Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Petrological and geochemical features of Biga Peninsula granitoids, NW Anatolia, Turkey

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 160 Sayı: 160, 81 - 115, 27.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.466522

Öz

In Northwest Anatolia,
widespread magmatism developed due to collision between Anatolide-Tauride
platform and Sakarya continent during Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary period. The
granitoids in Biga Peninsula are products of post-collisional magmatism
following the convergence of the northern branch of Neotethyan Ocean and
developed in two different stages as Eocene and Oligo-Miocene. Eocene Karabiga,
Güreci, Kuşçayır and Dikmen granitoids are granite and diorite-granodiorite;
Oligo-Miocene Sarıoluk, Yenice, Kestanbol, Eybek, Evciler, Çamyayla and Alanköy
granitoids are diorite, granodiorite, monzonite and Q-monzonite in composition.
Metaluminous and peraluminous granitoids have similar geochemical variations
and exhibit post-collisional geochemical signatures. Trace element patterns are
almost similar to those observed in upper crust and GLOSS (Global Subducting
Sediment) patterns with depletion in high field strength (HFS) elements (Nb, Ta,
Ti,  Zr, Hf). But, Oligo-Miocene
Sarıoluk, Yenice-Çakıroba, Kestanbol, Evciler, Çamyayla, Alanköy and Eocene
Karabiga, Güreci and Kuşçayır granitoids have higher Th and U contents relative
to upper crust and GLOSS. Dikmen, Yenice-Hamdibey, Yenice-Eskiyayla and Eybek
granitoids have lower Th content. Geochemical variations indicate that partial melting
and fractional crystallisation- crustal contamination processes are effective
in their genesis and evolution. Trace element ratios also indicate subduction
signatures in their genesis and Rb/Ba, Rb/Sr ratios suggest mantle melting
rather than crustal melting. Accordingly, post-collisional Biga Peninsula
granitoids were derived from a previously metasomatised lithospheric mantle source,
which was enriched during northward subduction and closure of the northern branch
of Neo-Tethys Ocean beneath the Sakarya continent, since variations in Rb, Cs,
Th, La and Sm reveal that lithospheric mantle was mesomatised by both aqueous
fluids and sediment melts.

Teşekkür

This study was supported bythe General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) in the framework of the “Mineralisations related to acidic magmatism” project. We are extremely grateful to Mineral Research and Exploration Department and MTA northwestern Anatolia Region Headquarters (Balıkesir). We extend our special appreciation to S. Meltem Kadınkız and Nezihe Gökçe for their contributions in petrographical investigations. We are also grateful to Prof. Dr. Ahmet Gökçe and another anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticism and contributions to the final form of the manuscript.

Kaynakça

  • Akyüz, H.S., Okay, A.İ. 1996. A section across a Tethyan Suture in Northwestern Turkey. International Geology Review 38, 405-418.
  • Aldanmaz, E., Pearce, J. A., Thirlwall,M.F., Mitchell, J. G. 2000. Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic, post-collision volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 102, 67– 95.
  • Aldanmaz, E., Pickard, M., Meisel, T., Altunkaynak, Ş., Sayıt, K., Şen, P., Hanan, B.B., Furman, T. 2015. Source components and magmatic processes in the genesis of Miocene to Quaternary lavas in western Turkey: constraints from HSE distribution and Hf–Pb–Os isotopes. Contribution to Mienarlogy and Petrology 170(2), 1-20.
  • Altıner, D., Koçyiğit, A., Farinacci, A., Nicosia, U., Conti, M.A. 1991. Jurassic– Lower Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleogeographic evolution of the southern part of northwestern Anatolia: Geologica Romana 28, 13–80.
  • Altunkaynak, Ş. 2007. Collision-driven slab breakoff magmatism in Northwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geology 115, 63–82.
  • Altunkaynak, Ş., Dilek, Y. 2006. Timing and nature of postcollisional volcanism in western Anatolia and geodynamic implications. In: Dilek, Y., Pavlides, S. (Eds.), Post collisional tectonics and magmatism in the Mediterranean region and Asia: Geological Society of America Special Paper 409, 321–351.
  • Altunkaynak, Ş., Genç, Ş.C. 2008. Petrogenesis and time- progressive evolution of the Cenozoic continental volcanism in the Biga Peninsula, NW Anatolia (Turkey). Lithos 102, 316-340.
  • Altunkaynak, Ş., Dilek, Y. 2013. Eocene mafic volcanism in northern Anatolia: its causes and mantle sources in the absence of active subduction. International Geology Review 55 (13), 1641-1659.
  • Altunkaynak, Ş., Dilek, Y., Genç, Ş.C., Sunal, G., Gertisser, R., Furnes, H., Foland, K. A., Yang, J. 2012a. Spatial, temporal and geochemical evolution of Oligo-Miocene granitoid magmatism in western Anatolia, Turkey. Gondwana Research 21, 961- 986.
  • Altunkaynak, Ş., Sunal, G., Aldanmaz, E., Genç, Ş.C., Dilek, Y., Furnes, H., Foland, K. A., Yang, J., Yıldız, M. 2012b. Eocene Granitic Magmatism in NW Anatolia (Turkey) revisited: New implications from comparative zircon SHRIMP U–Pb and 40Ar-39Ar geochronology and isotope geochemistry on magma genesis and emplacement. Lithos 155, 289-309.
  • Aysal, N. 2015. Mineral chemistry, crystallization conditions and geodynamic implications of the Oligo–Miocene granitoids in the Biga Peninsula, Northwest Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Science 105, 68-84.
