INVESTIGATION OF IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER IN THE KÜTAHYA PLAIN, TURKEY

Yıl 2015, , 145 - 162, 30.06.2015

Berihu Abadi Berhe , Mehmet Çelik , Uğur Dokuz

https://doi.org/10.19111/bmre.95431

Cited By: 1

Öz

The Kütahya plain is one of the plains in Kütahya/Turkey, where drinking, agricultural and industrial water supplies are highly dependent on groundwater resources. The local popula- tion largely depends on water from alluvial shallow aquifer waters and some on the Felent and Porsuk rivers. Appraisal of surface and groundwater quality is extremely important to make sure the sustainable use of it for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes. The chemical quality of surface and groundwater of Kütahya plain has been studied in detail in order to have better understanding of potential water quality. A total of 21 groundwater samples and 6 surface water samples were collected in and around the plain. The relative abundance of major ions (meq/l) for most of the water samples were Ca2+ ˃Mg2+ ˃(Na++K+) for cations and HCO - ˃SO 2-  ˃Cl- for anions. Five hydrochemical facies have been identified based on the major ion chemistry of the surface and groundwater of this area. However, based on hydrochemical facies, the type of water that predominates in the study area is Ca- Mg/Mg-Ca-HCO  type during both December 2013 and June 2014. There is no significant change in the hydrochemical facies noticed during the two sampling periods. The chemical Index such as Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), So- dium Percentage (%Na), Permeability Index (PI), Kelley Index (KI), Magnesium Ratio (MR), Potential Salinity (PS) and Total Hardness (TH) were calculated. The results indica- ted that SAR, RSC and KI values revealed 100%, %Na value revealed 92.6%, PI and PS values revealed 85.2% and MR value revealed 66.7% of water samples are within the safe limit suitable for irrigation. To sum up, the quality of surface and groundwater of Kütahya plain in general was suitable for irrigation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Chemistry, Water Quality, Hydrochemical Facies, Chemical Index, Agricultural Irrigation, Kütahya Plain

Kaynakça

• Aghazadeh, N., Mogaddam, A.A. 2010. Assessment of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural uses in the Oshnavieharea, Northwest of Iran. Journal of Environmental Protection 1, 30-40.
• APHA, 1989. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 17th edition, American Public Health Association, Washington D.C., 1,268 p.
• Appelo, C.A.J., Postma, D. 1994. Geochemistry. Groundwater and Pollution. Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, 521 p.
• Ayers, R.S., Westcot, D.W. 1985. Water quality for agriculture. Irrigation and drainage paper No. 29. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. Rome, 1-117.
• Berhe, B.A., Çelik, M., Dokuz, U.E. 2014. Determination of aquifer properties of the Kütahya plain from a pumping and recovery test data. 67th Geological Congress of Turkey, 14-18 April 2014, Ankara, 324-325.
• Çelik, M., Ünsal, N., Tüfenkçi, O.O., Bolat, S. 2008. Assessment of water quality of the Lake Seyfe basin, Kırşehir, Turkey, Environmental Geology, 55, 559-569.
• Doneen, L.D. 1964. Notes on water quality in agriculture. Published as a water science and engineering paper 4001, Department of Water Science and Engineering, University of California.
• Doneen, L.D. 1966. Water quality requirement for agriculture. Proc. National Sym. Quality Standards for Natural Waters. University of Michigan, Ann. Report, 213- 218.
• DSİ, 1981. Kütahya ve Köprüören Ovaları Hidrojeolojik Etüt Raporu, 65, say, Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 64 s, Ankara.
• DSİ, 2003. Kütahya Ovası Karst Hidrojeolojisi Ara Raporu, Devlet Su İşleri, 41 s, Eskişehir.
• Dufor C.N., Becker, E., 1964. Public water supplies of the 100 largestcities in the United States, 1962: U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Supply Paper 1812.
• Hem, J.D. 1991. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural waters. Book 2254, third edition. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
• Johnson, G., Zhang, H. 1990. Classification of Irrigation Water Quality, Oklahoma cooperative extension fact sheets (available at http://www.osuextra.com).
• Joshi, D.M., Kumar, A., Agrawal. N. 2009. Assessment of the irrigation water quality of river Ganga in Haridwar District India. Journal of Chemistry 2(2), 285-292.
• Kelley, W.P. 1940. Permissible composition and concentration of irrigation waters, Proc. ASCE 66.
• Kelley, W.P. 1963. Use of saline irrigation water. Soil science., 95(6), 385-391.
• Naoum, S., Tsanis, I.K. 2004. Ranking of spatial interpolation techniques using a GIS-based DSS. Global Nest: the International journal 6(1), 1-20.
• Özburan, M. 2009. Neotectonic investigation of Kütahya and its surrounding. Ph.D. thesis, Kocaeli University, 227 p. Izmit (Unpublished).
• Paliwal, K.V., 1967. Effect of gypsum application on the quality of irrigation waters. The Madras agricultural journal 59, 646–647.
• Paliwal, K.V. 1972. Irrigation with saline water. New Delhi, IARI, 198p.
• Piper, A.M. 1944. A graphical procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analysis. Transactions, American Geophysical Union 25, 914–928.
• Ragunath, H.M., 1987. Groundwater, second ed. Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi, 456p.
• Raju N.J., 2007. Hydrogeochemical parameters for assessment of groundwater quality in the upper Gunjanaeru River basin, Cuddapah District, Andhra Predesh, South India, Environmental Geology, 52, 1067-1074.
• Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of saline and alkali soils. Agric. Handbook 60, USDA & IBH Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, India. 98- 99.
• Rowe, D.R., Abdel-Magid, I.M., 1995. Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and reuse. CRC Press, Inc. 550p.
• Schoeller H., 1967. Geochemistry of groundwater. An international guide for research and practice, UNESCO, 15, 1-18.
• Tank, D.K., Chandel, C.P.S., 2010. Analysis of the major ion constituents in groundwater of Jaipur City. Nature and Science, 8(10), 1-7.
• Todd, D.K., 1960. Groundwater Hydrology. 1st ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc,, 336p.
• Todd, D.K., 1980. Groundwater Hydrology. 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 535p.
• WHO, 1993. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality - 2nd
• Edition -Volume 1 - Recommendations, Geneva.
• Wilcox, L.V. 1950. Classification and Use of Irrigation Waters. Department of Agriculture, United States, Circular No. 696, 16 p, Washington D.C.
• Wilcox, L.V. 1955. Classification and use of Irrigation Waters. U.S. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 696, 19 p, Washington D.C.