Hydro-chemical and isotopic investigation of the İspendere mineral and thermal water springs, Malatya, Turkey

Yıl 2019, , 311 - 325, 25.04.2019

Murat Celıker , O. Faruk Dursun Mahmut Fırat

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.494681

Cited By: 1

Öz

The objective of this study is to
determine the source, chemical characteristics and isotopic components of the
İspendere mineral and thermal waters, Malatya, Turkey. There are many mineral and
thermal water springs in the area with fl ow rates ranging between 0.01 – 0.4
l/s. Geochemical and isotope chemistry studies were carried out at three
different thermal springs in the region as well as three different cold water
springs during May-October 2011. The temperature of mineral and thermal waters
were measured as between 21.1°C – 23.6°C in May 2011 and as 20.8°C in October
2011. The region was determined as a low temperature geothermal area and the
reason for this is thought to be cold water mixing. The pH values of mineral
and thermal spring waters were measured to be between 6.19 –6.69, EC values
were measured to be between 1420 μS/cm and 2720 μS/cm, pH values of shallow and
deep wells ranged between 6.04 and 7.82, whereas EC values were measured
approximately between 275 μS/cm and 3300 μS/cm. The MgHCO3 water type dominates
the chemistry of mineral and thermal water in study area. The results of ¹⁸O
and ²H isotope analysis yield that the springs of mineral and
thermal waters as well as cold waters are fed by meteoric rains. It was
determined that the İspendere mineral and thermal waters have low tritium (³H),
low Cl and high EC values. Reservoir rock temperatures have been estimated to
be between 95 -132°C as a result of the quartz geo-thermometer calculations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Environmental isotopes, İspendere, mineral and thermal waters, geochemistry