  • Ballouard, C., Pojol, M., Boulvais, P., Branquet, Y., Tartese, R., Vigneresse, J-L. 2016. Nb-Ta fractionation in peraluminous granites: A marker of the magmatic- hydrothermal transition. Geology 44(3), 231-234.
  • Blevin, P. 2003. Metallogeny of granitic rocks, The Ishihara Symposium, Granites and Associated Metallogenesis 14, 5-80.
  • Chauvel, C., Dia, A. N., Bulurde, M., Chabaux, F., Durand, S., Ildefonse, P., Gerard, M., Deruelle, B., Ngounouno, I. 2005. Do decades of tropical rainfall affect the chemical compositions of basaltic lava flows in Mount Cameroon? Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 141, 195-223.
  • Chen, B., Long, X., Wilde S.A., Yuan, C., Wang, Q., Xia, X., Zang, Z. 2017. Delamination of lithospheric mantle evidenced by Cenozoic potassic rocks in Yunnan, SW China: A contribution to uplift of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. Lithos 284-285, 709- 729.
  • Delaloye, M., Bingöl, E. 2000. Granitoids from western and northwestern Anatolia: geochemistry and modeling of geodynamic evolution. International Geology Review 42, 241– 268.
  • Dilek, Y. 2006. Collision tectonics of the Mediterranean region: causes and consequences. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 409, 1-13.
  • Dilek, Y., Altunkaynak, Ş. 2009. Geochemical and temporal evolution of Cenozoic magmatism in western Turkey: mantle response to collision, slab break- off, and lithospheric tearing in an orogenic belt. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 311, 213-233.
  • Duru, M., Pehlivan, Ş., Okay, A.İ., Şentürk, Y., Kar, H. 2012. Biga Yarımadası’nın Tersiyer öncesi jeolojisi. Biga Yarımadası’nın Genel ve Ekonomik Jeolojisi MTA Özel Yayın Serisi-28, 7-77.
  • El Bouseily, A.M., El Sokkary, A.A. 1975. The relation between Rb, Ba and Sr in granitic rocks. Chemical Geology 16, 207-219.
  • Ercan, T., Satır, M., Steinitz, G., Dora, A., Sarıfakıoğlu, E., Adis, C., Walter, H.J., Yıldırım, T. 1995. Biga Yarımadası ile Gökçeada, Bozcaada ve Tavşan adalarındaki KB Anadolu Tersiyer volkanizmasının özellikleri. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration 117, 55-87.
  • Erkül, S.T., Erkül, F. 2012. Magma interaction processes in syn-extensional granitoids: the Tertiary Menderes Metamorphic core complex, western Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos 142-143, 16-33.
  • Ersoy, E.Y., Palmer, M.R. 2013. Eocene–Quaternary magmatic activity in the Aegean: implications for mantle metasomatism and magma genesis in an evolving orogeny. Lithos 180-181, 5–24.
  • Ersoy, E.Y., Palmer, M.R., Can Genç, Ş., Prevelic D., Akal, C., Uysal, İ., 2017a. Chemo-probe into the mantle origin of the NW Anatolia Eocene to Miocene volcanic rocks: Implications for the role of, crustal accretion, subduction, slab roll-back and slab break-off processes in genesis of post- collisional magmatism. Lithos 288-289, 55-71.
  • Ersoy, E.Y., Akal, C., Can Genç, Ş., Candan, O., Palmer, M.R., Prelevic, D., Uysal, İ., Mertz-Kraus, R., 2017b. U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Paleogene-Neogene volcanism in the NW Anatolia: Its implications for the late Mesozoic- Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Aegean. Tectonophysics 717, 284-301.
  • Fitton, J. G., James, D., Kempton, P.D., Ormerod, D.S. Leeman, W.P. 1988. The role of lithospheric mantle in the generation of late Cenozoic basic magmas in the Western United States. Journal of Petrology Special Lithosphere Issue 331-349.
  • Genç, Ş. C. 1998. Evolution of the Bayramiç magmatic complex. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85 (1- 4), 233-249.
  • Genç, Ş. C., Yılmaz, Y. 1997. An example of Post- collisional Magmatism in Northwestern Anatolia: the Kızderbent Volcanics (Armutlu peninsula, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Science 6, 33- 42.
  • Genç, Ş. C., Altunkaynak, Ş. 2007. Eybek graniti (Biga yarımadası, KB Anadolu) üzerine: Yeni jeokimya verileri ışığında yeni bir değerlendirme. Yerbilimleri 28 (2), 75-98.
  • Gill, J.B. 1981. Orogenic andesites and Plate tectonics. Springer - Verlag, New York.
  • Güleç, N. 1991. Crust-mantle interaction in western Turkey: implications from Sr and Nd isotope geochemistry of Tertiary and Quaternary volcanics. Geological Magazine 123, 417-435.
  • Gülmez, F., Genç, Ş.C., Keskin, M., Tüysüz, O. 2013. A post-collision slab-breakoff model for the orgin of the Middle Eocene magmatic rocks of the Armutlu-Almacık belt, NW Turkey and its regional implications. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 372, 107-139.
  • Harris, N.B.W., Kelley, S., Okay, A.İ. 1994. Post-collsion magmatism and tectonics in northwest Anatolia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 117, 241-252.
