: Attachment, caregiving, and sex (pp. 149–189). Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509360907
- Cordell, A. S., & Thomas, N. (1997). Perinatal loss: Intensity and duration of emotional recovery. Journal of Death and Dying, 35(3), 297-308.
- Corr, C., & Corr, D. (2013). Death and dying, life and living. Wadsworth.
- Çevik A. (2000). Yas ve biyo-psikososyal sonuçlar [Poster presentation]. Dokuzuncu Anadolu Psikiyatri Günleri, Edirne, Türkiye.
- Dean, J. (1988). Grief and attachment. Journal of Religion and Health, 27(2), 157-165.
- DiGiuseppe, R., & Zee, C. (1986). A rational emotive theory of marital dysfunction and marital therapy. Journal of Rational Emotive Therapy, 4(1), 22-37.
Dyregrov, A. (2006). Çocuk kayıplar ve yas (G. Güvenç, Trans.). Türk Psikologlar Derneği. (Originally published 2000).
- Ellis, A. (1957). Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology. Journal of Individual Psychology, 13(1), 38-44.
- Ellis, A. (1986). Rational emotive therapy applied to relationships therapy. Journal of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, 4(1), 4-21.
- Ellis, A. (2003). The nature of disturbed marital interaction. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 21(3), 147-153.
- Ellis, R. T., & Granger, J. M. (2002). African American adults' perceptions of the effects of parental loss during adolescence. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 19(4), 271-284.
- Epstein, N., & Eidelson, R. J. (1981). Unrealistic beliefs of clinical couples: Their relationship to expectations, goals, and satisfaction. American Journal of Family Therapy, 9(4), 13-22
- Erdman, P., & Caffery, T. (Eds.). (2013). Attachment and family systems: Conceptual, empirical and therapeutic relatedness. Routledge.
- Erikson E. H. (1982). The life cycle completed. Norton.
- Erikson, E. H. (1994). Identity: Youth and crisis. Faber and Faber.
- Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2004). Interpersonal safe haven and secure base caregiving processes in adulthood. Guilford Press.
- Feeney, J. A., & Noller, P. (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 281.
- Field, N. P. (2006). Unresolved grief and continuing bonds: An attachment perspective. Death Studies, 30(8), 739-756.
- Fincham, F. D., & Bradbury, T. N. (1987). The impact of attributions in marriage: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(3), 510.
- Fulton, R., & Markusen, E. (1971). Childhood bereavement and behavior disorders: A critical review. Journal of Death and Dying, 2(2), 107-117.
- George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). Adult attachment interview protocol. Unpublished manuscript. University of California.
- Gizir, C. A. (2012). İlişki inançları ölçeği’nin uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 37-45.
- Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 430.
- Hamamcı, Z. (2007). Dysfunctional relationship beliefs in parent-late adolescent relationship and conflict resolution behaviors. College Student Journal, 41(1), 122-138.
- Hammond, J. R., & Fletcher, G. J. (1991). Attachment styles and relationship satisfaction in the development of close relationships. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 20(1), 56.
- Harvey, O. J., Hunt, D. E., & Schroder, H. M. (1961). Conceptual systems and personality organization. Wiley.
- Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R.L. (1993). Love, sex and intimacy: Their psychology, biology and history. Harper Collins College Publishers.
- Hayslip Jr, B., Pruett, J. H., & Caballero, D. M. (2015). The “how” and “when” of parental loss in adulthood: Effects on grief and adjustment. Journal of Death and Dying, 71(1), 3-18.
- Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524.
- Hepworth, J., Ryder, R. G., & Dreyer, A. S. (1984). The effects of parental loss on the formation of intimate relationships. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 10(1), 73-82.
- Illene, C. N. (2000). Beyond broken bonds and broken hearts: The bonding of theories of attachment and grief Developmental Review, 20(1), 514-538. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.2000.0510
- Jankowiak, W. R., & Fischer, E. F. (1992). A cross-cultural perspective on romantic love. Ethnology, 31(1), 149-155. https://doi.org/10.2307/3773618
- Jones, S., & Martini, M. (2021). Sense of self, depression and adaption to grief, in emerging adults who suffered parental loss. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01843-z
- Kaya, Y., & Öz, F. (2020). Ergenlerin benlik algısı üzerinde algılanan ebeveyn tutumlarının ve bağlanma stillerinin rolü: Bir yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 11(2), 106-114.
- Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1992). Childhood parental loss and adult psychopathology in women: A twin study perspective. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(2), 109-116. https://doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820020029004
- Kernberg, O. F. (1998). Love relations: Normality and pathology. Yale University Press.
- Kıvılcım, M., & Doğan, D. G. (2014). Çocuk ve ölüm. Turgut Özal Tıp Merkezi Dergisi, 21(2), 81-84.
- Kübler-Ross, E., Kessler, D., & Shriver, M. (2014). On grief and grieving: Finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss. Scribner.
- Levy, K. N., Ellison, W. D., Scott, L. N., & Bernecker, S. L. (2011). Attachment style. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 193-203.
- Lewis, E., (1979). Two hidden predisposing factors in child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 3, 327-330.
- Li, J. B., Delvecchio, E., Lis, A., Nie, Y. G., & Di Riso, D. (2015). Parental attachment, self-control, and depressive symptoms in Chinese and Italian adolescents: Test of a mediation model. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 159-170.
- Lim, Y., & Lee, O. (2017). Relationships between parental maltreatment and adolescents’ school adjustment: Mediating roles of self-esteem and peer attachment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(2), 393-404.
- Luecken, L. J. (2000). Attachment and loss experiences during childhood are associated with adult hostility, depression, and social support. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 49(1), 85-91.
- Lussier, Y., Sabourin, S., & Turgeon, C. (1997). Coping strategies as moderators of the relationship between attachment and marital adjustment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(6), 777-791.
- Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Gillath, O., & Nitzberg, R. E. (2005). Attachment, caregiving, and altruism: Boosting attachment security increases compassion and helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(2), 817–839.
- Morgan, J. N. (1982). The redistribution of income by families and institutions and emergency help patterns. Five Thousand American Families, 10(1), 1-59.
- Neimeyer, R. A., Harris, D. L., Winokuer, H. R., & Thornton, G. F. (2011). Grief and bereavement in contemporary society: Bridging research and practice. Routledge.
- Padesky, C. A. (1994). Schema change processes in cognitive therapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 1(5), 267-278.
- Pancaroğlu, S. (2007). The relationships of attachment styles and conflict behaviors among male and female university students. Unpublished master’s thesis. Middle East Technical University.
- Parkes, C. M., & Prigerson, H. G. (2013). Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life. Penguin Books. https://doi.org/10.1192/S0007125000141029
- Parkes, C. M., & Weiss, R. S. (1983). Recovery from bereavement. Basic Books. https://doi.org/10.1080/0742-969X.1985.11882532
- Pascuzzo, K., Cyr, C., & Moss, E. (2013). Longitudinal association between adolescent attachment, adult romantic attachment, and emotion regulation strategies.
- Attachment & Human Development, 15(1), 83-103.
- Pollock, G. H. (1961). Mourning and adaptation. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 42, 341-361.
- Popper, M., & Amit, K. (2009). Influence of attachment style on major psychological capacities to lead. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 170(3), 244-267.
- Reid J.K., & Dixon, W.A. (2000). The relationships among grief experience, problem-solving appraisal, and depression: An exploratory study. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 5(4), 77-93.
- Rogers, J. E. (2011). The art of grief: The use of expressive arts in a grief support group. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180903559352
- Romans, J. S., & DeBord, J. (1995). Development of the relationship beliefs questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 76, 1248-1251.
- Rosenblatt, P. C., & Wallace, B. R. (2013). African American grief. Taylor and Francis.
- Rubin, S., & Yasien-Esmael. H. (2004). Loss and bereavement among Israel’s Muslims: Acceptance of God’s will, grief, and relationship to the deceased. The Journal of Death and Dying, 49, 149-162.
- Scharlach, A. E. (1991). Factors associated with filial grief following the death of an elderly parent. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61(2), 307–313.
- Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allensworth, M., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Cunen, M. A., Braeckman, J., Brainerd, E. G., Caral, L. G., Caron, G., Casullo, M. M., Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., De
- Backer, C., De Souza, E., ZupanÈiÈ, A. (2004). Patterns and universals of adult romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions: Are models of self and of other pancultural constructs? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(4), 367–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022104266105
- Senchak, M., & Leonard, K. E. (1992). Attachment styles and marital adjustment among newlywed couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9(1), 51-64.
- Shear, K., & Shair, H. (2005). Attachment, loss, and complicated grief. The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 47(3), 253-267.
- Simpson, J. A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 971.
- Stackert, R. A., & Bursik, K. (2003). Why am I unsatisfied? Adult attachment style, gendered irrational relationship beliefs, and young adult romantic relationship satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(8), 1419-1429.
- Stroebe, M. S., Hansson, R. O., Schut, H. E., & Stroebe, W. E. (2008). Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14498-000
- Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2005). To continue or relinquish bonds: A review of consequences for the bereaved. Death Studies, 29(6), 477-494.
- Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2005). Attachment in coping with bereavement: A theoretical integration. Review of General Psychology, 9(1), 48.
- Sullivan, B. F., & Schwebel, A. I. (1995). Relationship beliefs and expectations of satisfaction in marital relationships: Implications for family practitioners. The Family Journal, 3(4), 298-305.
- Sümer, N., & Güngör, D. (1999). Yetişkin bağlanma stilleri ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14(43), 71-106.
- Şenkaya-Dildar, F. (2000). Çocuklarda posttravmatik stres bozukluğu [Poster presentation]. Dokuzuncu Anadolu Psikiyatri Günleri, Edirne, Türkiye.
- Şentürk, Ü. (2006). Parçalanmış aile çocuk ilişkisinin sebep olduğu sosyal problemler. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. İnönü Üniversitesi.
- Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. (1999). Disorders of affect regulation: Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness. Cambridge University Press.
- Tokuş, T. (2014) İlişki modellerinde bağlanma stilleri ve utancın rolü. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Bilgi Üniversitesi.
- Tracy, J. L., Shaver, P. R., Albino, A. W., & Cooper, M. L. (2003). Attachment styles and adolescent sexuality. Erlbaum.
- Tuazon, V. E., & Gressard, C. F. (2021). Developmental impact of early parental death: Sustaining posttraumatic growth throughout the lifespan. Journal of Death and Dying. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211024466
- Waldinger, R. J., Vaillant, G. E., & Orav, E. J. (2007). Childhood sibling relationships as a predictor of major depression in adulthood: A 30-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(6), 949-954.
- Wallach, V., & Caulfield, R. (1998). Attachment and at-risk infants: Theoretical perspectives and clinical implications. Early Childhood Education Journal, 26(2), 125-129.
- Walter, C. A., & McCoyd, J. L. (2015). Grief and loss across the lifespan: A biopsychosocial perspective. Springer Publishing Company.
- Waters, E., Merrick, S., Treboux, D., Crowell, J., & Albersheim, L. (2000). Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: A twenty-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 71, 684-689.
- Wayment, H. A., & Vierthaler, J. (2002). Attachment style and bereavement reactions. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 7(2), 129-149.
- Wearden, A. J., Lamberton, N., Crook, N., & Walsh, V. (2005). Adult attachment, alexithymia, and symptom reporting: An extension to the four category model of attachment. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(3), 279-288
- Whisman, M. A., & Allan, L. E. (1996). Attachment and social cognition theories of romantic relationships: Convergent or complementary perspectives? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13(2), 263-
278.
- Widick, C., Parker, C. A., & Knefelkamp, L. (1978). Erik Erikson and psychosocial development. New Directions for Student Services, 4, 1-17
- Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Kozakowski, S. S., & Chauhan, P. (2018). Does adult attachment style mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health outcomes? Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 533-545.
- Williams, B., Ospina, J. P., Jalilianhasanpour, R., Fricchione, G. L., & Perez, D. L. (2019). Fearful attachment linked to childhood abuse, alexithymia, and depression in motor functional neurological disorders. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 31(1), 65-69.
- Willis, C. A. (2002). The grieving process in children: Strategies for understanding, educating, and reconciling children's perceptions of death. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29(4), 221-226.
- Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. New Springer Publishing Company.
