ALTERATION ZONES ASSOCIATED WITH EOCENE MAGMATISM IN THE OLUR (ERZURUM) AREA, EASTERN PONTIDES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 155 Sayı: 155, 223 - 253, 03.12.2017

Güzide Önal Mustafa Akyıldız , İsmet Cengiz Mehmet Aslan Serkan Özkümüş

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.365251

Cited By: 1

Öz

The Alpine Orogenic Belt with numerous porphyry Cu-Mo-Au mineralizations, starts from Eastern
Europe continues through Turkey and the Caucasus and extends into Iran and Afghanistan. The study
area of the Eastern Pontides is in this orogenic belt. Using fi eld and laboratory studies an attempt has
been made to establish the origin of Yeşilbağlar, Kaban and Köprübaşı alteration zones in the Olur
area (Erzurum). In the study area Early Eocene Coşkunlar volcanics and sub volcanic rocks have
contact with the Oltu çayı volcanics of Early-Middle Jurassic. Alteration in the study area effects these
Oltuçayı and Kaban volcanics. In the study area mineralizations are present in the alteration zones.
Disseminated, stockwork, vein/veinlet and fi ssure type mineralizations are present in the Coşkunlar
dacite. Paragenesis in the alteration zones are pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, pyrrohotite,
quartz, calcite and barite. FT-IR and XRD studies showed the presence of clay, sulphate, sulphur,
carbonate, silicate and oxide minerals in the alteration zones. Field and petrographical studies
showed that alteration types in the Yeşilbağlar, Kaban and Köprübaşı areas are, advanced argillicargillic,
pyropylitic and sericitic. They are similar to the alterations present in the upper part of the
mineralizations in the porphyry systems of the Alpine Orogenic Belt. In the Eastern Pontides starting in
Early Jurassic, continuation of subductions resulted in closure of the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan ocean and
in Early Eocene the Taurid platform collided with the Eurasian active continental margin. Data from
the study area indicate the presence of alteration zones in the upper part of the buried porphyry system
and the possibility of mineralized parts in the deeper parts of the system.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eastern Pontides, Early Eocene, Porphyry system, Alteration, FT-IR, XRD.

Kaynakça

• Akıncı, Ö. T. 1984. The eastern Pontidee volcanosedimentary belt and associated massive sulphide deposits. In: Dixon, J. E. and Robertson, A. H. F. (Eds.) The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17, 415-428.
• Altınlı, İ.E. 1973. Orta Sakarya’nın jeolojisi, Cumhuriyet’in 50. Yılı Yerbilimleri Kong. Tebliğleri. Maden Arama ve Tetkik yayını, s. 159-191.
• Aral, H. ve Erler, A. 1981. Porfiri Bakır Yatakları, ODTÜ Mühendislik Fakültesi Yayını, No: 67, Ankara.
• Ayhan, A. 1991. Maden Jeolojisi Arama ve Etüt Teknikleri. S.Ü. Mimarlık-Mühendislik Fakültesi, Konya, 328 s.
• Berger, B.R., Ayuso, R.A., Wynn, J.C. and Seal, R.R. 2008. Preliminary Model of Porphyry Copper Deposits. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2008-1321, 55 p.
• Bralia, A., Sabatini, G. and Troja, F. 1979. A revaluation of the Co/Ni ratio in pyrite as geochemical tool in ore genesis problems. Mineral. Deposita, 14, 353-374.
• Brill, B.A. 1989. Deformation textures and recrystallisation microstructures in deformed ores from the CSA mine, Cobar, Australia. Journ. of Struct. Geol., 11, 591-601.
• Cook, N.J. 1996. Mineralogy of the sulphide deposists at sulitjelma, northern Norway. Ore Geol. Rev., 11, 303-338.
• Craig, J.R. and Vaughan, D.J. 1981. Ore Microscopy and Ore Petrology. John Wiley and Sons, p. 406.
• Craig, J.R. and Vaughan D.J., 1994. Ore microscopy and ore petrography, 2nd. Edition.
• Craig, J.R. and Vokes, F.M. 1993. The metamorphism of pyrite and pyritic ores: an overview, Mineral. Mag., 57, 3-18.
• Craig, J.R., Vokes, F.M. and N Solberg, N. 1998. Pyrite Physical and chemical textures. Mineralium Deposita, 34, p. 82-101.