  • Hasözbek, A., Satır, M., Erdoğan, B., Akay, E., Siebel, W. 2010a. Early Miocene granite formation by detachment tectonics or not? A case study from the northern Menderes Massif (Western Turkey). Journal of Geodynamics 50, 67–80.
  • Hasözbek, A., Satır, M., Erdoğan, B., Akay, E., Siebel, W. 2010b. Early Miocene postcollisional magmatism in NW Turkey: geochemical and geochronological constraints. International Geology Review 53, 1098–1119.
  • Hofmann, A.W., Jochum, K.P., Seufer, M., White W.M. 1986. Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts: new constraints on mantle evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 79, 33-45.
  • Ilgar, A., Sezen Demirci, E., Demirci, Ö. 2012. Biga Yarımadası Tersiyer istifinin stratigrafisi ve sedimantolojisi. Biga Yarımadası’nın Genel ve Ekonomik Jeolojisi Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Özel Yayın Serisi-28, 75-120.
  • Imeokparia, E.G. 1981. Ba/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios as indicators of magmatic fractionation, postmagmatic alteration and mineralization-Afu Younger Geranite Complex, Northern Nigeria. Geochemical Journal 15, 209-219.
  • Irvine, T. N., Baragar, W. R. A. 1971. A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 8, 523-548.
  • Johnson, M.C., Plank, T., 1999. Dehydration and melting experiments constrain the fate of subducted sediments. Chemical Geology 130, 289-299.
  • Karacık, Z., Yılmaz, Y. 1998. Geology of the ignimbrites and the associated volcano–plutonic complex of the Ezine area, northwestern Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 85(1), 251-264.
  • Karacık, Z. Yılmaz, Y., Pearce, J., Ece, Ö.I. 2008. Petrochemistry of the South Marmara granitoids, northwest Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Science 97, 1181-1200.
  • Karapetian, S.G., Jrbashian, R.T., Mnatsakanian A.K. 2001. Late collision rhyolitic volcanism in the north- eastern part of Armenian Highland: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 112, 189-220.
  • Keskin, M., Genç, Ş.C., Tüysüz, O. 2008. Petrology and geochemistry of post-collisional Middle Eocene volcanic units in North-Central Turkey: Evidence for magma generation by slab breakoff following the closure of the Northern Neotethys Ocean. Lithos 104, 267-305.
  • Konak, N., Alan, İ., Bakırhan, B., Bedi, Y., Dönmez, M., Pehlivan, Ş., Sevin, M., Türkecan, A., Yusufoğlu, H. 2016. 1/1.000.000 Ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını, Ankara-Türkiye.
  • Köprübaşı, N., Aldanmaz, E. 2004. Geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of Cenozoic I-type granitoids in Northwest Anatolia, Turkey: evidence for magma generation by lithospheric delamination in a post-collisional setting. International Geology Review 46, 705–729.
  • Köprübaşı, N., Şen, C., Köprübaşı, N. 2000. Geochemistry of Fıstıklı (Armutlu–Yalova) granitoid. Bulletin of Earth Sciences Application and Research Centre of Hacettepe University, 22, 33–42.
  • Kürkcüoğlu, B., Furman, T., Hannan, B. 2008. Geochemistry of post-collisional mafic lavas from the North Anatolian Fault zone, Northwestern Turkey. Lithos 101, 416-434.
  • Labanieh, S., Chauvel, C., Germa, A., Q., X. 2012. Martinique: a clear case for sediment melting and slab dehydration as a function of distance to the trench. Journal of Petrology 53 (12), 2411-2464.
  • Langmuir, C.H., Vocke, R.D., Hanson, G.N., Hart, S.R. 1978. A general mixing equation with applications to İcelandic basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 37, 380-392.
  • Li, D., He, D., Fan, C. 2015. Geochronology and Sr-Nd- Hf isotopic composition of the granites, enclaves, and mafic dykes in the Karamaya area, NW China: Insights into late Carboniferous crustal growth of West Junggar. Geoscience Frontiers 6 (2), 153-173.
  • Maniar, P. D., Piccoli, P.M. 1989. Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geological Society of America Bulletin 101, 635–643.
  • McDonough, W.F., Sun, S.S. 1995. The composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology 120, 223-253.
  • McCulloch, M.T., Gamble, J.A. 1991. Geochemical and geodynamical constraints on subduction zone magmatism. Earth and Planetary Science Letter 102, 358-374.
  • McLennan, S.M. 2001. Relationship between the trace element composition of sedimenatry rocks and upper continental crust. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2, article no. 2000GC000109.
  • Middlemost, E. A. K. 1994. Naming materials in magma/ igneous rock system. Earth-Science Reviews 37, 215-224.
  • Normand, M.D., Garcia, M.O. 1999. Primitive magmas and source characteristivs of the hawaiian plume: petrology and geochemistry of shield picrites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 168, 27-44.
  • Normand, M. D., Leeman, W. P., Mertzman, S. A. 1992, Granites and rhyolites from the northwestern USA: Temporal variation in magmatic processes and relations To tectonic setting: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Science 83, 71–81.
  • Okay, A.İ. 1989. Tectonic units and sutures in the pontides, Northern Turkey. In: Sengör AMC (ed) Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan region, Kluwer academic publishers, pp 109-116.
  • Okay, A.İ. 2008. Geology of Turkey: A synopsis, Anschitt 21, 19-42.
  • Okay, A.İ., Tüysüz, O. 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In: Durand, B., Jolivet, L., Horvath, F., Seranne, M. (Eds.), The Mediterranean Basin: Tertiary Extansion within the Alpine Orogen, 156. Geological Society, Special Publications, London, pp. 75– 515.