- Yárnoz-Yaben, S. (2010). Attachment style and adjustment to divorce. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 210-219.
Attachment Patterns, Mourning Reactions, and Dysfunctional Romantic Relationship Beliefs among Young Adults with and without Early Parental Loss
Yıl 2021,
, 43 - 69, 15.09.2021
Ali Varol
Deniz Albayrak-kaymak
,
Sibel Akmehmet-şekerler
Marc A. Markell
Öz
The attachment patterns, mourning reactions and dysfunctional romantic relationship beliefs of young adults were examined in relation to early parental loss experience. Participants included 423 students at a public university in İstanbul. An online survey package was used in data collection. Analyses indicated no attachment pattern difference by loss status. For the early parental loss group, the dismissing attachment pattern and dysfunctional romantic relationship beliefs; and for the no loss group, preoccupied attachment pattern and dysfunctional romantic relationship beliefs had positive relations. Participants with dismissing attachment patterns and high levels of mourning had more dysfunctional romantic relationship beliefs. Behavioral and physical types were the most; emotional and cognitive types were the least common mourning reactions.
Kaynakça
- Abrams, R. (2013). When parents die: Learning to live with the loss of a parent. Routledge.
- Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1978). The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(3), 436-438.
- Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1979). Attachment as related to mother-infant interaction. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 9, 1-51
- Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bell, S. M. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 1(41), 49-67
- Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Akerman, R., & Statham, J. (2014). Bereavement in childhood: The impact on psychological and educational outcomes and the effectiveness of support services. Child Wellbeing Research Centre and the Institute of Education.
- Balcı-Çelik, S. (2006). Yas ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(25), 105-114.
- Banse, R. (2004). Attachment style and marital satisfaction: Evidence for dyadic configuration effects. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(2), 273–282.
- Barner, J., & Rosenblatt, P. (2008). Giving at a loss: Couple exchange after the death of a parent. Mortality, 13(4), 318-334.
- Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226.
- Bartholomew, K., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Methods of assessing adult attachment. Attachment Theory and Close Relationships, 2(1), 25-45.
- Beck, A. T. (1979). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorder. Meridian Book.
- Beştav, G. (2007). Romantik ilişki doyumu ile cinsiyet, bağlanma stilleri, rasyonel olmayan inançlar ve aşka ilişkin tutumlar arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
- Birtchnell, J. (1970). The relationship between attempted suicide, depression and parent death. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 116(532), 307-313
- Birtchnell, J. (1972). Early parent death and psychiatric diagnosis. Social Psychiatry, 7(4), 202-210
- Bonanno, G. A., & Kaltman, S. (2001). The varieties of grief experience. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(5), 705-734. Bowlby, J. (1972). Attachment: Attachment and loss (Vol. 1). Pimlico.
- Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss (Vol. 3). Pimlico.
- Bowlby, J. (1998). Loss: Sadness and depression (No. 3). Random House.
- Brassard, A., Shaver, P. R., & Lussier, Y. (2007). Attachment, sexual experience, and sexual pressure in romantic relationships: A dyadic approach. Personal Relationships, 14(2), 475–494.
- Brazelton, T. B., & Yogman, M. W. (1986). Affective development in infancy. Ablex Publications.
- Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment styles and personality disorders: Their connections to each other and to parental divorce, parental death, and perceptions of parental caregiving. Journal of Personality, 66(5), 835-878.
- Canatan, K. (2009). Aile sosyolojisi. Açılım Kitap.
- Carter, S., & Sokol, J. (1988). Men who can’t love. Penguin Group.
- Carver, K. S., Hayslip, B., Gilley, A., & Watts, J. (2014). Influences on grief among parentally bereaved adults. Journal of Death and Dying, 69(2), 105-116.
- Christ, G. H. (2000). Impact of development on children's mourning. Cancer Practice, 8(2), 72-81.
- Collins, N. L., Guichard, A. C., Ford, M. B., & Feeney, B. C. (2006). Responding to need in intimate relationships: Normative processes and individual differences. In M. Mikulincer & G. S. Goodman (Eds.), Dynamics of romantic love: Attachment, caregiving, and sex (pp. 149–189). Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509360907
- Cordell, A. S., & Thomas, N. (1997). Perinatal loss: Intensity and duration of emotional recovery. Journal of Death and Dying, 35(3), 297-308.