• Çağatay, A. ve Çağatay, N. 1978. Porfiri Bakır Yatakları, Yeryuvarı ve İnsan, 3/1, 32-37.
• Çağatay, M. N. and Boyle, D. R. 1980. Geology, geochemistry and hydrothermal alteration of the Madenköy massive- sulphide deposits, Eastern Black Sea region, Turkey. In: Ridge, J. D. (Ed.) International Association of the Genesis of Ore Deposits (IAGOD). 5th Symposium Proceedings, E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 653-678.
• Çelik, Ö. F., Marzoli, A., Marschik, R., Chiaradia, M., Neubauer, N. and Öz, İ. 2011. Early-Middle Jurassic intra-oceanic subduction in the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean, Northern Turkey. Tectonophysics, 509, 120-134.
• Çolakoğlu, O. A., Özen, H., Türkel, A., Sayak, H., Dönmez, C. and Odabaşı, İ. 2008. Tekman-Pasinler-Karayazı (Erzurum) yöreleri Cr-Ni prospeksiyon raporu. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü (MTA) Rapor: 11117.
• Demir, Y. 2010. Kabadüz (Ordu, KD-Türkiye) Yöresi Pb-Zn-Cu Cevherlerinin Jeolojik, Mineralojik, Jeokimyasal ve Kökensel İncelenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstiüsü, Trabzon.
• Dibenedetto, F., Bernardini, G.P., Costagliola, P., Plant, D. and Vaughan, D. 2005. Compositional zoning in sphalerite crystals. Amer. Mineral., 90, 1384-1392.
• Einaudi, M.T., Hedenquist, J.W. and Inan, E.E. 2003. Sulfidation state of fluids in active and extinct hydrothermal systems: Transitions from porphyry to epithermal environments. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication, 10, 285- 313.
• Er, M., Özdoğan, K. and Tüysüz, N. 1995. Geology and mineralization of Güzelyayla porphyry Cu-Mo occurrence, Trabzon, NE Turkey, In: Erler, A., Ercan T., Bingol, E. and Orcen, S. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on the geology of the Black Sea Region, Ankara, MTA and JMO, p. 226-231.
• Evans, A.M. 1987. An Introduction to Ore Geology, Blackwell Sci. Publ. (2ed.), 358 p.
• Evans, I. and Hall, S. A. 1990. Palaeomagnetic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Sakarya continent, northwestern Anatolia. Tectonophysics, 182, 357-372.
• Galoyan, G., Rolland, Y., Sosson, M., Corsini, M. and Melkonyan, R. 2007. Evidence for superposed MORB, oceanic plateau and volcanic arc series in the Lesser Caucasus (Stepanavan, Armenia). Comptes Rendus Geosciences, 339, 482- 492.
• Galoyan, G., Rolland, Y., Sosson, M., Corsini, M., Billo, S., Verati, C. and Melkonyan, R. 2009. Geology, geochemistry and 40Ar/39Ar dating of Sevan ophiolites (Lesser Caucasus, Armenia): evidence for Jurassic Back-arc opening and hot spot event between the South Armenian Block and Eurasia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 34, 135-153.
• Giles, D.L. 1973, Geology and mineralization of the Ulutaş Copper-molybdenum prospect, UNDP Mineral Exploration in Two Areas, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Report: 5237, 40 p.
• Gottesman, W. and Kampe, A. 2007. Zn/Cd ratios in calcsilicate- hosted sphalerite ores at Tumurtijn-Ovoo, Mongolia. Chemie Der Erde, 67, 323-328.
• Grammatikopoulos, T.A. and Roth, T. 2002. Mineralogical characterization and Hg deportment in field samples from the Polymetallic Eskay Creek Deposit, British Columbia, Canada. Int. J. Surf. Min. Recl., 16, 180-195.
• Hakyemez, H. Y. and Konak, N. 2001. Tectonic evolution and stratigraphy of Eocene basins in the easternmost part of the Pontides. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on the Petroleum Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Black Sea Area. Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists, Special Publications, Ankara, 4, 19-25.
• Hedenquist, J.W., Claveria, R.J.R. and Villafuerte, G.P. 2001. Types of sulfide-rich epithermal deposits, and their affiliation to porphyry systems: Lepanto-Victoria-Far Southeast deposits, Philippines. Congreso Internacional de Prospectores y Exploradores, 2nd, Lima, Instituto de Ingenieros de Minas del Perú, CD-ROM, 29 p.