  • Okay A.İ., Göncüoğlu, M.C. 2004. Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13: 77-95.
  • Okay, A.İ., Satır, M. 2006. Geochronology of Eocene plutonism and metamorphism in northest Turkey: evidence for a possible magmatic arc. Geodinamica Acta 19, 251– 266.
  • Okay, A.İ., Satır, M., Maluski, H., Siyako, M., Monie, P., Metzger, R., Akyüz, S. 1996. Palaeo- and Neo- Tethyan events in northwest Turkey. In Yin E & Harrison M (eds) Tectonics of Asia, Cambridge University Press, 420-441.
  • Okay, A.İ., Tansel, İ., Tüysüz, O. 2001. Obduction, subduction and collsion as reflected in the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Turkey. Geological Magazine 138(2), 117-142.
  • Okay, A.İ., Satır, M., Siebel, W. 2006. Pre-Alpide Palaezoic and Mesozoic orogenic events in the Eastern Mediterranean region. In: Gee, D.G. & Stephenson, R.A. (eds), European Lithosphere Dynamics. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 32, 389-405.
  • Pearce, J.A. 1996. Sources and settings of granitic rocks. Episodes 19 (4), 120-125.
  • Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W., Tindle, A.G. 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrolology 25, 956-983.
  • Peccerillo, A., Taylor, S.R. 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calcalkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 58, 63–81.
  • Plank, T. 2005. Constraints from thoriıum/lanthanum on sediment recycling at subduction zones and the evolution of the continents. Journal of Petrology 46 (5), 921-944.
  • Plank, T., Langmuir, C.H. 1998. The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle. Chemical Geology 145, 325- 394.
  • Poutiainen, M., Scherbakov, T.F. 1998. Fuid and melt inclusion evidence fort he origin of idiomophic quartz crystals in topaz-bearing granite from the Salmi batholih, Karelia, Russia. Lithos 44, 141- 151.
  • Ribeiro, J. Stern, R.J., Kelley, K.A., Martinez, F., Ishizuka, O., Manton, W.I., Ohara, Y. 2013. Nature and distribution of slab-derived fluids and mantle sources beneath the Southeast Mariana forearc rift. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 14, 4865-4607, doi:10.1002/ggge.20244.
  • Rossi, J.N., Toselli, A.J., Basei, M.A., Sial, A.N., Baez, M. 2011. Geochemival indicators of metalliferpus fertility in the Carboniferous San Blas pluton, Sierra de Velasco, Argentina. In: Sial, A. N., Bettencourt, J. S., De Campos, C. P. & Ferreira, V. P. (eds), Granite-Related Ore Deposits. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 350, 175–186.
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Scott, B.C. 1996. The cause of N-S extensional tectonics in West Turkey. Tectonic escape vs. Back-arc spreading vs. Orogenic collapse. Journal of Geodynamics, 22, 145 - 153.
  • Shand, S.J. 1943. The eruptive rocks: 2nd edition, John Wiley, New York, 444 p.
  • Su, H-M., Jiang S-Y., Zhang, D-Y., Wu, X-K. 2017. Partial Melting of Subducted Sediments Produced Early Mesozoic Calc-alkaline Lamprophyres from Northern Guangxi Province, South China. Scientific Reports 7: 4864 (DOI:10.1038/s41598- 017-05228-w).
  • Sun, S.S., McDonough, W.F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D. and Norry, M.J. (eds.), Magmatism in ocean basins. Geological Society of London Special Publication 42, 313-345.
  • Sylvester, P.J., 1998. Post-collisional strongly peraluminous graites. Lithos 45, 29-44.
  • Şengör, A.M.C., Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
  • Taylor S., R., Mc Lennan, S.M. 1985. The continental crust: its composition and evolution. An examination of the geochemical record preserved in sedimentary rocks. Blackwell Scientific Publications 46, pp.838.
  • Thompson R. N., Morrison M. A., Dickin A. P., Hendry, G. L. 1983. Continental flood basalts… Arachnids rule OK?, in Hawkesworth, C. J., and Norry, M. J. (eds.), Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths: Nantwich, UK, Shiva, 158–185.
  • Tommasini, S., Avanzinelli, R., Conticelli, S. 2011. The Th/ La and Sm/La conundrum of the Tethyan realm lamproites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 301, 469-478.
  • Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Schwartz, W.H., Dokuz, A., Meyer, H.-P. 2007. Variscan amphibolites-facies rocks from the Kurtoğlu metamorphic complex (Gümüşhane area, Eastern Pontides, Turkey). International Journal of Earth Science 96, 861– 873.
  • Ustaömer, P.A., Ustaömer, T., Collins, A.S., Reischpeitsch, J. 2009. Lutetian arc-type magmatism along the southern Eurasian margin: new U–Pb LA-ICPMS and whole-rock geochemical data from Marmara Island, NW Turkey. Mineralogy and Petrology 96, 177– 196
  • Wang, K.-L., Chung, S.-L., O’Reilly, S. 2004. Geochemical Constraints for the Genesis of Post-collisional Magmatism and the Geodynamic Evolution of the Northern Taiwan Region. Journal of Petrology 45(5), 975-1011.
  • Xiang, Y-X., Yang, J-H., Chen J-Y., Zhang, Y. 2017. Petrogenesis of Lingshan highly fractionated granites in the southeast China: Implication for Nb-Ta mineralization. Ore Geology Review 89, 495-525.
