Mineralogy, petrography and origin of hydrothermal alteration in Eocene magmatites in Central Anatolia (Sivas-Turkey)

Yıl 2019, , 141 - 164, 25.04.2019

Zeynel Başıbüyük , Hüseyin Yalçın

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.461255

Cited By: 1

Öz

Three different
types of hydrothermal alterations have occurred in the Eocene magmatics of the
northern part of Sivas-Turkey which include propylitic phyllic / sericitic and
argillic. Hydrothermal alteration affected both Karataş volcanites and Kösedağ
syenite. The clay formations are concentrated in two major zones; extending in
NE-SW direction and intersecting both plutonic and volcanic rocks with circular
opening cracks within the volcanics parallel to the plutonic-volcanic contact.
Hypogene and supergene hydrothermal alteration products occurring on surface
and/or near surface conditions represent the primary and secondary minerals
that develop directly and mostly from feldspars with the mechanisms of neoformation
and/or degradation. The hypogene minerals are formed in two stages of early
(kaolinite, pyrophyllite, illite, I-S (illite-smectite), smectite, quartz and
opal-CT) and late (barite, ore minerals, alunite, goyazite, jarosite, chlorite
and C-S). Tourmaline, epidote and carbonates (calcite, dolomite, azurite and malachite)
are considered as metasomatic and supergeneous minerals, respectively. The most
common mineral paragenesis are kaolinite + quartz + goethite + goyazite or
alunite, kaolinite + quartz + jarosite + feldspar ± goethite and/or goyazite in
the argillic alteration zone, I-S + quartz + jarosite ± goethite ± feldspar as
well as I-S + quartz + feldspar minerals in the sericitic alteration zone.
Kaolinite (T) is mostly in the form of pseudohexagonal platies, I-S (R1, R3 as
argillic alteration origins, 1Md, 2M1, 1M and R3 as sericitic alteration
origins) forming fi ber-acicular bundles parallel to each other.

