Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOWER EOCENE BITUMINOUS ROCKS, IN THE KÜRNÜÇ/GÖYNÜK-BOLU AREA

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 152 Sayı: 152, 181 - 195, 25.05.2016
https://doi.org/10.19111/bmre.30862

Öz

In this study, dark gray and dark brown colored, organic-carbon rich bituminous rocks (bituminous marl and bituminous shale) exposing around the Kürnüç area (Göynük, Bolu) are investigated by means of or- ganic geochemical characteristics. In this respect, rock lithologies, depositional environments, rock source potential, kerogen and organic maturity types and hydrocarbon generation potentials of bituminous rocks were determined. For this reason, pyrolysis (Rock Eval–VI) analysis, gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analyses were carried out. In addition, spore color index (SCI) was determined with organic petrographic method and stable carbon analysis (δ13C) of the samples were also conducted. Lithology of the studied samples is of clastic source and the depositional environ- ment is a lagoon with a partial connection to the sea. In bituminous rocks with excellent source rock potential TOC values are in the range of 2.52-8.38 wt % (average 6.08 wt %). With the exception of two samples (Type II) kerogen type of all samples is Type I. According to pyrolysis, GC and GC-MS organic maturity results, all the samples are in immature stage. Organic geochemical data indicate that bituminous rocks have an excellent oil generation potential and there is no organic contamination.