Kaynakça

• Afşin, M., Canik, B. 2013. Orta Anadolu’daki bazı jeotermal sularda su kimyası ve izotopik değişimlerin anlamı, Aksaray Üniversitesi Jeoloji Müh. Bölümü Baki Canik Su Medeniyeti Semp. s.24.
• APHA. 2005. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater 21st ed. American Public Health Association, Washington D.C.
• Arnórsson, S., D’Amore, F., Gerardo-Abaya, J. 2000. Isotopic and Geochemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration, Development and Use: Sampling Methods, Data Handling, Interpretation (ed. Arnórsson S), International Atomic Energy Agency Publication, Vienna.
• Arnorsson, S., Gunnlaugsson, E., Svavarsson, H. 1983. The chemistry of geothermal waters in Iceland III., chemical geothermometry in geothermal investigations. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 47, 567–577
• Anees, M., Shah, M.M. Qureshi, A.A. 2015. Proc. Earth Planet. Sci. 13, 291–295.
• Baba, A., Sanliyuksel D. 2011. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic composition of a low-temperature geothermal source in northwest Turkey: case study of Kirkgecit geothermal area. Environ Earth Sciences. 62, 529–540.
• Back, W., Hanshaw, B.B. 1965. Advances in hydroscience. In chemical Geohydrology, Academic Press, New York, Vol. 11, p-49.
• Battistel, M., Hurwitz, S., Evans, W., Barbieri, M. 2014. Energy Proc. 59, 359–365.
• Beyarslan, M. 1991. Petrographic Properties of the ophiolite of İspendere (Kale-Malatya). Firat University, Institute of Science. M.Sc. Thesis, pp 57.
• Beyarslan, M., Bingo,l A.F. 2010. Ultramafics and Mafic Bodies in Cumulates of Ispendere and Kömürhan Ophiolites (SE Anatolian Belt, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Science and Technology. 5(1), 19- 36.
• Boyed, C.E. 2000. Water Quality: An Introduction. Kluwer Academic Publisher, New York, 330 p.
• Browne, P.R.L. 1991. Mineralogical guides to interpreting the shallow paleohydrology of epithermal mineral depositing environments. Proc 13 th NZ Geothermal work – shop, Auckland. 263-270.
• Bojadgieva, K., Dipchikova, S., Benderev, A., Koseva, J. 2002. Thermal Waters and Balneolody in Bulgaria. GHC Bulletin, March, 18-25
• Chenaker, H., Houha, B., Valles, V. 2017. Isotope studies and chemical investigations of hot springs from North-Eastern Algeria, J. Mater. Environ. Sci, 8 (12), pp. 4253-4263.
• Clark, I.D., Fritz, P. 1997. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology, Lewis Publication. Pp 328. New York.
• Craig, H. 1961a. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science. 133, 1702–8.
• Craig, H. 1961b. Standard for reporting concentration of deuterium and oxygen-18 in natural waters. Science. 113, 1833–34.
• Çetindağ, B., Afşin, M., Canik, B. 1993. Hydrogeological investigation of mineral and thermal water of İspendere (Malatya). Suat Erk Symposium Ankara, Turkey. 403-410. (In Turkish).
• Chandrajith, R., Barth, J.A.C., Subasinghe, N.D., Merten, D., Dissanayake, C.B. 2013. Geochemical and isotope characterization of geothermal spring waters in Sri Lanka: Evidence for steeper than expected geothermal gradients. Journal of Hydrology.476, 360-369.
• Dansgaard, W. 1964. STab. isotopes in precipitation. Tellus. 16, 436–438.
• Demer, S. 2008. Hydrogeological, hydro-geochemical and isotope geochemical investigations of the groundwater in Isparta and its nearly environs and monitoring of the drink water quality. Suleyman Demirel University, Institute of Science, 182 p. PhD. Thesis, Isparta, Turkey. (In Turkish).
• DMI. 2010. General Directorate of State Meteorological Service, in Turkish.
• DSİ. 1991. Kapıkaya Dam planning report. the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. Ankara, Turkey. (In Turkish).
• Dumanlılar, Ö. 1993. Geology and petrography of magmatites of İspendere (Malatya) region: A.U. Institute of Science, M.Sc. Thesis, Ankara, Turkey. pp 62. (In Turkish).
• Dumanlılar, H., Aydal, D., Dumanlılar, Ö. 1999. Geology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Sulphide mineralization of İspendere (Malatya) Region. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration. 121, 225-250. (In Turkish).
• Ersoy, A.F., Sönmez, S.Ç. 2014. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics of the Ilica geothermal system (Erzurum, Turkey). Environ Earth Sci, 72: 4451-4462.
• Fournier, R.O. 1973. Silica in lhermal waters laboratory and field investigations. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hydrogeochemistry and Biochemistry, Tokyo, Vol 1, Clark Co, Washington DC. 122–139.
• Fournier, R.O. 1977. Chemical geothermometers and mixing models for geothermal systems. Geothermics. 5, 41–50.
• Gat, J.R. 1971. Comments on the STab. Isotope Method in Regional Groundwater Investigations. Water Resources Research. 7, 980-993.
• Giggenbach, W.F. 1988. Geothermal solute equilibrium. Derivation of Na- K- Mg- Ca geoindicators. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 52, 2749–2765.
• Giggenbach, W.F. 1991. Chemical techniques in geothermal exploration. In: D’Amore, F. (coordinator), Applications of geochemistry in geothermal reservoir development. UNITAR/UNDP publication, Rome, 119-142.
• Giggenbach, W.F., Glover, R. 1992. Tectonic regime and major processes govering the chemistry of water and gas discharges from the Rotorua geothermal field. Geothermics, 21, 121–140.
