The Potential, utilization, and development of Geothermal Energy in Türkiye

Yıl 2023, , 69 - 90, 25.08.2023

Mehmet Furkan Şener Taygun Uzelli İbrahim Akkuş Orhan Mertoğlu Alper Baba

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1229381

Cited By: 3

Öz

Geothermal energy is a natural resource that can be utilized directly or by converting to other types of energy. Considering the diversity of the geological structure of Türkiye, the geothermal systems have developed depending on young tectonic and volcanic active rock. Western and Central Anatolia are especially rich in geothermal resources. The geothermal well with the hottest well-bottom temperature was drilled in Central Anatolia, and the well-bottom temperature was measured as 341°C at a depth of 3845 meters. In 2022, Türkiye's electricity generation capacity and the total installed direct heat use reached 1663 MWe and 5113 MWt, respectively. Considering Anatolia's Curie depth and heat flux, the probable thickness of the batholith can be regarded as 10 km. For example, the total granitoid area of Western Anatolia is 4221 km2, and at least 2% of this granitoid can provide approximately 8x107 MWh of electricity by Enhanced Deep Geothermal Systems (EDGS). When all granites in Türkiye are considered, it is expected that the future capacity of Türkiye will be much higher with drilling research and development studies and the discovery of new fields. This capacity will exceed 100,000 MWt levels in the medium term, especially with the addition of EDGSs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Geothermal Energy, Türkiye, Strategy Report, HDR/EDGS, Future Policy

