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TRAVMATİK YAS VE RUH SAĞLIĞI SONUÇLARI: BİR SİSTEMATİK DERLEME

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 25 - 37, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.18221/bujss.1649065

Öz

Yas, her insanın hayatında karşılaşabileceği, sevdiklerinin kaybı veya önemli bir değişiklik sonrasında yaşadığı derin ve doğal bir duygusal tepkidir. Ancak, bazı durumlarda kişinin ani bir şekilde kayıp yaşaması veya şiddet, savaş gibi olayların sonucunda ölüme tanık olması, yas sürecini karmaşık bir hale getirebilir. Beklenmedik ya da bireyin güvenliğini tehdit eden durumlarda ortaya çıkan stres ve kaygı, travmatik bir olay olarak yas sürecine dahil olduğunda, bu dönem daha şiddetli ve uzun sürebilir. Bu çalışmada, karmaşık bir yas süreci olan travmatik yasın, doğal yas sürecinden farklarının ortaya konulması, travmatik yas sürecine etki eden faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi ve bireyin fiziksel ve psikolojik iyileşmesini destekleyecek uygun yöntemlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yas ve travma sonrası yaşanan duygusal ve psikolojik tepkiler evrensel olsa da sürecin şiddeti bireyin kişilik özelliklerine, kültürüne, inançlarına ve sahip olduğu sosyal destek sistemlerine bağlı olarak özgün bir yapıda gözlemlenebilir. Bireylerin bir kaybı nasıl deneyimlediklerini değerlendirmek için Samet Baş ve diğerleri (2020) tarafından geliştirilen “Travmatik Yas Envanteri-Kendi Bildirimi” Türkçe versiyonunun kullanılması, kişinin duygusal tepkilerini derecelendirmeye olanak sağlayabilir. Özellikle travmatik yas dönemi geçiren bireylerin sağlıklı bir iyileşme süreci yaşayabilmesi, kendilerini anlamalarına ve duygusal tepkilerini işleyebilmelerine bağlıdır. Bu süreçte psikoterapi, sosyal destek ağları ve gerekirse psikofarmakolojik destek gibi yöntemlerle bireyin ihtiyaç duyduğu desteği alması sağlanmalı ve travma sonrası büyüme hedeflenmelidir. Sonuç olarak, travma ve yas, hayatın kaçınılmaz bir parçası olan derin duygusal deneyimlerdir. Travmatik yaslar ise bireyin yaşamında önemli dönüm noktaları olabilir ve bu süreçle nasıl başa çıkılacağı genellikle bireyin psikolojik ve sosyal kaynaklarına bağlıdır. Bu sebeple, profesyonel destek, terapi ve sosyal destek ağları bu süreçte kritik bir rol oynamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Avcı, M. (2022). Travmatik yas yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerinin savunma düzenekleri, psikolojik belirtileri ve MMPI klinik alt boyutlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (BUSBED), 12(24), 505-525. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.1123860.
  • Avcı, M. (2023). Travmatik yas yaşayan ve yaşamayan bireylerde suçluluk: Psikodinamik bakış açısı. Türkiye Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(2), 246-259. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tubad/issue/82234/1199075.
  • Avcı, M., & Yıldırım, T. (2021). Experiences of school psychological counsellors working with high school students experiencing traumatic mourning: a focus group study report. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 11(60), 13-36. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/61022/905968.
  • Bildik, N. (2013). Yas ve yas süreci: Kuramsal yaklaşımlar ve uygulamalar. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., Smid, G. E., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2016). Prolonged grief disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(8), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0714-0
  • Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
  • Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & Greca, A. M. L. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological science in the public interest, 11(1), 1-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610387086
  • Burke, L. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2013). Prospective risk factors for complicated grief: A review of the empirical literature. Routledge.
  • Chen, C., & Tang, S. (2021). Profiles of grief, post-traumatic stress, and post-traumatic growth among people bereaved due to COVID-19. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1947563.
  • Çolak, G. V., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2021). Kayıp ve yas: Bir gözden geçirme. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(1), 56-62. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.21.1.07
  • Çubuk, B. (2020). Covid-19 ile gelen kayıp nesne, yas ve depresyon. Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(21), 90-99. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yalovasosbil/issue/57136/762666
  • Duray, E., & Kabadayı, F. (2024). Covid-19 pandemisinde birinci derecede yakınını kaybetmiş genç yetişkinlerde Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu belirtileri ile yas süreci. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 125-139. https://doi.org/10.34086/rteusbe.1529244.
  • Fernández-Ordoñez, E., González-Cano-Caballero, M., Guerra-Marmolejo, C., Fernández-Fernández, E., &
  • García-Gámez, M. (2021). Perinatal grief and post-traumatic stress disorder in pregnancy after perinatal loss: a longitudinal study protocol. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(6), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062874.