- Corr, C., & Corr, D. (2013). Death and dying, life and living. Wadsworth.
- Çevik A. (2000). Yas ve biyo-psikososyal sonuçlar [Poster presentation]. Dokuzuncu Anadolu Psikiyatri Günleri, Edirne, Türkiye.
- Dean, J. (1988). Grief and attachment. Journal of Religion and Health, 27(2), 157-165.
- DiGiuseppe, R., & Zee, C. (1986). A rational emotive theory of marital dysfunction and marital therapy. Journal of Rational Emotive Therapy, 4(1), 22-37.
Dyregrov, A. (2006). Çocuk kayıplar ve yas (G. Güvenç, Trans.). Türk Psikologlar Derneği. (Originally published 2000).
- Ellis, A. (1957). Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology. Journal of Individual Psychology, 13(1), 38-44.
- Ellis, A. (1986). Rational emotive therapy applied to relationships therapy. Journal of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, 4(1), 4-21.
- Ellis, A. (2003). The nature of disturbed marital interaction. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 21(3), 147-153.
- Ellis, R. T., & Granger, J. M. (2002). African American adults' perceptions of the effects of parental loss during adolescence. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 19(4), 271-284.
- Epstein, N., & Eidelson, R. J. (1981). Unrealistic beliefs of clinical couples: Their relationship to expectations, goals, and satisfaction. American Journal of Family Therapy, 9(4), 13-22
- Erdman, P., & Caffery, T. (Eds.). (2013). Attachment and family systems: Conceptual, empirical and therapeutic relatedness. Routledge.
- Erikson E. H. (1982). The life cycle completed. Norton.
- Erikson, E. H. (1994). Identity: Youth and crisis. Faber and Faber.
- Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2004). Interpersonal safe haven and secure base caregiving processes in adulthood. Guilford Press.
- Feeney, J. A., & Noller, P. (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 281.
- Field, N. P. (2006). Unresolved grief and continuing bonds: An attachment perspective. Death Studies, 30(8), 739-756.
- Fincham, F. D., & Bradbury, T. N. (1987). The impact of attributions in marriage: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(3), 510.
- Fulton, R., & Markusen, E. (1971). Childhood bereavement and behavior disorders: A critical review. Journal of Death and Dying, 2(2), 107-117.
- George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). Adult attachment interview protocol. Unpublished manuscript. University of California.
- Gizir, C. A. (2012). İlişki inançları ölçeği’nin uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 37-45.
- Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 430.
- Hamamcı, Z. (2007). Dysfunctional relationship beliefs in parent-late adolescent relationship and conflict resolution behaviors. College Student Journal, 41(1), 122-138.
- Hammond, J. R., & Fletcher, G. J. (1991). Attachment styles and relationship satisfaction in the development of close relationships. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 20(1), 56.
- Harvey, O. J., Hunt, D. E., & Schroder, H. M. (1961). Conceptual systems and personality organization. Wiley.
- Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R.L. (1993). Love, sex and intimacy: Their psychology, biology and history. Harper Collins College Publishers.
- Hayslip Jr, B., Pruett, J. H., & Caballero, D. M. (2015). The “how” and “when” of parental loss in adulthood: Effects on grief and adjustment. Journal of Death and Dying, 71(1), 3-18.
- Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524.
- Hepworth, J., Ryder, R. G., & Dreyer, A. S. (1984). The effects of parental loss on the formation of intimate relationships. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 10(1), 73-82.
- Illene, C. N. (2000). Beyond broken bonds and broken hearts: The bonding of theories of attachment and grief Developmental Review, 20(1), 514-538. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.2000.0510
- Jankowiak, W. R., & Fischer, E. F. (1992). A cross-cultural perspective on romantic love. Ethnology, 31(1), 149-155. https://doi.org/10.2307/3773618
- Jones, S., & Martini, M. (2021). Sense of self, depression and adaption to grief, in emerging adults who suffered parental loss. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01843-z
- Kaya, Y., & Öz, F. (2020). Ergenlerin benlik algısı üzerinde algılanan ebeveyn tutumlarının ve bağlanma stillerinin rolü: Bir yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 11(2), 106-114.
- Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1992). Childhood parental loss and adult psychopathology in women: A twin study perspective. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(2), 109-116. https://doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820020029004
- Kernberg, O. F. (1998). Love relations: Normality and pathology. Yale University Press.
- Kıvılcım, M., & Doğan, D. G. (2014). Çocuk ve ölüm. Turgut Özal Tıp Merkezi Dergisi, 21(2), 81-84.
- Kübler-Ross, E., Kessler, D., & Shriver, M. (2014). On grief and grieving: Finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss. Scribner.
- Levy, K. N., Ellison, W. D., Scott, L. N., & Bernecker, S. L. (2011). Attachment style. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 193-203.
- Lewis, E., (1979). Two hidden predisposing factors in child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 3, 327-330.
- Li, J. B., Delvecchio, E., Lis, A., Nie, Y. G., & Di Riso, D. (2015). Parental attachment, self-control, and depressive symptoms in Chinese and Italian adolescents: Test of a mediation model. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 159-170.
- Lim, Y., & Lee, O. (2017). Relationships between parental maltreatment and adolescents’ school adjustment: Mediating roles of self-esteem and peer attachment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(2), 393-404.
- Luecken, L. J. (2000). Attachment and loss experiences during childhood are associated with adult hostility, depression, and social support. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 49(1), 85-91.
- Lussier, Y., Sabourin, S., & Turgeon, C. (1997). Coping strategies as moderators of the relationship between attachment and marital adjustment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(6), 777-791.
- Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Gillath, O., & Nitzberg, R. E. (2005). Attachment, caregiving, and altruism: Boosting attachment security increases compassion and helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(2), 817–839.
- Morgan, J. N. (1982). The redistribution of income by families and institutions and emergency help patterns. Five Thousand American Families, 10(1), 1-59.
- Neimeyer, R. A., Harris, D. L., Winokuer, H. R., & Thornton, G. F. (2011). Grief and bereavement in contemporary society: Bridging research and practice. Routledge.
- Padesky, C. A. (1994). Schema change processes in cognitive therapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 1(5), 267-278.
- Pancaroğlu, S. (2007). The relationships of attachment styles and conflict behaviors among male and female university students. Unpublished master’s thesis. Middle East Technical University.
- Parkes, C. M., & Prigerson, H. G. (2013). Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life. Penguin Books. https://doi.org/10.1192/S0007125000141029
- Parkes, C. M., & Weiss, R. S. (1983). Recovery from bereavement. Basic Books. https://doi.org/10.1080/0742-969X.1985.11882532
- Pascuzzo, K., Cyr, C., & Moss, E. (2013). Longitudinal association between adolescent attachment, adult romantic attachment, and emotion regulation strategies.
- Attachment & Human Development, 15(1), 83-103.
- Pollock, G. H. (1961). Mourning and adaptation. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 42, 341-361.
- Popper, M., & Amit, K. (2009). Influence of attachment style on major psychological capacities to lead. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 170(3), 244-267.
- Reid J.K., & Dixon, W.A. (2000). The relationships among grief experience, problem-solving appraisal, and depression: An exploratory study. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 5(4), 77-93.
- Rogers, J. E. (2011). The art of grief: The use of expressive arts in a grief support group. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180903559352
- Romans, J. S., & DeBord, J. (1995). Development of the relationship beliefs questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 76, 1248-1251.
- Rosenblatt, P. C., & Wallace, B. R. (2013). African American grief. Taylor and Francis.
- Rubin, S., & Yasien-Esmael. H. (2004). Loss and bereavement among Israel’s Muslims: Acceptance of God’s will, grief, and relationship to the deceased. The Journal of Death and Dying, 49, 149-162.
- Scharlach, A. E. (1991). Factors associated with filial grief following the death of an elderly parent. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61(2), 307–313.
- Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allensworth, M., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Cunen, M. A., Braeckman, J., Brainerd, E. G., Caral, L. G., Caron, G., Casullo, M. M., Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., De
- Backer, C., De Souza, E., ZupanÈiÈ, A. (2004). Patterns and universals of adult romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions: Are models of self and of other pancultural constructs? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(4), 367–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022104266105
- Senchak, M., & Leonard, K. E. (1992). Attachment styles and marital adjustment among newlywed couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9(1), 51-64.