Anahtar Kelimeler

plutonic, volcanic, XRD, SEM, Alteration zone and type

Kaynakça

• Acarlioğlu, S., Kadir, S., Abdioğlu, E., Arslan, M., 2013. Epithermal-alteration geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of Eocene volcanic rocks in the Hasandağ (Giresun) area, eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen, 190, 79-99.
• Ariana Z., Par W., Mario B., Vladimir M., 2016. Geological, mineralogical and chemical characterization of Devonian kaolinite-bearing sediments for further applications in the ceramic (tiles) industry in La Paz, Bolivia. Environ Earth Sci, 75:546, 1-15.
• Arslan, M., Kadir, S., Abdioğlu, E., Kolayli, H., 2006. Origin and formation of kaolin minerals in saprolite of Tertiary alkaline volcanic rocks, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Clay Minerals, 41(2), 597-617.
• Başıbüyük, Z., 2006. Eosen volkaniklerinin hidrotermal alterasyon mineralojisi-petrografisi ve jeokimyası: Zara-İmranlı-Suşehri-Şerefiye Dörtgeni’nden bir örnek (Sivas Kuzeydoğusu, İç-Doğu Anadolu, Türkiye). Doktora Tezi, C.Ü. Fen Bil. Enst. Sivas, 269s.
• Başıbüyük, Z., Yalçın, H., Bozkaya, Ö., 2007. Eosen yaşlı Kösedağ magmatiklerinin hidrotermal alterasyonla ilişkili kil mineralojisi (Sivas Kuzeydoğusu). 13. Ulusal Kil 2007 Sempozyumu, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta, 12-14 Eylül, Bildiriler Kitabı, s. 44-64.
• Başıbüyük, Z., Yalçın, H., Bozkaya, Ö., 2010. Zara-Suşehri (KD Sivas) Yöresi Magmatik Kayaçlarında Hidrotermal Karışıkı Tabakalı İllit-Smektit Oluşumları. IV. Ulusal Jeokimya Sempozyumu, 26-28 Mayıs, Elazığ, Bildiriler ve Özetler Kitabı, s.29-30.
• Bailey, S. W., 1988. X-ray diffraction identification of the polytypes of mica, serpentine, and chlorite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 36(3), 193-213.
• Berman R.G., 1988, Internally-consistent thermodynamic data for minerals in the system Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-H2O-CO2: Journal of Petrology, v. 29, p. 445-522.
• Berman R.G., 1988, Internally-consistent thermodynamic data for minerals in the system Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-H2O-CO2: Journal of Petrology, v. 29, p. 445-522.
• Bingöl, E., 1989. 1/2.000.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Yayını, Ankara.
• Bohor, B.F. ve Triplehorn, D.M.,1993. Tonsteins: Altered volcanic ash layers in coal bearing sequences. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 285, 44 pp.
• Bozkaya, Ö., Yalçın, H., Başıbüyük, Z., Bozkaya, G., 2007. Metamorphic-hosted pyrophyllite and dickite occurrences from the hydrous Al-silicate deposits of the Malatya-Pütürge region, Central Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 55, 4, p. 423-442.
• Boztuğ, D., Jonckheere, R. C., 2007. Apatite fission track data from central Anatolian granitoids (Turkey): Constraints on Neo‐Tethyan closure. Tectonics, 26(3).
• Boztuğ, D., Tichomirowa, M., Bombach, K. 2007. 207Pb/206Pb single-zircon evaporation ages of some granitoid rocks reveal continent-oceanic island arc collision during the Cretaceous geodynamic evolution of the central Anatolian crust, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 31(1), 71-86.
• Brindley, G.W., 1980. Quantitative X-ray mineral analysis of clays: In: Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-ray Identification, G.W.Brindley and G.Brown (eds.), Mineralogical Society, London, 411-438.
• Brindley, G.W., Wardle R., 1970. Monoclinic and triclinic forms of pyrophyllite and pyrophyllite anhydride. Am. Miner., 48, 42-61.
• Brown, G., Brindley, G.W., 1980. X-ray diffraction procedures for clay mineral identification. In Crystal Structuresof Clay Minerals ang their X-ray Identification, Mineralogical Society, London, 305-360.
• Chagnon, A., Desjardins, M., 1991. Détermination de la composition de la chlorite par diffraction et microanalyse aux rayons X. Canadian Mineralogist, 29, 245-254.
• Collins, D.R., Catlow, C.R.A., 1991. Energy-minimized hydrogen-atom positions of kaolinite. Acta Cryst., Vol.47, pp.678-682.
• Cravero F., Marfil S. and Maiza P., 2010. Statistical analysis of geochemical data: A tool: to discriminate between kaolin deposits of hypogene and supergen origin. Patagonia, Argentina. Clay Minerals, 183-196.
• Davies, J. H., Von Blanckenburg, F., 1995. Slab breakoff: a model of lithosphere detachment and its test in the magmatism and deformation of collisional orogens. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 129(1), 85-102.
• Domínguez E., Murray H.H., 1995. Genesis of the Chubut river valley kaolin deposits, and their industrial applications. Pp. 129-134 in: Proceedings of the 10th International Clay Conference, 1993 (G.J. Churchman, R.W. Fitzpatrick & R.A. Eggleton, editors) CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia.