• Hezarkhani, A. 2006. Hydrothermal evolution of the Sar-Cheshmeh porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, Iran, Evidence from fluid inclusions, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 28, p. 409-422.
• Hirst, D. M. and Eğin, D. 1979. Localization of massive, polymetallic sulphide ores in the northern Harşit River area, Pontidee Volcanic Belt, Northeastern Turkey. Annales de la Societé Géologique de Belgique, 102, 465-484.
• Holten, T., Jamtveita, B. and Meakina, P. 2000. Noise and oscillatory zoning of minerals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64- 11, 1893-1904.
• Jankovic, S. 1977. Major Alpine ore deposits and metallogenic units in the northeastern Mediterranean and concepts of plate tectonics, Jankovic, S. (Eds.) Metallogeny and Plate Tectonics in Northeastern Mediterranean, Univ. Belgrade, p. 105- 171.
• Jonasson, I.R. and Sangster, D.F. 1978. Zn/Cd ratios for sphalerites from some Canadian sulfide ore samples. Geol. Surv. Can., 78, 195-201.
• Kant, W., Warmada, I.W., Idrus, A., Setijadji, L.D. and Watanabe, K. 2012. Ore Mineralogy and Mineral Chemistry of Pyrite, Galena, and Sphalerite at Soripesa Prospect Area, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. J. SE Asian Appl. Geol., 4 (1), 1- 14.
• Karakaya, M.Ç. 2006. Kil Minerallerinin Özellikleri ve Tanımlama Yöntemleri, Ankara, 640 s.
• Kesler, S.E. and Wilkonson, B.H. 2006. The role of exhumation in the temporal distribution of ore deposits. Economic Geology, 101, 1096-1117.
• Ketin, İ. 1966. Anadolu’nun Tektonik Birlikleri. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Dergisi, Ankara, 66, 20-30.
• Konak, N. and Hakyemez, H.Y. 1996. Tectonic units of the easternmost Pontides: stratigraphical and structural implications. In: Derman, A.S., Toksoy, F. and Yılmaz, E. (Eds.), Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on the Petroleum Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Black Sea Area, İstanbul, Turkey, 32-33.
• Konak, N. and Hakyemez, H.Y., 2001. Tectonic units of the easternmost part of the Pontides: Stratigraphical and structural implications. In: Derman, A.S., Toksoy, F. and Yılmaz, E. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on the Petroleum Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Black Sea Area, Şile-Turkey, 22-24th September 1996, Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologist, Special Publication, Ankara, Turkey, 4, p. 93-103.
• Konak, N., Hakyemez, H. Y., Bilgiç, T., Bilgin, R., Hepşen, N. ve Ercan, T. 2001. Kuzeydoğu Pontidelerin (Oltu-Olur- Şenkaya-Narman-Uzundere-Yusufeli) Jeolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü (MTA), Rapor No: 10489, Ankara(yayınlanmamış).
• Konak, N. ve Hakyemez, H. Y. 2008a. 1/100 000 ölçekli Türkiye jeoloji haritaları serisi, Kars-G48 paftası. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, 104, 69s.
• Konak, N. ve Hakyemez, H. Y. 2008b. 1/100 000 ölçekli Türkiye jeoloji haritaları serisi, Tortum-H47 paftası. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, 95, 46s.
• Kraeff, A. 1963. Geology and mineral deposits oft he Hopa-Mugrul region. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, 60, 44-59.
• K
• uşçu, İ. and Erler, A. 1999. Deformation of stibnites and pyrites in the Madsan antimony deposit (Niğde, Turkey): implications for pressure-temperature conditions of local deformation. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 8, 57-66.
• Kuşçu, İ. and Erler, A. 2002. Pyrite deformation textures in the deposits of the Küre mining district (Kastamonu, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 11, 205-215.
• L’Heureux, I. and Jamtveıt, B. 2002. A model for oscillatory zoning in solid solutions grown from aqueous solutions: applications to the (Ba, Sr)SO4 system. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, p. 417-429.
• Lianxing, G. and McClay, K.R. 1992. Pyrite deformation in stratiform lead-zinc deposits of the Canadian Cordillerea. Mineral. Deposita, 27, 169-181.