  • Giannopoulou, I., Richardson, C., & Papadatou, D. (2021). Peer loss: Posttraumatic stress, depression, and grief symptoms in a traumatized adolescent community. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 26(2), 556-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910452098002.
  • Gough, D., Oliver, S., & Thomas, J. (2012). Introducing systematic reviews. In D. Gough, S. Oliver ve J. Thomas (Eds.), An introduction to systematic reviews (pp. 1-16). Sage.
  • Heeke, C., Kampisiou, C., Niemeyer, H., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2017). A systematic review and meta-analysis of correlates of prolonged grief disorder in adults exposed to violent loss. European journal of psychotraumatology, 8(sup6), 1583524. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1583524.
  • Jann, P., Neldner, S., Neuner, F., & Mohammed, R. (2024). Complicated grief and posttraumatic stress after loss and separation under terror conditions. Journal of traumatic stress, 37(1), 154-165. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22990
  • Johnsen, I., & Afgun, K. (2021). Complicated grief and post-traumatic growth in traumatically bereaved siblings and close friends. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(3), 246-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1762972.
  • Karaçam, Z. (2013). Sistematik derleme metodolojisi: Sistematik derleme hazırlamak için bir rehber Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 6(1), 26-33
  • Lasserson, T. J., Thomas, J., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2019). Starting a review. In J. P. T. Higgins vd. (Eds), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (2nd Edition) (pp. 3-12). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Li, J., Precht, D. H., Mortensen, P. B., & Olsen, J. (2014). Mortality in parents after death of a child in Denmark: A nationwide follow-up study. The Lancet, 355(9215), 839-841.
  • Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Steel, Z., Silove, D., & Brooks, R. (2014). A critical review of psychological treatments of posttraumatic stress disorder and complex PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(2), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.003
  • Prigerson, H. G., Boelen, P. A., Xu, J., Smith, K. V., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2021). Validation of the new DSM‐5‐TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG‐13‐Revised (PG‐13‐R) scale. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20823
  • Sami, S. (2021). Covid-19 nedeniyle yakınlarını kaybeden bireylerde yas süreci ve dini başa çıkma. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi, (55), 421-444. https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.888706.
  • Schaal, S., Jacob, N., Dusingizemungu, J. P., & Elbert, T. (2010). Rates and risks for prolonged grief disorder in a sample of orphaned and widowed genocide survivors. BMC psychiatry, 10(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-55
  • Shear, K., Frank, E., Houck, P. R., & Reynolds, C. F. (2005). Treatment of complicated grief: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 293(21), 2601-2608.
  • Shear, M. K., Reynolds, C. F., Simon, N. M., Zisook, S., Wang, Y., Mauro, C., ... & Skritskaya, N. (2016). Optimizing treatment of complicated grief: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 73(7), 685-694.
  • Shear, M. K., Simon, N., Wall, M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R., Duan, N., ... & Keshaviah, A. (2011). Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM‐5. Depression and anxiety, 28(2), 103-117. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20780
  • Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Boerner, K. (2017). Cautioning health-care professionals: Bereaved persons are misguided through the stages of grief. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 74(4), 455-473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817724167
  • Tang, S., & Xiang, Z. (2021). Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults. Globalization and health, 17(1), 17-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00669-5.
  • Wilson, B. L., Wolfer, T. A., Wooten, N. R., Pitner, R., Moore, S. E., & Anders, A. D. (2024). “Am I Next?”: A qualitative study of Black college students’ experiences of stress, trauma, and grief from exposures to police killings. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 34(3), 390-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2023.2173353.
  • Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner (5th ed.). Springer Publishing Company.
  • Yağlı Soykan, N. (2020). Şehit Yakınlarının Yas Deneyimine İlişkin Fenomenolojik Bir Araştırma. Turkish Studies-Comparative Religious Studies, 15(2), 255-282. https://dx.doi.org/10.29228/TurkishStudies.43409.
  • Yelboğa, N. (2023). Kahramanmaraş depremi özelinde travmatik yas ve sosyal hizmetin yas danışmanlığı müdahalesi. Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 97-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.30830/tobider.sayi.13.6.