  • Yılmaz, Y. 1989. An approach to the origin of young volcanic rocks of western Turkey. In: Şengör AMC (eds) Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan Region. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 159.
  • Yılmaz, Y. 1990. Comparison of the young volcanic associations of the West and the east Anatolia under the compressional regime: a review. Journal of volcanology and geothermal Research 44, 69- 87.
  • Yılmaz, Y. 1997. Geology of western Anatolia. Active tectonics of northwestern Anatolia. The Marmara poly-project, a multidisciplinary approach by space-geodesy, geology, hydrogeology, geothermic and seismology. Vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der Zurich, pp 31–53.
  • Yılmaz, Y., Tüysüz, O., Gözübol, A.M., Yiğitbaş, E. 1981. Abant (Bolu)-Dokurcan (Sakarya) arasındaki Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonunun kuzey ve güneyinde kalan tektonik birliklerin jeolojik evrimi: İst. Yerbilimleri 1, 23, 9-261.
  • Yılmaz, Y., Genç, Ş.C., Yiğitbaş, E., Bozcu, M. Yılmaz, K. 1995. Geological evolution of the Late Mesozoic continental margin of Northwestern Anatolia. Tectonophysics 243, 155-171.
  • Yılmaz, Y., Genç Ş.C., Karacık, Z., Altunkaynak, Ş. 2001. Two contrasting magmatic associations of NW Anatolia and their tectonic significance. Journal of Geodynamics 31, 243-271.
  • Yılmaz Şahin, S., Örgün, Y., Güngör, Y., Göker, A.F., Gültekin, A.H., Karacık, Z. 2010. Mineral and Whole-rock Geochemistry of the Kestanbol Granitoid (Ezine-Çanakkale) and its Mafic Microgranular Enclaves in Northwestern Anatolia: evidence of felsic and mafic magma interaction. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 19, 101-122.
  • Yiğit, Ö. 2012. A prospective sector in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt: Geology and geochronology of mineral deposits in the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews 46, 118-148.

Petrological and geochemical features of Biga Peninsula granitoids, NW Anatolia, Turkey

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 160 Sayı: 160, 81 - 115, 27.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.466522

Öz

In Northwest Anatolia, widespread magmatism developed due to collision between Anatolide-Tauride platform and Sakarya continent during Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary period. The granitoids in Biga Peninsula are products of post-collisional magmatism following the convergence of the northern branch of Neotethyan Ocean and developed in two different stages as Eocene and Oligo-Miocene. Eocene Karabiga, Güreci, Kuşçayır and Dikmen granitoids are granite and diorite-granodiorite; Oligo-Miocene Sarıoluk, Yenice, Kestanbol, Eybek, Evciler, Çamyayla and Alanköy granitoids are diorite, granodiorite, monzonite and Q-monzonite in composition. Metaluminous and peraluminous granitoids have similar geochemical variations and exhibit post-collisional geochemical signatures. Trace element patterns are almost similar to those observed in upper crust and GLOSS (Global Subducting Sediment) patterns with depletion in high field strength (HFS) elements (Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf). But, Oligo-Miocene Sarıoluk, Yenice-Çakıroba, Kestanbol, Evciler, Çamyayla, Alanköy and Eocene Karabiga, Güreci and Kuşçayır granitoids have higher Th and U contents relative to upper crust and GLOSS. Dikmen, Yenice-Hamdibey, Yenice-Eskiyayla and Eybek granitoids have lower Th content. Geochemical variations indicate that partial melting and fractional crystallisation- crustal contamination processes are effective in their genesis and evolution. Trace element ratios also indicate subduction signatures in their genesis and Rb/Ba, Rb/Sr ratios suggest mantle melting rather than crustal melting. Accordingly, post-collisional Biga Peninsula granitoids were derived from a previously metasomatised lithospheric mantle source, which was enriched during northward subduction and closure of the northern branch of Neo-Tethys Ocean beneath the Sakarya continent, since variations in Rb, Cs, Th, La and Sm reveal that lithospheric mantle was mesomatised by both aqueous fluids and sediment melts.

Kaynakça

  • Akyüz, H.S., Okay, A.İ. 1996. A section across a Tethyan Suture in Northwestern Turkey. International Geology Review 38, 405-418.
  • Aldanmaz, E., Pearce, J. A., Thirlwall,M.F., Mitchell, J. G. 2000. Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic, post-collision volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 102, 67– 95.
  • Aldanmaz, E., Pickard, M., Meisel, T., Altunkaynak, Ş., Sayıt, K., Şen, P., Hanan, B.B., Furman, T. 2015. Source components and magmatic processes in the genesis of Miocene to Quaternary lavas in western Turkey: constraints from HSE distribution and Hf–Pb–Os isotopes. Contribution to Mienarlogy and Petrology 170(2), 1-20.
  • Altıner, D., Koçyiğit, A., Farinacci, A., Nicosia, U., Conti, M.A. 1991. Jurassic– Lower Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleogeographic evolution of the southern part of northwestern Anatolia: Geologica Romana 28, 13–80.
  • Altunkaynak, Ş. 2007. Collision-driven slab breakoff magmatism in Northwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geology 115, 63–82.
  • Altunkaynak, Ş., Dilek, Y. 2006. Timing and nature of postcollisional volcanism in western Anatolia and geodynamic implications. In: Dilek, Y., Pavlides, S. (Eds.), Post collisional tectonics and magmatism in the Mediterranean region and Asia: Geological Society of America Special Paper 409, 321–351.