• Loftus-Hills, G. and Solomon, M. 1967. Cobalt, nickel and selenium in sulphides as indicators of ore genesis. Mineral. Deposita, 2, 228-242.
• Lowell, J.D. and Guilbert, J.M. 1970. Lateral and vertical alteration-mineralization zoning in porphyry ore deposits. Economic Geology, 65, 373-408.
• Lowell, J.D. and Guilbert, J.M. 1974. Variations in Zoning Patterns in Porphyry Ore Deposits. CIM Bull., 61.
• McClay, K.R. and Ellis, P.G. 1984. Deformation of pyrite, Economic Geology, 79, 400-403.
• Meyer, C. and Hemley, J.J. 1967. Wall-rock alteration. In: Barnes, H.L. (Ed.), Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 1st ed., New York, Holt, Rinehart Winston, 166-235.
• Mitchell, A.H. and Bell, J.D. 1973. Island-arc evolution and related mineral deposits. Journ. Geol., 81, 381-405.
• Moore, W.J., McKee, E.H. and Akinci, O.T. 1980. Chemistry and chronology of plutonic rocks in the Pontide mountains, northern Turkey. In: Jankovic, S. and Sillitoe, R.H. (Eds.) European Copper Deposits: Belgrade, UNESCO-IGCP, 209- 216.
• Oğuz, E. 2010. Ulutaş (İspir-Erzurum) Bakır-Molibden Porfiri Sisteminin Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi ve Altın Potansiyelinin Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 110 s., Ankara.
• Ohta, E., Dogan, R., Batıc, H. and Abe, M. 1988. Geology and mineralization of Dereköy porphyry copper deposit, northern Thrace, Turkey, Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 39, p. 115-134.
• Okay, A. I. 1984. The geology of the Ağvanis metamorphic rocks and neighbouring formations. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, 99/100, 16-36.
• Okay, A.İ. and Şahintürk, Ö. 1997. Geology of the Eastern Pontides. In: Robinson, A. G. (Ed.) Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, Memoirs, 68, 291-311.
• Okay, A. İ. and Tüysüz, O. 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In: Durand, B., Jolivet, L., Horvath, F. and Séranne, M. (Eds.) The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extensions within the Alpine Orogen. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 156, 474-515.
• Okay, A. İ., Tüysüz, O., Satır, M., Özkan-Altıner, S., Altıner, D., Sherlock, S. and Eren, R. H. 2006. Cretaceous and Triassic subduction-accretion, high pressure–low temperature metamorphism, and continental growth in the Central Pontides, Turkey. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 118, 1247-1269.
• Önal, G. 2015. Yeşilbağlar-Kaban (Olur-Erzurum) Bölgesindeki Alterasyonların Mineralojik ve Jeokimyasal İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana, 182 s. (yayınlanmamış).
• Özen, H., Çolakoğlu, A. O., Sayak, H., Dönmez, C., Türkel, A. ve Odabaşı, İ. 2008. Erzincan-Tercan-Çayırlı yöresi ofiyolit jeolojisi ve krom-nikel prospeksiyon raporu. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü (MTA) Rapor No: 11055.
• Palero, F.J. and Martin-Izard, A. 2005. Trace element contens in galena and sphalerite from ore deposits of the Alcudia Valley mineral field, Eastern Sierra Morena, Spain. Jour. of Geochem. Expl., 86, 1-25.
• Parlak, O., Çolakoğlu, A., Dönmez, C., Sayak, H., Türkel, A., Yıldırım, N. and Odabaşı, I. (2013). Geochemistry and Tectonic Significance of Ophiolites Along the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone in northeastern Anatolia. In: Robertson, A.H.F., Parlak, O. and Ünlügenç, U. C. (Eds.) Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 372, 75-105.
• Pejatovic, S. 1971. Metallogenıc Zones In The Eastern Black Sea – Mınor Caucasus Regıons And Dıstınguıshıng Features Of Theır Metallogeny. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 77, 1-14.
• Pirajno, F. 1992. Hydrothermal mineral deposits: Principles and fundamental Concepts for Exploration geologist. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, 709 p.
• Pirajno, F. 2009. Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems, Dordrecht; London. Springer, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 1250 p.
• Popov, P., Berza, T., Grubic, A. and Ioane, D. 2002. Late Cretaceous Apuseni-Banat-Timok-Srednagorie (ABTS) magmatic and metallogenic belt in the Carpathian-Balkan orogen, Geologic Balcanica, v. 32, p. 145-163.