Kaynakça

• Akkuş, İ. 2017. Neden jeotermal enerji? Türkiye için önemi, hedefler ve beklentiler. Mavi Gezegen Dergisi, 23, 25-39.
• Akkuş, I., Akıllı, H., Ceyhan, S., Dilemre, A., Tekin, Z. 2005. Türkiye Jeotermal Kaynaklar Envanteri. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Envanter Serisi, 201, Ankara.
• Aksoy, N. 2014. Power generation from geothermal resources in Turkey. Renewable Energy 68, 595601.
• Aydın, H., Karakuş, H., Mutlu, H. 2020. Hydrogeochemistry of geothermal waters in eastern Turkey: Geochemical and isotopic constraints on waterrock interaction. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 390, 106708.
• Baba, A., Chandrasekharam, D. 2022. Geothermal resources for sustainable development: A case study. International Journal of Energy Research 46(14), 20501-20518.
• Baba, A., Kaya, A., Birsoy, Y. K. 2003. The effect of Yatağan thermal power plant (Muğla, Turkey) on the quality of surface and ground waters. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 149, 93-111.
• Baba, A., Gürdal, G., Şengünalp, F. 2010. Leaching characteristics of fly ash from fluidized bed combustion thermal power plant: case study: Çan (Çanakkale-Turkey). Fuel Processing Technology 91(9), 1073-1080.
• Baba, A., Şaroğlu, F., Akkuş, I., Özel, N., Yeşilnacar, M. İ., Nalbantçılar, M. T., Demir, M. M., Gökçen, G., Arslan, Ş., Dursun, N., Uzelli, T., Yazdani, H. 2019. Geological and hydrogeochemical properties of geothermal systems in the southeastern region of Türkiye. Geothermics 78, 255-271.
• Baba, A., Uzelli, T., Sözbilir, H. 2021. Distribution of geothermal arsenic in relation to geothermal play types: A global review and case study from the Anatolian plate (Turkey). Journal of Hazardous Materials 414, 125510.
• Barka, A. A. 1992. The North Anatolian Fault zone. Annalas Tectonicae 6, 164–195.
• Bozkurt, E. 2001. Neotectonics of Türkiye-a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta 14, 3-30.
• Chandrasekharam, D., Baba, A. 2021. High heat generating granites of Kestanbol: future enhanced geothermal system (EGS) province in western Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 30, 1032-1044.
• Chandrasekharam, D., Baba, A. 2022. Carbon dioxide emissions strategy through enhanced geothermal systems: Western Anatolia, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences 81(8), 235.
• EBRD. 2020a. Early Stage Geothermal Support Framework: (PLUTO)-Cumulative Impact Assessment Report of Cumulative Impact Assessment of Geothermal Resources in Türkiye. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
• EBRD. 2020b. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Türkiye: Feasibility Study On The Potential For Geothermal District Heating And Cooling Systems.
• EKB. 2022. Enerji Kentleri Birliği, Türkiye jeotermal kentsel ısıtma verileri 2021.
• EPDK. 2019. T.C. Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurumu 2019 yılı Elektrik Piyasası Sektör Raporları.
• EPDK. 2022. Elektrik Piyasası Üretim Lisansları. T.C. Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurumu.
• Eşder, T., Şimşek, Ş. 1977. The relationship between the temperature-gradient distribution and geological structure in the İzmir-Seferihisar Geothermal Area, Turkey. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Geothermal Energy, Ankara, 93-114.
• Filiz, Ş. 1982. Ege Bölgesi’ndeki önemli jeotermal alanların 18O, 2H, 3H, 13C izotoplarıyla incelenmesi. Assoc. Prof. Thesis, E.Ü.Y.B.F., İzmir (in Turkish).
• Gemici, Ü., Filiz, Ş. 2001. Hydrochemistry of the Çeşme geothermal area, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 110, 171-188.
• Gemici, Ü., Tarcan, G. 2002. Distribution of boron in thermal waters of western Anatolia, Turkey and examples on their environmental impacts. Environmental Geology 43, 87–98.
• Gültekin, F., Firat Ersoy, A., Ersoy, H. 2007. Hydrochemical and isotopic investigation of Trabzon mineral springs, Ayder (Çamlihemşin-Rize) and Ilıcaköy (İkizdere-Rize) hot springs. Yerbilimleri 50–51, 11–25 (in Turkish).
• Hatipoğlu Temizel, E., Gültekin, F. 2018. Hydrochemical, isotopic, and reservoir characterization of the Pasinler (Erzurum) geothermal field, eastern Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 11, 1–20.
• İZKA. 2022. İzmir ilindeki jeotermal kaynakların potansiyeli, kullanım alanları, ekonomik ve çevresel etkilerinin belirlenmesi araştırması projesi final raporu. İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı.
• Karakuş, H., Şimşek, Ş. 2013. Tracing deep thermal water circulation systems in the E-W trending Büyük Menderes Graben, western Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 252, 38–52.
• Koçyiğit, A., Özacar, A. 2003. Extensional neotectonic regime through the NE edge of the Outer Isparta Angle, SW Türkiye: New field and seismic data. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 12, 67–90.