• Domínguez E., Murray, H.H., 1997. The Lote 8 Kaolin Deposit, Santa Cruz, Argentina. Genesis and paper industrial application. Pp. 57-64 in: Proceedings of the 11th International Clay Conference (H. Kodama, A.M. Mermut & J.K. Torrance, editors) Ottawa, Canada.
• Duda, R., Rejl, L., 1990. Minerals of The World. Arch Cape Press, New York, 520 p.
• Ece, O.I., Nakagawa, Z.-E., 2003. Alteration of volcanic rocks and genesis of kaolin deposits in the Şile region, northern İstanbul, Turkey. Part II: differantial mobility of elements. Clay Minerals, 38, p.529-550.
• Ece, O.I., Nakagawa, Z.-E., Schroeder, P.A., 2003. Alteration of volcanic rocks and genesis of kaolin deposits in the Şile region, northern İstanbul, Turkey. I: Clay Mineralogy. Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol.51, No.6, p.675-688.
• Ece Ö.I., Schroeder, P.A., 2007. Clay mineralogy and chemistry of halloysite and alunite deposits in the Turplu area, Balıkesir, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 55, 18-35.
• Ece, Ö.I., Schroeder, P.A., Smilley, M., Wampler, M., 2008. Acid-sulfate alteration volcanic rocks and genesis of halloysite and alunite deposits in the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. Clay Minerals, 43, 281-315.
• Ece, Ö.İ., Ekinci, B., Schroeder, P.A., Crowe, D., Esenli, F., 2013. Origin of the Düvertepe kaolin-alunite deposits in Simav Graben, Turkey: Timing and Styles of hydrothermal mineralization. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 255, 57-18.
• Efe, A., Gökçe, A., 1999. Maden köyü (İmranlı-Sivas) çevresindeki Pb-Zn yataklarının jeolojisi ve sıvı kapanım incelemeleri. C.Ü. Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi Seri A-Yerbilimleri, 16, 29-38.
• Esqueviv, J., 1956. Synthèse des phyllites zincifères. Bull. Gr. Fr. Argilés, 8, 3, pp. 23-27.
• Evans, B.W., and Guggenheim, S., 1988, Talc, pyrophyllite, and related minerals, in Hydrous Phyllosilicates (exclusive of micas): Bailey, S.W. ed., Washington DC, Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, v.19, p. 225-294.
• Fawcett, T. G., Crowder, C. E., Brownwell, S. J., Zhang, Y., Hubbard, C., Schreıner, W., Hamıll, G. P., Huang, T. C., Sabıno, E., Langford, J. L., Hamılton, R. & Lou~R, D., 1989. In Methods & Practices in X-ray Powder Diffraction, edited by R. JENKINS, Section 13.3. International Centre for Diffraction Data, Swathmore, USA.
• Foster, M.D., 1962. Interpretation of the composition and a classification of the chlorites. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 414-A, 1-33 p.
• Gençoğlu, H., Bayhan, H., Yalçın, H., 1989. Bilecik-Söğüt yöresi kaolin yataklarının mineralojisi ve kökeni. IV. Ulusal Kil Sempozyumu, C.Ü. Sivas, 20-23 Eylül, Bildiriler Kitabı (Eds. D.Boztuğ ve H.Yalçın), 97-112.
• Göncüoğlu, M.C., Dirik, K., Kozlu, H., 1997. Pre-Alpine and Alpine Terranes in Turkey: Explanatory notes to the Terrane Map of Turkey. Ed.D. Papanikolaou, F.P. Sassi, IGCP Project No:276 Final Volume: Terrane Maps and Terrane Descriptions. Annales. Géol.Pays Helléniques, 37, 515-536.
• Görür, N., Tüysüz, O., Şengör, A.M.C., 1998. Tectonic evolution of the Central Anatolian Basins. International Geology Review, 40, 831-850.
• Gündoğdu, M.N., Yalçın, H., Temel, A. and Clauer, N., 1996. Geological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of zeolite deposits associated with borates in the Bigadiç, Emet and Kırka Neogene lacustrine basins, Western Turkey. Mineralium Deposita, 31, 492-513.
• Hemley, J.J., Montoya, J.W., Marinenko, J.W., and Luce, R.W., 1980, Equilibria in the system Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and some general implications for alteration/mineralization processes: Economic Geology, v. 75, p. 210-228.
• Hinckley, D.N., 1963. Variability in “crysallinity” values among the kaolin deposits of the coastal plain of Georgia and South Carolina. Clays and Clay Minerals, 11, 22-235.
• Keller, W.D., 1976, Scan electron micrographs of kaolins collected from diverse environments of origin-I: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 24, p. 107-113.
• Kalkancı, Ş., 1974. Etüde geologique et petrochimique du sud de la region de Suşehri. Geochronologie du massif syenitique de Kösedağ (Sivas Turquie). These de doctoral de 3e cycle, L’universite de Grenoble, 135 p.
• Kalkancı, Ş., 1978. Suşehri güneyinin jeolojik ve petrokimyasal etüdü. Kösedağ siyenitik masifinin jeokronolojisi (NE Sivas-Türkiye). TJK 32. Bili msel ve Teknik Kurultayı, Bildiri Özetleri, 33-34.
• Kadir, S., Akbulut, A., 2009. Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the Taşoluk kaolinite deposits in pre-Early Cambrian metamorphites and Neogene volcanites of Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Clay Minerals, 44, 89-112.
• Kadir, S., Erman, H., Erkoyun, H., 2011. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and genesis of hydrothermal kaolinite deposits within Neogene volcanites, Kütahya (western Anatolia), Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 59(3), 250-276.