Kaynakça

  • Aliyev, S., Sarı A., Koç, S. 2006. Investigation of Organic Carbon and Iron Group Elements in the Bituminous Rocks. Energy Sources, part A. 28,1461-1472pp.
  • Behar,F., Beaumont,V., Penteado, H.L. De B.,2001. Rock-Eval 6 Technology: Performances and Developments. Oil & Gas Science and Technology
  • – Rev. IFP, 56, 2, pp. 111-134pp.
  • Burwood, R., Leplat, P., Mycke, B., Paulet, J. 1992. Rifted margin source rock deposition: carbon isotope and bio-marker study of a West African Lower Cretaceous ``lacustrine’’ section. Organic Geochemistry. 19, 41-52pp.
  • Büyükutku, A,G., Sarı, A., Karaçam, A. 2005. The reservoir potential of the Eocene carbonates in the Bolu Basin, West of Turkey. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 49, 79-91pp.
  • Clark, J.P., Philp, R.P. 1989. Geochemical Characterization of Evaporite and Carbonate Depositional Environments and Corelation of Associated Crude Oils in the Black Creek Basin, Alberta, Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 37, 401-416pp.
  • Clementz, D.M., Demaison, G.J., Daly, A.R. 1979. Well site geochemistry by programmed pyrolysis. Proceedings of the 11th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, OTC 3410, 1, 465-470pp.
  • Didyk, B.M., Simoneit, B.R.T., Brassell; S.C., Eglinton,
  • G. 1978. Organic geochemical indicators of paleoeoenvironmental conditions of sedimentation. Nature. 272, 216-222pp.
  • Espitalié, J. 1982. Instittute Francis du Petrole, Syntheses Geologiques et Geochimie. 7020 dated April 18.
  • Espitalié, J., Madec, M., Tissot, J., Menning, J., Leplat, P. 1977. Source rock characterization method for petroleum exploration. Proceedings, 9th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, 3, 439–448pp.
  • Espitalié, J., Deroo, G., Marquis, F. 1985. La pyrolyse Rock- Eval et ses applications. Partie 1. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet. 40, 563–579pp.
  • Forster, A., Sturt, H., Meyers, P.A., the Leg 207 Shipboard Scientific Party, 2004. Molecular biogeochemistry of Cretaceous black shales from the Demerara Rise:Preliminary shipboard results from sites 1257 and 1258, Leg 207: In Erbacher, J.,Mosher, D.C., Malone, M.J., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports: v. 207, p. 1-22.
  • Gedik, İ., Aksay, A. 2002. Geological maps (scale: 1/100.000) of Turkey. No: 32, Adapazari G25. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, 40p.
  • Hanson, A. D., Zhang, S. C., Moldowan, J. M., Liang,
  • D. G.; Zhang, B. M. 2000, Molecular organic geochemistry of the Tarim basin, Northwest China. Bulletin of the American Assocation of Petroleum Geologists. 84, 1109–1128pp.
  • Huang, W.Y., Meinschein, W.G. 1979. Sterols as ecological indicators. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43, 739–745pp.
  • Hunt, J. M., 1995. Petroleum geochemistry and geology.W.H.Freeman and Company, New York. 743 p.
  • Hughes, W.B., Holba, A.G., Dzou, L.I.P. 1995. The ratios of dibenzothiophene to phenanthrene and pristane to phytane as indicators of depositional environment and lithology of petroleum source rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,59,3581- 3598pp.
  • Jackson, K. S., Hawkins, P. J., Bennett, A. J. R. 1985. Regional facies and geochemial evolution of the southern Denison Trough. APEA Journal 20, 143- 158pp.
  • Jarvie, D. M. 1991. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis; in, Source Migration Processes and Evaluation Techniques, R. K. Merrill, ed.: Bulletin of the American Assocation of Petroleum Geologists, Treatise of Petroleum Geology Handbook of Petroleum Geology, p. 113-118.
  • Kara,G,R., Korkmaz S. 2008. Element contents and organic matter-element relationship of The Tertiary oil shale deposits in Northwest Anatolia, Turkey”,Energy & Fuels, 22, 3164-3173.
  • Leythaeuser, D., Schwarzkoph, T. 1986. The pristane/n- heptadecane ratio as an indicator for recognition of hydrocarbon migration effects. Org. Geochem. 10, 191-197pp.
  • Mello, M. R., Telnaes, N. Gaglianone, P. C., Chicarelli, M. I., Brassell, S. C.; Maxwell, J. R. 1988. Organic Geochemical Characterizatin of Depositional Paleoenvironments of Source Rocks and Oils in Brazilian Marginal Basins. In, Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1987 (L. Mattavelli ve L. Novelli, eds.), Oxford, Pergamon Press, 31-45.