• Lachenbruch, A. H. 1968. Preliminary geothermal model of the Sierra Nevada. Journal of Geophysical Research 73, 6977-6989
• Lindal, B. 1973. Industrial and other applications of geothermal energy. Geothermal Energy, UNESCO, Paris.
• Lund, J., Tóth, A. N. 2020. Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2020 worldwide review. Geothermics 90, 101915.
• Ministry of Health, 2021. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Sağlığı Daire Başkanlığı, Türkiye Kaplıcaları, Kaplıca Arama Portalı.
• Mutlu, H., Güleç, N. 1998. Hydrogeochemical outline of thermal waters and geothermometry applications in Anatolia (Turkey). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 85, 495–515.
• Özgür, N. 2002. Geochemical signature of the Kızıldere geothermal field, Western Anatolia, Turkey. International Geology Review 44(2), 153 – 163.
• Özkan, R., Şener, M., Helvacı, C., Şener, M. F. 2011. Hydrothermal alterations and relationship with thermal waters at Aliağa (İzmir) geothermal field, Yerbilimleri Dergisi 32(1), 141-168.
• Pasvanoğlu, S. 2020. Geochemistry and conceptual model of thermal waters from Erciş – Zilan, Geothermics 86, 101803.
• Rubio-Maya, C., Ambríz Díaz, V. M., Pastor Martínez, E., Belman-Flores, J. M. 2015. Cascade utilization of low and medium enthalpy geothermal resources − A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52, 689-716.
• Selenka. 2021. https://selenkaenerji.com/blog/ulkemizdekiyenilenebilir-kaynakli-santrallerin-kapasitefaktoru-agustos-2021-17.html
• Şener, M. F. 2019. A new approach to Kırşehir (Türkiye) geothermal waters using REY, major elements and isotope geochemistry. Environmental Earth Sciences 78, 3.
• Şener, M. F., Baba, A. 2019. Geochemical and hydrogeochemical characteristics and evolution of Kozaklı geothermal fluids, Central Anatolia, Turkey, Geothermics 80, 69-77.
• Şener, M. F., Baba, A., Uzelli, T., Akkuş, İ., Mertoğlu, O. 2022. Türkiye Jeotermal Kaynaklar Strateji Raporu. Maden ve Petrol İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü.
• Şener, M. F., Şener, M., Uysal, I. T. 2017. The evolution of the Cappadocia Geothermal Province, Anatolia (Türkiye): geochemical and geochronological evidence. Hydrogeology Journal 25(8), 23232345.
• Şener, M. F., Yiğit, B., Şener, M. 2021. Geochemical proxies and formation mechanism of Hatay (Başlamış) travertine and relation with Dead Sea Fault Zone (S-Türkiye). Journal of African Earth Sciences 177, 104126.
• Şengör, A. M. C., Dyer, J. M. N. 1979. Neotectonic provinces of the Tethyan orogenic belt of the eastern Mediterranean; variations in tectonic style and magmatism in a collision zone. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 60(18), 390.
• Şimşek, Ş. 1985. Geothermal model of Denizli, SarayköyBuldan area. Geothermics 14(2-3), 393 – 417.
• Şimşek, Ş. 2003. Hydrogeological and isotopic survey of geothermal fields in the Büyük Menderes graben, Turkey. Geothermics 32, 669–678.
• Tarcan, G., Gemici, Ü., Aksoy, N. 2005. Hydrogeological and geochemical assessments of the Gediz Graben geothermal areas, western Anatolia, Turkey. Environmental Geology 47(4), 523 – 534.
• Tarcan, G., Özen, T., Gemici, Ü. 2016. Geochemical assessment of mineral scaling in Kızıldere geothermal field, Turkey. Environmental Earth Science 75, 1317.
• Tayfur, G., Kirer, T., Baba, A. 2008. Groundwater quality and hydrogeochemical properties of Torbalı Region, Izmir, Turkey, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 146(1), 157-169.
• Thinkgeoenergy, 2022. https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/ thinkgeoenergys-top-10-geothermal-countries2021-installed-power-generation-capacity-mwe/.
• UNEP. 2021. United Nations Environment Programme. Food Waste Index Report 2021.
• Uzelli, T., Şener, M. F., Dölek, İ., Baba, A., Sözbilir, H., Dirik, K. 2021. Structural controls and hydrogeochemical properties of geothermal fields in the Varto region, East Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 30, 1076-1095.
• Uzelli, T., Baba, A., Mungan, G. G., Dirik, R. K., Sözbilir, H. 2017. Conceptual model of the Gülbahçe geothermal system, Western Anatolia, Turkey: based on structural and hydrogeochemical data. Geothermics 68, 67-85.
• Yılmazer, S. 1984. Ege Bölgesi’ndeki bazı sıcak su kaynaklarının hidrojeoloji ve jeokimyasal incelemeleri (in Turkish). Master Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
• WB. 2021. WorldBank-Türkiye-Assessment of Opportunities and Interest in Direct Uses of Geothermal Energy, Project Final Report Workshop Presentation, ESMAP, Stantec and Reykjavik Geothermal.
• EPİAŞ. 2021. https://seffaflik.epias.com.tr/transparency/.
• REN21. 2021. Renewables 2020 Global Status Report. (Paris: REN21 Secretariat). Global Overvıew.