TRAUMATIC GRIEF AND MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 25 - 37, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.18221/bujss.1649065

Öz

Grief is a deep and natural emotional response that every individual may encounter in their lifetime following the loss of loved ones or significant changes. However, in some cases, the experience of sudden loss or witnessing death as a result of events such as violence or war can complicate the grieving process. When stress and anxiety, which are the result of unexpected or life-threatening situations, become part of the grief process as a traumatic event, this period can become more intense and prolonged. This study aims to highlight the differences between traumatic grief—a complex grieving process—and natural grief, evaluate the factors influencing the traumatic grief process, and assess appropriate support methods that can facilitate post-traumatic growth to ensure that the individual's grief period results in physical and psychological healing. Although emotional and psychological responses to grief and trauma are universal, the intensity of the process can vary depending on the individual's personality traits, culture, beliefs, and social support systems, thus manifesting in a unique manner. To evaluate how individuals experience loss, the use of the Turkish version of the "Traumatic Grief Inventory-Self Report" scale developed by Samet Baş et al. (2020) can allow for the grading of emotional responses. Specifically, ensuring that individuals experiencing traumatic grief undergo a healthy recovery process is contingent upon their ability to understand themselves and process their emotional reactions. Through methods such as psychotherapy, social support networks, and, if necessary, psychopharmacological support, individuals should be provided with the necessary support to facilitate post-traumatic growth. In conclusion, trauma and grief are profound emotional experiences that are an inevitable part of life. Traumatic grief can be significant turning points in an individual's life, and how they cope with this process is often dependent on their psychological and social resources. Therefore, professional support, therapy, and social support networks play a crucial role in this process.