• Raymond, O.L. 1996. Pyrite composition and ore genesis in the Prince Lyell copper deposit, Mt Lyell mineral field, western Tasmania, Australia. Ore Geol. Rev., 10, 231-250.
• Rice, S. P., Robertson, A. H. F. and Ustaömer, T. 2006. Late Cretaceous–Early Ceneozoic tectonic evolution of the Eurasian active margin in the Central and Eastern Pontides, northern Turkey. In: Robertson, A. H. F. and Mountrakis, D. (Eds.) Tectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 260, 413-445.
• Rice, S. P., Robertson, A. H. F., Ustaömer, T., İnan, N. and Taslı, K. 2009. Late Cretaceous–Early Eocene tectonic development of the Tethyan suture zone in the Erzincan area, Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Geological Magazine, 146, 567-590.
• Richards, J.P. 2003. Tectono-magmatic precursors for porphyry Cu-(Mo-Au) deposit formation. Economic Geology, 98, 1515-1533.
• Roberts, F.I. 1982. Trace element chemistry of pyrite: A useful guide to the occurance of sulfide base metal mineralization, Jour. of Geoch. Expl., 17, 49-62.
• Robertson, A. H. F., Parlak, O., Ustaömer, T., Taslı, K., İnan, N., Dumitrica, P. and Karaoğlan, F. (2013). Subduction, ophiolite genesis and collision history of Tethys adjacent to the Eurasian continental margin: new evidence from the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 26 (3-4), 230-293.
• Rolland, Y., Billo, S., Corsini, M., Sasson, M. and Galoyan, G. 2009a. Blueschists of the Amassia-Stepanavan suture zone (Armenia): linking Tethys subduction history from E-Turkey to W-Iran. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 98, 533-550.
• Rolland, Y., Galoyan, G., Bosch, D., Sosson, M., Corsini, M., Fornari, M. and Vérati, C. 2009b. Jurassic Back-arc and hot- spot related series in the Armenian ophiolites – Implications for the obduction process. Lithos, 112, 163-187.
• Rolland, Y., Galoyan, G., Sosson, M., Melkonyan, R. and Avagyan, A. 2010. The Armenian Ophiolite: insights for Jurassic back-arc formation, Lower Cretaceous hot spot magmatism and Upper Cretaceous obduction over the South Armenian Block. In: Sosson, M., Kaymakçı, N., Stephenson, R. A., Bergerat, F. and Starostenko, V. (Eds.) Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 340, 353-382.
• Sarıfakıoğlu, E., Özen, H. and Winchester, J. A. 2009. Petrogenesis of Refahiye ophiolite and its tectonic significance for Neotethyan ophiolites along the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture zone. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 18, 187-207.
• Seedorff, E., Dilles, J.H., Profett, J.M., Jr., Einaudi, M.T., Zurcher, L., Stavast, W.J.A., Johnson, D.A. and Barton, M.D. 2005. Porphyry deposits: Characteristics and origin of hypogene features. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 251-298.
• Sillitoe, R.H. 1972. A plate tectonic model for the origin of porphyry copper deposits. Econ. Geol., 67, 184-197.
• Sillitoe, R.H. 1973. The Top and Bottoms of Porphyry Copper Deposits. Econ. Geol., 65, 373-408.
• Sillitoe, R.H. 1993. Giant and bonanza gold deposits in the epithermal environment. In: Whiting B.H., Mason R.,
• Hodgson C.J. (Eds.) Giant ore deposits, Soc. Econ. Geol. Spec. Publ., 2, 125-156.
• Sillitoe, R.H. 2010. Porphyry Copper System. Society of Economic Geologists, Ins. Economic Geology, 105, 3-41.
• Sillitoe, R.H. and Hedenquist, J.W. 2003. Linkages between volcanotectonic settings, ore-fluid compositions, and epithermal precious-metal deposits. In: Simmons, S.F. and Graham, I. (Eds.), Volcanic, geothermal, and ore-forming fluids: rulers and witnesses of processes within the earth. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication, 10, 315-343.
• Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I. and Moring, B.C. 2008. Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
• Skinner, B.J. 1979. The many origins of hydrothermal mineral deposits. Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 2nd ed., H.L. Barnes (Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, New York.