  • Altunkaynak, Ş., Genç, Ş.C. 2008. Petrogenesis and time- progressive evolution of the Cenozoic continental volcanism in the Biga Peninsula, NW Anatolia (Turkey). Lithos 102, 316-340.
  • Altunkaynak, Ş., Dilek, Y. 2013. Eocene mafic volcanism in northern Anatolia: its causes and mantle sources in the absence of active subduction. International Geology Review 55 (13), 1641-1659.
  • Altunkaynak, Ş., Dilek, Y., Genç, Ş.C., Sunal, G., Gertisser, R., Furnes, H., Foland, K. A., Yang, J. 2012a. Spatial, temporal and geochemical evolution of Oligo-Miocene granitoid magmatism in western Anatolia, Turkey. Gondwana Research 21, 961- 986.
  • Altunkaynak, Ş., Sunal, G., Aldanmaz, E., Genç, Ş.C., Dilek, Y., Furnes, H., Foland, K. A., Yang, J., Yıldız, M. 2012b. Eocene Granitic Magmatism in NW Anatolia (Turkey) revisited: New implications from comparative zircon SHRIMP U–Pb and 40Ar-39Ar geochronology and isotope geochemistry on magma genesis and emplacement. Lithos 155, 289-309.
  • Aysal, N. 2015. Mineral chemistry, crystallization conditions and geodynamic implications of the Oligo–Miocene granitoids in the Biga Peninsula, Northwest Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Science 105, 68-84.
  • Ballouard, C., Pojol, M., Boulvais, P., Branquet, Y., Tartese, R., Vigneresse, J-L. 2016. Nb-Ta fractionation in peraluminous granites: A marker of the magmatic- hydrothermal transition. Geology 44(3), 231-234.
  • Blevin, P. 2003. Metallogeny of granitic rocks, The Ishihara Symposium, Granites and Associated Metallogenesis 14, 5-80.
  • Chauvel, C., Dia, A. N., Bulurde, M., Chabaux, F., Durand, S., Ildefonse, P., Gerard, M., Deruelle, B., Ngounouno, I. 2005. Do decades of tropical rainfall affect the chemical compositions of basaltic lava flows in Mount Cameroon? Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 141, 195-223.
  • Chen, B., Long, X., Wilde S.A., Yuan, C., Wang, Q., Xia, X., Zang, Z. 2017. Delamination of lithospheric mantle evidenced by Cenozoic potassic rocks in Yunnan, SW China: A contribution to uplift of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. Lithos 284-285, 709- 729.
  • Delaloye, M., Bingöl, E. 2000. Granitoids from western and northwestern Anatolia: geochemistry and modeling of geodynamic evolution. International Geology Review 42, 241– 268.
  • Dilek, Y. 2006. Collision tectonics of the Mediterranean region: causes and consequences. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 409, 1-13.
  • Dilek, Y., Altunkaynak, Ş. 2009. Geochemical and temporal evolution of Cenozoic magmatism in western Turkey: mantle response to collision, slab break- off, and lithospheric tearing in an orogenic belt. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 311, 213-233.
  • Duru, M., Pehlivan, Ş., Okay, A.İ., Şentürk, Y., Kar, H. 2012. Biga Yarımadası’nın Tersiyer öncesi jeolojisi. Biga Yarımadası’nın Genel ve Ekonomik Jeolojisi MTA Özel Yayın Serisi-28, 7-77.
  • El Bouseily, A.M., El Sokkary, A.A. 1975. The relation between Rb, Ba and Sr in granitic rocks. Chemical Geology 16, 207-219.
  • Ercan, T., Satır, M., Steinitz, G., Dora, A., Sarıfakıoğlu, E., Adis, C., Walter, H.J., Yıldırım, T. 1995. Biga Yarımadası ile Gökçeada, Bozcaada ve Tavşan adalarındaki KB Anadolu Tersiyer volkanizmasının özellikleri. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration 117, 55-87.
  • Erkül, S.T., Erkül, F. 2012. Magma interaction processes in syn-extensional granitoids: the Tertiary Menderes Metamorphic core complex, western Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos 142-143, 16-33.
  • Ersoy, E.Y., Palmer, M.R. 2013. Eocene–Quaternary magmatic activity in the Aegean: implications for mantle metasomatism and magma genesis in an evolving orogeny. Lithos 180-181, 5–24.
  • Ersoy, E.Y., Palmer, M.R., Can Genç, Ş., Prevelic D., Akal, C., Uysal, İ., 2017a. Chemo-probe into the mantle origin of the NW Anatolia Eocene to Miocene volcanic rocks: Implications for the role of, crustal accretion, subduction, slab roll-back and slab break-off processes in genesis of post- collisional magmatism. Lithos 288-289, 55-71.
  • Ersoy, E.Y., Akal, C., Can Genç, Ş., Candan, O., Palmer, M.R., Prelevic, D., Uysal, İ., Mertz-Kraus, R., 2017b. U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Paleogene-Neogene volcanism in the NW Anatolia: Its implications for the late Mesozoic- Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Aegean. Tectonophysics 717, 284-301.
  • Fitton, J. G., James, D., Kempton, P.D., Ormerod, D.S. Leeman, W.P. 1988. The role of lithospheric mantle in the generation of late Cenozoic basic magmas in the Western United States. Journal of Petrology Special Lithosphere Issue 331-349.
  • Genç, Ş. C. 1998. Evolution of the Bayramiç magmatic complex. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85 (1- 4), 233-249.