  • Moldowan, J.M., Seifert, W.K.;Gallegos, E.J. 1985. Relationship Between Petroleum Composition and Depositional Environment of Petroleum Source Rocks. Bulletin of the American Assocation of Petroleum Geologists, 69, 1255-1268.
  • Nichols, P. D., Palmisano, A. G., Rayner, M. S., Smith, G. A., White, D. C. 1990. Occurrence of novel C30 sterols in Antarctic sea-ice diatom communities during a spring bloom: Organic Geochemistry, v. 15, p. 503-508.
  • Peters, K.E. 1986. Guidelines for Evaluating Petroleum Source Rock Using Programmed Pyrolysis, Bulletin of the American Assocation of Petroleum Geologists. 70, 3, 318-329pp.
  • Peters, K. E., Cassa, M.R. 1994. Applied Source Geochemistry. In: Magoon, L.B. and Dow, W.G. (Eds), The Petroleum System-from Source to Trap. Bulletin of the American Assocation of Petroleum Geologists,70, p.329.
  • Peters, K. E., Moldowan, J. M.,1993. The Biomarker Guide, Interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments, Prentice Hall, 363p.
  • Peters, K.E., Walters, C.C., Moldowan, J.M. 2005a. The Biomarker Guide: Volume 1 Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History: New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Peters, K.E., Walters, C.C., Moldowan, J.M. 2005b. The Biomarker Guide volume 2: Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Exploration and Earth History. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Pratt, L.M. 1984. Influence of paleoenvironmental factors on preservation of organic matter in Middle Cretaceous Greenhorn formation, Pueblo, Colorado. AAPG Bull. 68, 1146–1159pp.
  • Sarı, A., Aliyev, S.A. 2005. Source rock evaluation of the lacustrine oil shale bearing deposits: Göynük/Bolu, Turkey. Energy Sources, 27, 279-298pp.
  • Sarı,A., Aliyev, S.A., Koralay, B. 2007. Source Rock Evaluation of the Eocene Shales in the Gökçesu Area (Bolu/Turkey). Energy Sources, Part A. 29,1025-1039pp.
  • Sarı, A., Geze,Y. 2008. Organic Geochemical Evaluations of Bituminous Rock and Coals in Miocene Himmetoglu Basin (Bolu, Turkey). Petroleum Science and Technology. 26, 649-664pp.
  • Sarı, A., Sonel, N. 1995. Kayabaşı (Göynük-Bolu) Yöresinin Bitümlü Şeyl İncelemeleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni. 2, 39-49pp.
  • Seifert, W.K., Moldowan, J.M. 1981. Paleoreconstruction by biological markers. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 45, 783–794pp.
  • Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Hayes, J.M., Kenig, F., Koopsman, M.P., Koster, J., Schouten, S. 1995. Evidence for gammacerane as an indicator of water column stratification. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 59, 1895-1900pp.
  • Sofer, Z. 1984. Stable carbon isotope compositions of crude oils: Application to source depositional environments and petroleum alteration. Bulletin of the American Assocation of Petroleum Geologists,68,31-49pp.
  • Symington, W, A.,Olgaard, D, L., Otten, G, A., Phillips, T, C., Thomas, M,M., Yeakel, J, D. 2008. ExxonMobil’s Electrofrac Process for In Situ Oil Shale Conversion. AAAPG Annual Convention. San Antonio: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  • Şeker, H., Kesgin,Y. 1991. Geology and petroleum possibilities of around Nallıhan- Mudurnu-Seben- Beypazarı regions. TPAO report no: 2907.
  • Şener, M., Sengüler, I. 1998. Geological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of oil shale bearing deposits in the Hatildag oil shale field, Göynük, Turkey. Fuel, 8, 871-880pp.
  • Şengör, A.M.C., Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241pp.
  • Şengüler, İ. 2012. Hatıldağ ve Himmetoğlu (Göynük/Bolu) Civarının Stratiğrafisi ve Bitümlü Şeyl Oluşumları. TPJD Bülteni, 24, 7-21pp.
  • Tissot, B.P., Welte, D.H. 1984, Petroleum Formation and Occurence, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York Tokyo.
  • Waples, D. W., Machihara, T. 1991, Biomarkers for geologists. A practical guide to the application of steranes and triterpanes in petroleum geology. AAPG Methods in Exploration Series, No. 9, 91 p.
  • Wedepohl, K.H. 1971. Environmental influences on the chemical composition of shales and clays. In: Ahrens, L.H., Press, F., Runcorn, S.K., Urey, H.C. (Eds.), Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, vol. 8. Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 305– 333.
Yıl 2016, Cilt: 152 Sayı: 152, 181 - 195, 25.05.2016
https://doi.org/10.19111/bmre.30862