• Sosson, M., Rolland, Y., Danelian, T., Muller, C., Melkonyan, R., Adamia, S. and Galoyan, G. H. 2010. Subductions, obduction and collision in the Lesser Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), new insights. In: M. Sosson, N. Kaymakci, R. Stephanson, F. Bergarat and V. Storatchenoko (Eds.). Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 340, 329-352.
• Soylu, M. 1999. Modeling of porphyry copper mineralization of the Eastern Pontides. Ph.D. thesis, Middle East Technical University, p. 127. Ankara (unpublished).
• Şengör, A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan Evolution of Turkey: A Plate Tectonic Approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181- 241.
• Taylor, R.P. 1981. Isotope geoloyg of the Bakırçay porphyry copper prospect, northern Turkey, Mineralium Deposita, v. 16, p. 375-390.
• Topuz, G., Alther, R., Satır, M. and Schwartz, W. H. 2004. Low-grade metamorphic rocks from the Pulur complex, NE Turkey: implications for the pre-Liassic evolution of the Eastern Pontides. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 93, 72-91.
• Topuz, G., Göçmengil, G., Rolland, Y., Çelik, Ö. F., Zack, T., and Schmitt A. K. 2012, Jurassic accretionary complex and ophiolite from northeast Turkey: No evidence for the Cimmerian continental ribbon. Geology, 41, 255-258.
• Topuz, G., Çelik, Ö. F., Şengör, A. M. C., Altıntaş, İ. E., Zack, T., Rolland, Y., and Barth, M. 2013. Jurassic ophiolite formation and emplacement as backstop to a subduction-accretion complex in northeast Turkey, the Refahiye ophiolite, and relation to the Balkan ophiolites. American Journal of Science, 313, 1054-1087.
• Ustaömer, T. and Robertson, A. H. F. 2010. Late Paleozoic-Early Cenozoic tectonic development of the eastern Pontides (Artvin area), Turkey: stages of closure of Tethys along the southern margin of Eurasia. In: Sosson, M., Kaymakçı, N., Stephenson, R. A., Bergerat, F. and Starostenko, V. (Eds.) Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 340, 281-327.
• Ustaömer, T., Robertson, A. H. F., Ustaömer, P. A., Gerdes, A. and Peytcheva, I. 2012. Constraints on Variscan and Cimmerian magmatism and metamorphism in the Pontides (Yusufeli-Artvin area), NE Turkey from U-Pb dating and granite geochemistry. In: Robertson, A. H. F., Parlak, O. and Ünlügenç, U. C. (Eds.) Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 372. First Published online November 1, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1144/SP372.13.
• Waterman, G.C. and Hamilton, R.L. 1975. The Sar Cheshmeh porphyry copper deposit, Economic Geology, v. 70, p. 568- 576.
• Xu, G. 1998. Geochemistry of sulphide minerals at Dugald River, NW Queensland, with reference to ore genesis. Mineral. and Petrol., 63, 1-2, 119-139.
• Xuexin, S. 1984. Minor elements and ore genesis of the Fankou Lead-Zinc deposit, China. Mineral. Deposita, 19, 95-104.
• Yalçınalp, B. 1995. The geochemical characteristics of the granitoids bearing porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization in eastern Pontides. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 30/1, 25-32.
• Yılmaz, H. 1985. Olur (Erzurum) yöresinin jeolojisi. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 4, 1-2, 23-41.
• Yılmaz, Y., Tüysüz, O., Yiğitbaş, E., Genç, S. C. and Şengör, A. M. C. 1997. Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides.In: Robinson, A. G. (Ed.) Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Regions. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, Memoirs, 68, 183-226.
• Yılmaz, A., Adamia, S., Chabukiani, A., Chkhotua, T., Erdoğan, K., Tuzcu, S. and Karabıyıkoğlu, M. F. 2000. Structural correlation of the southern Transcaucasus (Georgia)-eastern Pontides (Turkey). In: Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J. A. and Piper, J. D. A. (Eds.) Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 173, 171-182.
• Yiğit, Ö. 2006. Gold in Turkey-a missing link in Tethyan metallogeny. Ore Geology Reviews, 28, 147-179.
• Yiğit, Ö. 2009. Mineral Deposits of Turkey in Relation to Tethyan Metallogeny: Implications for Future Mineral Exploration, Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. Economic Geology, v. 104, p. 19-51.