  • Genç, Ş. C., Yılmaz, Y. 1997. An example of Post- collisional Magmatism in Northwestern Anatolia: the Kızderbent Volcanics (Armutlu peninsula, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Science 6, 33- 42.
  • Genç, Ş. C., Altunkaynak, Ş. 2007. Eybek graniti (Biga yarımadası, KB Anadolu) üzerine: Yeni jeokimya verileri ışığında yeni bir değerlendirme. Yerbilimleri 28 (2), 75-98.
  • Gill, J.B. 1981. Orogenic andesites and Plate tectonics. Springer - Verlag, New York.
  • Güleç, N. 1991. Crust-mantle interaction in western Turkey: implications from Sr and Nd isotope geochemistry of Tertiary and Quaternary volcanics. Geological Magazine 123, 417-435.
  • Gülmez, F., Genç, Ş.C., Keskin, M., Tüysüz, O. 2013. A post-collision slab-breakoff model for the orgin of the Middle Eocene magmatic rocks of the Armutlu-Almacık belt, NW Turkey and its regional implications. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 372, 107-139.
  • Harris, N.B.W., Kelley, S., Okay, A.İ. 1994. Post-collsion magmatism and tectonics in northwest Anatolia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 117, 241-252.
  • Hasözbek, A., Satır, M., Erdoğan, B., Akay, E., Siebel, W. 2010a. Early Miocene granite formation by detachment tectonics or not? A case study from the northern Menderes Massif (Western Turkey). Journal of Geodynamics 50, 67–80.
  • Hasözbek, A., Satır, M., Erdoğan, B., Akay, E., Siebel, W. 2010b. Early Miocene postcollisional magmatism in NW Turkey: geochemical and geochronological constraints. International Geology Review 53, 1098–1119.
  • Hofmann, A.W., Jochum, K.P., Seufer, M., White W.M. 1986. Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts: new constraints on mantle evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 79, 33-45.
  • Ilgar, A., Sezen Demirci, E., Demirci, Ö. 2012. Biga Yarımadası Tersiyer istifinin stratigrafisi ve sedimantolojisi. Biga Yarımadası’nın Genel ve Ekonomik Jeolojisi Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Özel Yayın Serisi-28, 75-120.
  • Imeokparia, E.G. 1981. Ba/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios as indicators of magmatic fractionation, postmagmatic alteration and mineralization-Afu Younger Geranite Complex, Northern Nigeria. Geochemical Journal 15, 209-219.
  • Irvine, T. N., Baragar, W. R. A. 1971. A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 8, 523-548.
  • Johnson, M.C., Plank, T., 1999. Dehydration and melting experiments constrain the fate of subducted sediments. Chemical Geology 130, 289-299.
  • Karacık, Z., Yılmaz, Y. 1998. Geology of the ignimbrites and the associated volcano–plutonic complex of the Ezine area, northwestern Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 85(1), 251-264.
  • Karacık, Z. Yılmaz, Y., Pearce, J., Ece, Ö.I. 2008. Petrochemistry of the South Marmara granitoids, northwest Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Science 97, 1181-1200.
  • Karapetian, S.G., Jrbashian, R.T., Mnatsakanian A.K. 2001. Late collision rhyolitic volcanism in the north- eastern part of Armenian Highland: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 112, 189-220.
  • Keskin, M., Genç, Ş.C., Tüysüz, O. 2008. Petrology and geochemistry of post-collisional Middle Eocene volcanic units in North-Central Turkey: Evidence for magma generation by slab breakoff following the closure of the Northern Neotethys Ocean. Lithos 104, 267-305.
  • Konak, N., Alan, İ., Bakırhan, B., Bedi, Y., Dönmez, M., Pehlivan, Ş., Sevin, M., Türkecan, A., Yusufoğlu, H. 2016. 1/1.000.000 Ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını, Ankara-Türkiye.
  • Köprübaşı, N., Aldanmaz, E. 2004. Geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of Cenozoic I-type granitoids in Northwest Anatolia, Turkey: evidence for magma generation by lithospheric delamination in a post-collisional setting. International Geology Review 46, 705–729.
  • Köprübaşı, N., Şen, C., Köprübaşı, N. 2000. Geochemistry of Fıstıklı (Armutlu–Yalova) granitoid. Bulletin of Earth Sciences Application and Research Centre of Hacettepe University, 22, 33–42.
  • Kürkcüoğlu, B., Furman, T., Hannan, B. 2008. Geochemistry of post-collisional mafic lavas from the North Anatolian Fault zone, Northwestern Turkey. Lithos 101, 416-434.
  • Labanieh, S., Chauvel, C., Germa, A., Q., X. 2012. Martinique: a clear case for sediment melting and slab dehydration as a function of distance to the trench. Journal of Petrology 53 (12), 2411-2464.
  • Langmuir, C.H., Vocke, R.D., Hanson, G.N., Hart, S.R. 1978. A general mixing equation with applications to İcelandic basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 37, 380-392.
  • Li, D., He, D., Fan, C. 2015. Geochronology and Sr-Nd- Hf isotopic composition of the granites, enclaves, and mafic dykes in the Karamaya area, NW China: Insights into late Carboniferous crustal growth of West Junggar. Geoscience Frontiers 6 (2), 153-173.
  • Maniar, P. D., Piccoli, P.M. 1989. Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geological Society of America Bulletin 101, 635–643.
  • McDonough, W.F., Sun, S.S. 1995. The composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology 120, 223-253.