• Kadir, S., Erkoyun, H., 2013. Genesis of the hydrothermal Karaçayır kaolinite deposit in Miocene volcanics and Palaeozoic metamorphic rocks of the Uşak-Güre Basin, western Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 22(3), 444-468.
• Kadir, S., Külah, T., Eren, M., Önalgil, N., Gürel, A., 2014. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and genesis of the Güzelyurt alunite-bearing kaolinite deposit within the Late Miocene Gördeles ignimbrite, central Anatolia, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 62, 486-508.
• Karakaya, M.Ç., Karakaya, N., Temel, A., 2001. Kaolin occurrences in Erenler Dağı volcanics, southwest Konya Province, Turkey. Int. Geol. Rev. 43/8, 711-722.
• Karakaya N., Karakaya-Çelik, M., 2001. Şaplıca (Şebinkarahisar, Giresun) volkanitlerinin hidrotermal alterasyon türlerinin mineralojik ve jeokimyasal özellikleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 44, 75-89.
• Karakaya, M.Ç., Karakaya, N., Temel, A., 2001. Kaolin occurrences in Erenler Dağı volcanics, southwest Konya Province, Turkey. Int. Geol. Rev. 43/8, 711-722.
• Kusznir, N. J., Park, R.G., 1987. The extensional strength of the continental lithosphere: its dependence on geothermal gradient, and crustal composition and thickness. In: Coward, M.P., Dewey, J.F., Hancock P.L., (eds.) Continental Extensional Tectonics, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 35-52.
• Millot,G., 1970. Geology of Clays. (trans. W.R.Farrand and H.Paquet). Springer Verlag, New York, Berlin, 429pp.
• Moore, D.M., Reynolds, R.C.JR., 1997. X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals. Oxford University, 378 p.
• Murray H.H., 1988. Kaolin minerals: their genesis and occurrences. In: Bailey SW (ed) Reviews in mineralogy, hydrous phyllosilicates. Mineralogical Society of America Publication no. 19
• Murray H.H., Keller D.W., 1993. Kaolins, kaolins and kaolins; In Kaolin genesis and utilization. Special publication no. 1. The Clay Minerals Society, pp 1-24
• Murray H.H., Smith J.M., 1973. The geology and mineralogy of the Grahamstown, South Africa kaolin deposit. In: Programs and abstracts, 22nd annual clays minerals conference, Clay Minerals Society
• Sayın, Ş.A., 1987. Türkiye’nin farklı bölgelerine ait kaolinitlerde kristalleşme derecesi. III. Ulusal Kil Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 21-27 Eylül 1987, s. 57-72.
• Sudo, T., Shimoda, S., Yotsumoto, H., Aita, S., 1981. Electron Micrographs of Clay Minerals: Elsevier, Tokyo, Developments in Sedimentology, v. 31, 203 p.
• Şener, M., Gevrek, A. I., 2000. Distribution and significance of hydrothermal alteration minerals in the Tuzla hydrothermal system, Canakkale, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 96(3), 215-228
• Şengör, A.M.C., Yılmaz, Y., 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
• Tüysüz O., 1993. Karadeniz’den Orta Anadolu’ya Bir Jeotravers: Kuzey Neo-Tetisin Tektonik Evrimi. Türkiye Petrol Jeolojları Derneği Bülteni, 5, 1-33.
• Toraya, H., Iwai, S., Marumo, F., 1980. The structural investigation of a kaolin mineral by X-ray powder pattern-fitting. Mineralogical Journal (Japan). 10, 4, 168-180
• Uysal, Ş., Bedi, Y., Kurt, İ., Kılınç, F., 1995. Koyulhisar (Sivas) dolayının jeolojisi. MTA Rapor No: 9838, 120 s (yayınlanmamış).
• Ünal Ercan, H., Işik Ece, Ö., Schroeder, P. A., Karacik, Z., 2016. Differentiating Styles of Alteration Within Kaolin-Alunite Hydrothermal Deposits of Çanakkale, NW Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 64(3), 245-274.
• Yalçın, H., 1991. Hidrotermal kaolinitlerin morfolojisi ve kimyası : Eskişehir ve Malatya yörelerinden örnekler. V. Ulusal Kil Sempozyumu, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir, 16-20 Eylül, Bildiriler Kitabı (Ed. M.Zor), 74-86.
• Yalçın, H., Bozkaya, Ö., 2003. Sivas Batısındaki (Yıldızeli-Akdağmadeni) hidrotermal kaolin ve I-S oluşumlarının mineralojisi ve jeokimyası. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 46, 1-23.
• Yalçın, H., Gümüşer, G., 2000. Mineralogic and geochemical characteristics of of Late Cretaceous bentonite deposits at the north of Kelkit valley, Northern Turkey. Clay Minerals, 35, 807-825.
• Yalçın, H., Bozkaya, Ö., Tetiker, S., 2005. Kangal kömür yatağının kil mineralojisi ve jeokimyası. 12. Ulusal Kil Sempozyumu, Yüzüncüyıl Üniversitesi, Van, 5-9 Eylül, Bildiriler Kitabı, s. 16-31.
• Yılmaz, A., Okay A., Bilgiç T., 1985. Yukarı Kelkit Çayı yöresi ve güneyinin temel jeoloji özellikleri ve sonuçları. MTA Rapor No: 7777, 124 s.
• Yıldız, A., Başaran, C., 2015. Sediment-Hosted Kaolin Deposit from Çakmaktepe (Uşak, Turkey): its Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Genesis. Clays and Clay Minerals, 63(4), 235-261.