Kaynakça

  • Avcı, M. (2022). Travmatik yas yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerinin savunma düzenekleri, psikolojik belirtileri ve MMPI klinik alt boyutlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (BUSBED), 12(24), 505-525. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.1123860.
  • Avcı, M. (2023). Travmatik yas yaşayan ve yaşamayan bireylerde suçluluk: Psikodinamik bakış açısı. Türkiye Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(2), 246-259. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tubad/issue/82234/1199075.
  • Avcı, M., & Yıldırım, T. (2021). Experiences of school psychological counsellors working with high school students experiencing traumatic mourning: a focus group study report. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 11(60), 13-36. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/61022/905968.
  • Bildik, N. (2013). Yas ve yas süreci: Kuramsal yaklaşımlar ve uygulamalar. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., Smid, G. E., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2016). Prolonged grief disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(8), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0714-0
  • Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
  • Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & Greca, A. M. L. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological science in the public interest, 11(1), 1-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610387086
  • Burke, L. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2013). Prospective risk factors for complicated grief: A review of the empirical literature. Routledge.
  • Chen, C., & Tang, S. (2021). Profiles of grief, post-traumatic stress, and post-traumatic growth among people bereaved due to COVID-19. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1947563.
  • Çolak, G. V., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2021). Kayıp ve yas: Bir gözden geçirme. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(1), 56-62. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.21.1.07
  • Çubuk, B. (2020). Covid-19 ile gelen kayıp nesne, yas ve depresyon. Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(21), 90-99. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yalovasosbil/issue/57136/762666
  • Duray, E., & Kabadayı, F. (2024). Covid-19 pandemisinde birinci derecede yakınını kaybetmiş genç yetişkinlerde Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu belirtileri ile yas süreci. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 125-139. https://doi.org/10.34086/rteusbe.1529244.
  • Fernández-Ordoñez, E., González-Cano-Caballero, M., Guerra-Marmolejo, C., Fernández-Fernández, E., &
  • García-Gámez, M. (2021). Perinatal grief and post-traumatic stress disorder in pregnancy after perinatal loss: a longitudinal study protocol. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(6), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062874.
  • Giannopoulou, I., Richardson, C., & Papadatou, D. (2021). Peer loss: Posttraumatic stress, depression, and grief symptoms in a traumatized adolescent community. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 26(2), 556-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910452098002.
  • Gough, D., Oliver, S., & Thomas, J. (2012). Introducing systematic reviews. In D. Gough, S. Oliver ve J. Thomas (Eds.), An introduction to systematic reviews (pp. 1-16). Sage.
  • Heeke, C., Kampisiou, C., Niemeyer, H., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2017). A systematic review and meta-analysis of correlates of prolonged grief disorder in adults exposed to violent loss. European journal of psychotraumatology, 8(sup6), 1583524. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1583524.
  • Jann, P., Neldner, S., Neuner, F., & Mohammed, R. (2024). Complicated grief and posttraumatic stress after loss and separation under terror conditions. Journal of traumatic stress, 37(1), 154-165. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22990
  • Johnsen, I., & Afgun, K. (2021). Complicated grief and post-traumatic growth in traumatically bereaved siblings and close friends. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(3), 246-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1762972.
  • Karaçam, Z. (2013). Sistematik derleme metodolojisi: Sistematik derleme hazırlamak için bir rehber Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 6(1), 26-33
  • Lasserson, T. J., Thomas, J., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2019). Starting a review. In J. P. T. Higgins vd. (Eds), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (2nd Edition) (pp. 3-12). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Li, J., Precht, D. H., Mortensen, P. B., & Olsen, J. (2014). Mortality in parents after death of a child in Denmark: A nationwide follow-up study. The Lancet, 355(9215), 839-841.
  • Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Steel, Z., Silove, D., & Brooks, R. (2014). A critical review of psychological treatments of posttraumatic stress disorder and complex PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(2), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.003
  • Prigerson, H. G., Boelen, P. A., Xu, J., Smith, K. V., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2021). Validation of the new DSM‐5‐TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG‐13‐Revised (PG‐13‐R) scale. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20823
  • Sami, S. (2021). Covid-19 nedeniyle yakınlarını kaybeden bireylerde yas süreci ve dini başa çıkma. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi, (55), 421-444. https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.888706.
  • Schaal, S., Jacob, N., Dusingizemungu, J. P., & Elbert, T. (2010). Rates and risks for prolonged grief disorder in a sample of orphaned and widowed genocide survivors. BMC psychiatry, 10(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-55
  • Shear, K., Frank, E., Houck, P. R., & Reynolds, C. F. (2005). Treatment of complicated grief: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 293(21), 2601-2608.
  • Shear, M. K., Reynolds, C. F., Simon, N. M., Zisook, S., Wang, Y., Mauro, C., ... & Skritskaya, N. (2016). Optimizing treatment of complicated grief: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 73(7), 685-694.
  • Shear, M. K., Simon, N., Wall, M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R., Duan, N., ... & Keshaviah, A. (2011). Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM‐5. Depression and anxiety, 28(2), 103-117. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20780
  • Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Boerner, K. (2017). Cautioning health-care professionals: Bereaved persons are misguided through the stages of grief. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 74(4), 455-473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817724167
  • Tang, S., & Xiang, Z. (2021). Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults. Globalization and health, 17(1), 17-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00669-5.
  • Wilson, B. L., Wolfer, T. A., Wooten, N. R., Pitner, R., Moore, S. E., & Anders, A. D. (2024). “Am I Next?”: A qualitative study of Black college students’ experiences of stress, trauma, and grief from exposures to police killings. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 34(3), 390-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2023.2173353.
  • Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner (5th ed.). Springer Publishing Company.
  • Yağlı Soykan, N. (2020). Şehit Yakınlarının Yas Deneyimine İlişkin Fenomenolojik Bir Araştırma. Turkish Studies-Comparative Religious Studies, 15(2), 255-282. https://dx.doi.org/10.29228/TurkishStudies.43409.
  • Yelboğa, N. (2023). Kahramanmaraş depremi özelinde travmatik yas ve sosyal hizmetin yas danışmanlığı müdahalesi. Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 97-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.30830/tobider.sayi.13.6.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyal ve Kişilik Psikolojisi (Diğer)
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Nazmiye Arduç 0009-0009-2734-9214

Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Arduç, N. (2025). TRAVMATİK YAS VE RUH SAĞLIĞI SONUÇLARI: BİR SİSTEMATİK DERLEME. Beykent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(2), 25-37. https://doi.org/10.18221/bujss.1649065

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