Öz


Kaynakça

  • Aliyev, S., Sarı A., Koç, S. 2006. Investigation of Organic Carbon and Iron Group Elements in the Bituminous Rocks. Energy Sources, part A. 28,1461-1472pp.
  • Behar,F., Beaumont,V., Penteado, H.L. De B.,2001. Rock-Eval 6 Technology: Performances and Developments. Oil & Gas Science and Technology
  • – Rev. IFP, 56, 2, pp. 111-134pp.
  • Burwood, R., Leplat, P., Mycke, B., Paulet, J. 1992. Rifted margin source rock deposition: carbon isotope and bio-marker study of a West African Lower Cretaceous ``lacustrine’’ section. Organic Geochemistry. 19, 41-52pp.
  • Büyükutku, A,G., Sarı, A., Karaçam, A. 2005. The reservoir potential of the Eocene carbonates in the Bolu Basin, West of Turkey. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 49, 79-91pp.
  • Clark, J.P., Philp, R.P. 1989. Geochemical Characterization of Evaporite and Carbonate Depositional Environments and Corelation of Associated Crude Oils in the Black Creek Basin, Alberta, Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 37, 401-416pp.
  • Clementz, D.M., Demaison, G.J., Daly, A.R. 1979. Well site geochemistry by programmed pyrolysis. Proceedings of the 11th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, OTC 3410, 1, 465-470pp.
  • Didyk, B.M., Simoneit, B.R.T., Brassell; S.C., Eglinton,
  • G. 1978. Organic geochemical indicators of paleoeoenvironmental conditions of sedimentation. Nature. 272, 216-222pp.
  • Espitalié, J. 1982. Instittute Francis du Petrole, Syntheses Geologiques et Geochimie. 7020 dated April 18.
  • Espitalié, J., Madec, M., Tissot, J., Menning, J., Leplat, P. 1977. Source rock characterization method for petroleum exploration. Proceedings, 9th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, 3, 439–448pp.
  • Espitalié, J., Deroo, G., Marquis, F. 1985. La pyrolyse Rock- Eval et ses applications. Partie 1. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet. 40, 563–579pp.
  • Forster, A., Sturt, H., Meyers, P.A., the Leg 207 Shipboard Scientific Party, 2004. Molecular biogeochemistry of Cretaceous black shales from the Demerara Rise:Preliminary shipboard results from sites 1257 and 1258, Leg 207: In Erbacher, J.,Mosher, D.C., Malone, M.J., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports: v. 207, p. 1-22.
  • Gedik, İ., Aksay, A. 2002. Geological maps (scale: 1/100.000) of Turkey. No: 32, Adapazari G25. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, 40p.
  • Hanson, A. D., Zhang, S. C., Moldowan, J. M., Liang,
  • D. G.; Zhang, B. M. 2000, Molecular organic geochemistry of the Tarim basin, Northwest China. Bulletin of the American Assocation of Petroleum Geologists. 84, 1109–1128pp.
  • Huang, W.Y., Meinschein, W.G. 1979. Sterols as ecological indicators. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43, 739–745pp.
  • Hunt, J. M., 1995. Petroleum geochemistry and geology.W.H.Freeman and Company, New York. 743 p.
  • Hughes, W.B., Holba, A.G., Dzou, L.I.P. 1995. The ratios of dibenzothiophene to phenanthrene and pristane to phytane as indicators of depositional environment and lithology of petroleum source rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,59,3581- 3598pp.
  • Jackson, K. S., Hawkins, P. J., Bennett, A. J. R. 1985. Regional facies and geochemial evolution of the southern Denison Trough. APEA Journal 20, 143- 158pp.
  • Jarvie, D. M. 1991. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis; in, Source Migration Processes and Evaluation Techniques, R. K. Merrill, ed.: Bulletin of the American Assocation of Petroleum Geologists, Treatise of Petroleum Geology Handbook of Petroleum Geology, p. 113-118.
  • Kara,G,R., Korkmaz S. 2008. Element contents and organic matter-element relationship of The Tertiary oil shale deposits in Northwest Anatolia, Turkey”,Energy & Fuels, 22, 3164-3173.
  • Leythaeuser, D., Schwarzkoph, T. 1986. The pristane/n- heptadecane ratio as an indicator for recognition of hydrocarbon migration effects. Org. Geochem. 10, 191-197pp.
  • Mello, M. R., Telnaes, N. Gaglianone, P. C., Chicarelli, M. I., Brassell, S. C.; Maxwell, J. R. 1988. Organic Geochemical Characterizatin of Depositional Paleoenvironments of Source Rocks and Oils in Brazilian Marginal Basins. In, Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1987 (L. Mattavelli ve L. Novelli, eds.), Oxford, Pergamon Press, 31-45.
  • Moldowan, J.M., Seifert, W.K.;Gallegos, E.J. 1985. Relationship Between Petroleum Composition and Depositional Environment of Petroleum Source Rocks. Bulletin of the American Assocation of Petroleum Geologists, 69, 1255-1268.
  • Nichols, P. D., Palmisano, A. G., Rayner, M. S., Smith, G. A., White, D. C. 1990. Occurrence of novel C30 sterols in Antarctic sea-ice diatom communities during a spring bloom: Organic Geochemistry, v. 15, p. 503-508.
  • Peters, K.E. 1986. Guidelines for Evaluating Petroleum Source Rock Using Programmed Pyrolysis, Bulletin of the American Assocation of Petroleum Geologists. 70, 3, 318-329pp.
  • Peters, K. E., Cassa, M.R. 1994. Applied Source Geochemistry. In: Magoon, L.B. and Dow, W.G. (Eds), The Petroleum System-from Source to Trap. Bulletin of the American Assocation of Petroleum Geologists,70, p.329.
  • Peters, K. E., Moldowan, J. M.,1993. The Biomarker Guide, Interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments, Prentice Hall, 363p.
  • Peters, K.E., Walters, C.C., Moldowan, J.M. 2005a. The Biomarker Guide: Volume 1 Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History: New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Peters, K.E., Walters, C.C., Moldowan, J.M. 2005b. The Biomarker Guide volume 2: Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Exploration and Earth History. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Pratt, L.M. 1984. Influence of paleoenvironmental factors on preservation of organic matter in Middle Cretaceous Greenhorn formation, Pueblo, Colorado. AAPG Bull. 68, 1146–1159pp.
  • Sarı, A., Aliyev, S.A. 2005. Source rock evaluation of the lacustrine oil shale bearing deposits: Göynük/Bolu, Turkey. Energy Sources, 27, 279-298pp.
  • Sarı,A., Aliyev, S.A., Koralay, B. 2007. Source Rock Evaluation of the Eocene Shales in the Gökçesu Area (Bolu/Turkey). Energy Sources, Part A. 29,1025-1039pp.
  • Sarı, A., Geze,Y. 2008. Organic Geochemical Evaluations of Bituminous Rock and Coals in Miocene Himmetoglu Basin (Bolu, Turkey). Petroleum Science and Technology. 26, 649-664pp.
  • Sarı, A., Sonel, N. 1995. Kayabaşı (Göynük-Bolu) Yöresinin Bitümlü Şeyl İncelemeleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni. 2, 39-49pp.
  • Seifert, W.K., Moldowan, J.M. 1981. Paleoreconstruction by biological markers. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 45, 783–794pp.
  • Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Hayes, J.M., Kenig, F., Koopsman, M.P., Koster, J., Schouten, S. 1995. Evidence for gammacerane as an indicator of water column stratification. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 59, 1895-1900pp.
  • Sofer, Z. 1984. Stable carbon isotope compositions of crude oils: Application to source depositional environments and petroleum alteration. Bulletin of the American Assocation of Petroleum Geologists,68,31-49pp.
  • Symington, W, A.,Olgaard, D, L., Otten, G, A., Phillips, T, C., Thomas, M,M., Yeakel, J, D. 2008. ExxonMobil’s Electrofrac Process for In Situ Oil Shale Conversion. AAAPG Annual Convention. San Antonio: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  • Şeker, H., Kesgin,Y. 1991. Geology and petroleum possibilities of around Nallıhan- Mudurnu-Seben- Beypazarı regions. TPAO report no: 2907.
  • Şener, M., Sengüler, I. 1998. Geological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of oil shale bearing deposits in the Hatildag oil shale field, Göynük, Turkey. Fuel, 8, 871-880pp.
  • Şengör, A.M.C., Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241pp.
  • Şengüler, İ. 2012. Hatıldağ ve Himmetoğlu (Göynük/Bolu) Civarının Stratiğrafisi ve Bitümlü Şeyl Oluşumları. TPJD Bülteni, 24, 7-21pp.
  • Tissot, B.P., Welte, D.H. 1984, Petroleum Formation and Occurence, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York Tokyo.
  • Waples, D. W., Machihara, T. 1991, Biomarkers for geologists. A practical guide to the application of steranes and triterpanes in petroleum geology. AAPG Methods in Exploration Series, No. 9, 91 p.
  • Wedepohl, K.H. 1971. Environmental influences on the chemical composition of shales and clays. In: Ahrens, L.H., Press, F., Runcorn, S.K., Urey, H.C. (Eds.), Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, vol. 8. Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 305– 333.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ali Sarı