• Gunnlaugsson, E. 2008. Importance Of Chemıstry In Geothermal Exploratıon And Utılızatıon Presented at the Workshop for Decision Makers on Direct Heating Use of Geothermal Resources in Asia, organized by UNU-GTP, TBLRREM and TBGMED, in Tianjin, China,
• Gürocak, Z., Alemdağ, S. 2002. Kinematical Assessments on Rock Slopes at The Kapıkaya (Malatya) Dam Site. Bulletin of Faculty of Engineering of Cumhuriyet University, Serie A-Earth Sciences. 19(2), 151-164.
• Harvey, K. 2007. Healing Touch. Sawubona, 75-76.
• Hayashi, M. 2004. Temperature-electrical conductivity relation of water for environmental monitoring and geophysical data inversion. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 96:119–128.
• Hellman, M.J. Ramsey, M.S. 2004. Analysis of hot mineral springs and associated deposits in Yellowstone National Park using ASTER and AVIRIS remote sensing. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 134 (1-2) 195-219.
• Hem, J.D. 1985. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. 3rd Edition, US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 246 p.
• Hugh, P., Taylor, H. P. Jr. 1974. The application of oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies to problems of hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition. Economic Geology. 69, 843-883.
• IAH (International Association of Hydrogeologists). 1979. Map of Mineral and Thermal Water of Europe, Scale 1: 500,000. International Association of Hydrogeologists, London.
• IAEA. 1981. Stable. isotope in hydrology, IAEA. Tech., Rep. International Atomic Energy Agency - Ser., No 210, pp 339.
• IAEA. 1983. International Atomic Energy Agency, Guidebook on Nuclear Techniques in Hydrology, IAEA. Tech. Rep. Ser., No 91, pp 439.
• IAEA. 1998. Analytical quality in the IAEA isotope hydrology laboratory: Some recent improvements. Water and environment news, IAEA, No.3, pp 5-7.
• IAEA. 2010. Overview of Laboratory Isotope Analyses Methods for Water Resources Studies. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
• Geothermal Prossesing Report. 2010. İspendere mineral and thermal water processing report, Special Provincial Administration General Secretary (Unpublished, In Turkish). Malatya, Turkey.
• Kipng’ok, J., Kanda, I. 2011. Introductıon To Geochemıcal Mappıng Presented at Short Course VI on Exploration for Geothermal Resources, organized by UNU-GTP, GDC and Ken Gen, at Lake Bogoria and Lake Naivasha, Kenya, Oct. 27 – Nov. 18.
• Mazor, E. 2004. Chemical And Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp 453.
• Nicholson, K. 1993. Geothermal Fluids, Chemistryand Exploration Techniques.Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
• Olivier, J., Van Niekerk, H.J., Van der Walt, I.J. 2008. Physical and chemical characteristics of thermal springs in the Waterberg area in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Water SA Vol. 34 No. 2.
• Panichi, C., Gonfiantini R. 1978. Environmental isotopes in geothermal studies. Geothermics. 6, 143 – 161.
• Parlak, O., Nurlu, N., Rızaoğlu, T., Karaoğlan, F., Bağcı, U., Önal, A., Kürüm, S. 2010. Tectonic Setting and Significance of İspendere (Malatya) Ophiolite within the SE Anatolian Orogenic Belt, IV. National Geochemistry Symposium. 45 – 46. (In Turkish).
• Pasvanoğlu, S. 2013. Hydrogeochemistry of mineral and thermalized waters in the Diyadin(Ağri) area, Eastern Turkey, Applied Geochemistry. 38, 70-81.
• Pasvanoğlu, S., Canik, B., Arıgün, Z. 2005. Hydrochemical Investigation of Banaz-Hamamboğazı Mineral and thermal Water, II. Isotope Techniques in Hydrology Symposium, İzmir, Turkey. 209-225. (In Turkish).
• Pasvanoğlu, S., Chandrasekharam, D. 2011. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic study of mineral and thermalized waters from the NevŞehir (Kozakli) area, Central Turkey. Journal Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 202 (3- 4), 241-250.
• Pekkan, E., Bayarı, S., Şensoy, A, Şorman, A., Arıkan, A. 2008. Investigation of the precipitation-discharge dynamics of Kırkgoze basin (upper euprates, Erzurum-Turkey) by using sTab. isotopes, III. Isotope Tecniques in Hydrology Symposium, S.205-213. (In Turkish).
• Petraccia, L., Liberati, G., Masciullo, S.G. 2005. Water, mineral waters and health. Clin. Nutrit. 25 (3) 377-385.
• Piper, A.M. 1944. A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analyses. American Geophysical Union, 25, 914-923
• Schoeller, H. 1962. Les Eaux Souterraines. Masson and Cie, Paris, 642pp.
• Sheppard, S.M.F. 1981. STab. isotope geochemistry of fluids. D. T. Rickard and F.E. Wickman (Eds.), Chemistry and geochemistry of solutions at high temperatures and pressures. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 13/14, 419-445.
• Sorensen, J.A., Glass, G.E. 1987. Ion and Temperature Dependence of Electrical Conductance for Natural Waters. Analytical Chemistry, 59, 1594- 1597.
• Truesdell, A.H. 1984. Introduction to chemical calculations. Fluid Mineral Equilibria in Hydrothermal Systems, R. W. Henley et al. (eds.). Revised Economic Geology. 1, 1-8.
• Yazgan, E., Gültekin, M.C., Poyraz, N., Sirel, E., Yıldırım, H. 1987. Malatya güneydoğusunun jeolojisi ve Doğu Toroslar’ın jeodinamik evrimi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Rapor No: Ankara. (In Turkish) (unpublished).