- Shear, K., & Shair, H. (2005). Attachment, loss, and complicated grief. The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 47(3), 253-267.
- Simpson, J. A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 971.
- Stackert, R. A., & Bursik, K. (2003). Why am I unsatisfied? Adult attachment style, gendered irrational relationship beliefs, and young adult romantic relationship satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(8), 1419-1429.
- Stroebe, M. S., Hansson, R. O., Schut, H. E., & Stroebe, W. E. (2008). Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14498-000
- Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2005). To continue or relinquish bonds: A review of consequences for the bereaved. Death Studies, 29(6), 477-494.
- Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2005). Attachment in coping with bereavement: A theoretical integration. Review of General Psychology, 9(1), 48.
- Sullivan, B. F., & Schwebel, A. I. (1995). Relationship beliefs and expectations of satisfaction in marital relationships: Implications for family practitioners. The Family Journal, 3(4), 298-305.
- Sümer, N., & Güngör, D. (1999). Yetişkin bağlanma stilleri ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14(43), 71-106.
- Şenkaya-Dildar, F. (2000). Çocuklarda posttravmatik stres bozukluğu [Poster presentation]. Dokuzuncu Anadolu Psikiyatri Günleri, Edirne, Türkiye.
- Şentürk, Ü. (2006). Parçalanmış aile çocuk ilişkisinin sebep olduğu sosyal problemler. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. İnönü Üniversitesi.
- Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. (1999). Disorders of affect regulation: Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness. Cambridge University Press.
- Tokuş, T. (2014) İlişki modellerinde bağlanma stilleri ve utancın rolü. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Bilgi Üniversitesi.
- Tracy, J. L., Shaver, P. R., Albino, A. W., & Cooper, M. L. (2003). Attachment styles and adolescent sexuality. Erlbaum.
- Tuazon, V. E., & Gressard, C. F. (2021). Developmental impact of early parental death: Sustaining posttraumatic growth throughout the lifespan. Journal of Death and Dying. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211024466
- Waldinger, R. J., Vaillant, G. E., & Orav, E. J. (2007). Childhood sibling relationships as a predictor of major depression in adulthood: A 30-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(6), 949-954.
- Wallach, V., & Caulfield, R. (1998). Attachment and at-risk infants: Theoretical perspectives and clinical implications. Early Childhood Education Journal, 26(2), 125-129.
- Walter, C. A., & McCoyd, J. L. (2015). Grief and loss across the lifespan: A biopsychosocial perspective. Springer Publishing Company.
- Waters, E., Merrick, S., Treboux, D., Crowell, J., & Albersheim, L. (2000). Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: A twenty-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 71, 684-689.
- Wayment, H. A., & Vierthaler, J. (2002). Attachment style and bereavement reactions. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 7(2), 129-149.
- Wearden, A. J., Lamberton, N., Crook, N., & Walsh, V. (2005). Adult attachment, alexithymia, and symptom reporting: An extension to the four category model of attachment. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(3), 279-288
- Whisman, M. A., & Allan, L. E. (1996). Attachment and social cognition theories of romantic relationships: Convergent or complementary perspectives? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13(2), 263-
278.
- Widick, C., Parker, C. A., & Knefelkamp, L. (1978). Erik Erikson and psychosocial development. New Directions for Student Services, 4, 1-17
- Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Kozakowski, S. S., & Chauhan, P. (2018). Does adult attachment style mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health outcomes? Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 533-545.
- Williams, B., Ospina, J. P., Jalilianhasanpour, R., Fricchione, G. L., & Perez, D. L. (2019). Fearful attachment linked to childhood abuse, alexithymia, and depression in motor functional neurological disorders. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 31(1), 65-69.
- Willis, C. A. (2002). The grieving process in children: Strategies for understanding, educating, and reconciling children's perceptions of death. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29(4), 221-226.
- Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. New Springer Publishing Company.
- Yárnoz-Yaben, S. (2010). Attachment style and adjustment to divorce. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 210-219.