Pelin Akkaya Bu kişi benim

Ekin Özakar Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Mayıs 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 152 Sayı: 152

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarı, A., Akkaya, P., & Özakar, E. (2016). DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOWER EOCENE BITUMINOUS ROCKS, IN THE KÜRNÜÇ/GÖYNÜK-BOLU AREA. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 152(152), 181-195. https://doi.org/10.19111/bmre.30862
AMA Sarı A, Akkaya P, Özakar E. DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOWER EOCENE BITUMINOUS ROCKS, IN THE KÜRNÜÇ/GÖYNÜK-BOLU AREA. Bull.Min.Res.Exp. Mayıs 2016;152(152):181-195. doi:10.19111/bmre.30862
Chicago Sarı, Ali, Pelin Akkaya, ve Ekin Özakar. “DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOWER EOCENE BITUMINOUS ROCKS, IN THE KÜRNÜÇ/GÖYNÜK-BOLU AREA”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 152, sy. 152 (Mayıs 2016): 181-95. https://doi.org/10.19111/bmre.30862.
EndNote Sarı A, Akkaya P, Özakar E (01 Mayıs 2016) DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOWER EOCENE BITUMINOUS ROCKS, IN THE KÜRNÜÇ/GÖYNÜK-BOLU AREA. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 152 152 181–195.
IEEE A. Sarı, P. Akkaya, ve E. Özakar, “DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOWER EOCENE BITUMINOUS ROCKS, IN THE KÜRNÜÇ/GÖYNÜK-BOLU AREA”, Bull.Min.Res.Exp., c. 152, sy. 152, ss. 181–195, 2016, doi: 10.19111/bmre.30862.
ISNAD Sarı, Ali vd. “DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOWER EOCENE BITUMINOUS ROCKS, IN THE KÜRNÜÇ/GÖYNÜK-BOLU AREA”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 152/152 (Mayıs 2016), 181-195. https://doi.org/10.19111/bmre.30862.
JAMA Sarı A, Akkaya P, Özakar E. DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOWER EOCENE BITUMINOUS ROCKS, IN THE KÜRNÜÇ/GÖYNÜK-BOLU AREA. Bull.Min.Res.Exp. 2016;152:181–195.
MLA Sarı, Ali vd. “DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOWER EOCENE BITUMINOUS ROCKS, IN THE KÜRNÜÇ/GÖYNÜK-BOLU AREA”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, c. 152, sy. 152, 2016, ss. 181-95, doi:10.19111/bmre.30862.
Vancouver Sarı A, Akkaya P, Özakar E. DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOWER EOCENE BITUMINOUS ROCKS, IN THE KÜRNÜÇ/GÖYNÜK-BOLU AREA. Bull.Min.Res.Exp. 2016;152(152):181-95.

Copyright and Licence
The Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration keeps the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works No: 5846. The Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration publishes the articles under the terms of “Creatice Common Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0)” licence which allows to others to download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially.

For further details;
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en