  • McCulloch, M.T., Gamble, J.A. 1991. Geochemical and geodynamical constraints on subduction zone magmatism. Earth and Planetary Science Letter 102, 358-374.
  • McLennan, S.M. 2001. Relationship between the trace element composition of sedimenatry rocks and upper continental crust. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2, article no. 2000GC000109.
  • Middlemost, E. A. K. 1994. Naming materials in magma/ igneous rock system. Earth-Science Reviews 37, 215-224.
  • Normand, M.D., Garcia, M.O. 1999. Primitive magmas and source characteristivs of the hawaiian plume: petrology and geochemistry of shield picrites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 168, 27-44.
  • Normand, M. D., Leeman, W. P., Mertzman, S. A. 1992, Granites and rhyolites from the northwestern USA: Temporal variation in magmatic processes and relations To tectonic setting: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Science 83, 71–81.
  • Okay, A.İ. 1989. Tectonic units and sutures in the pontides, Northern Turkey. In: Sengör AMC (ed) Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan region, Kluwer academic publishers, pp 109-116.
  • Okay, A.İ. 2008. Geology of Turkey: A synopsis, Anschitt 21, 19-42.
  • Okay, A.İ., Tüysüz, O. 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In: Durand, B., Jolivet, L., Horvath, F., Seranne, M. (Eds.), The Mediterranean Basin: Tertiary Extansion within the Alpine Orogen, 156. Geological Society, Special Publications, London, pp. 75– 515.
  • Okay A.İ., Göncüoğlu, M.C. 2004. Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13: 77-95.
  • Okay, A.İ., Satır, M. 2006. Geochronology of Eocene plutonism and metamorphism in northest Turkey: evidence for a possible magmatic arc. Geodinamica Acta 19, 251– 266.
  • Okay, A.İ., Satır, M., Maluski, H., Siyako, M., Monie, P., Metzger, R., Akyüz, S. 1996. Palaeo- and Neo- Tethyan events in northwest Turkey. In Yin E & Harrison M (eds) Tectonics of Asia, Cambridge University Press, 420-441.
  • Okay, A.İ., Tansel, İ., Tüysüz, O. 2001. Obduction, subduction and collsion as reflected in the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Turkey. Geological Magazine 138(2), 117-142.
  • Okay, A.İ., Satır, M., Siebel, W. 2006. Pre-Alpide Palaezoic and Mesozoic orogenic events in the Eastern Mediterranean region. In: Gee, D.G. & Stephenson, R.A. (eds), European Lithosphere Dynamics. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 32, 389-405.
  • Pearce, J.A. 1996. Sources and settings of granitic rocks. Episodes 19 (4), 120-125.
  • Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W., Tindle, A.G. 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrolology 25, 956-983.
  • Peccerillo, A., Taylor, S.R. 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calcalkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 58, 63–81.
  • Plank, T. 2005. Constraints from thoriıum/lanthanum on sediment recycling at subduction zones and the evolution of the continents. Journal of Petrology 46 (5), 921-944.
  • Plank, T., Langmuir, C.H. 1998. The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle. Chemical Geology 145, 325- 394.
  • Poutiainen, M., Scherbakov, T.F. 1998. Fuid and melt inclusion evidence fort he origin of idiomophic quartz crystals in topaz-bearing granite from the Salmi batholih, Karelia, Russia. Lithos 44, 141- 151.
  • Ribeiro, J. Stern, R.J., Kelley, K.A., Martinez, F., Ishizuka, O., Manton, W.I., Ohara, Y. 2013. Nature and distribution of slab-derived fluids and mantle sources beneath the Southeast Mariana forearc rift. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 14, 4865-4607, doi:10.1002/ggge.20244.
  • Rossi, J.N., Toselli, A.J., Basei, M.A., Sial, A.N., Baez, M. 2011. Geochemival indicators of metalliferpus fertility in the Carboniferous San Blas pluton, Sierra de Velasco, Argentina. In: Sial, A. N., Bettencourt, J. S., De Campos, C. P. & Ferreira, V. P. (eds), Granite-Related Ore Deposits. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 350, 175–186.
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Scott, B.C. 1996. The cause of N-S extensional tectonics in West Turkey. Tectonic escape vs. Back-arc spreading vs. Orogenic collapse. Journal of Geodynamics, 22, 145 - 153.
  • Shand, S.J. 1943. The eruptive rocks: 2nd edition, John Wiley, New York, 444 p.
  • Su, H-M., Jiang S-Y., Zhang, D-Y., Wu, X-K. 2017. Partial Melting of Subducted Sediments Produced Early Mesozoic Calc-alkaline Lamprophyres from Northern Guangxi Province, South China. Scientific Reports 7: 4864 (DOI:10.1038/s41598- 017-05228-w).
  • Sun, S.S., McDonough, W.F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D. and Norry, M.J. (eds.), Magmatism in ocean basins. Geological Society of London Special Publication 42, 313-345.
  • Sylvester, P.J., 1998. Post-collisional strongly peraluminous graites. Lithos 45, 29-44.
  • Şengör, A.M.C., Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
  • Taylor S., R., Mc Lennan, S.M. 1985. The continental crust: its composition and evolution. An examination of the geochemical record preserved in sedimentary rocks. Blackwell Scientific Publications 46, pp.838.
  • Thompson R. N., Morrison M. A., Dickin A. P., Hendry, G. L. 1983. Continental flood basalts… Arachnids rule OK?, in Hawkesworth, C. J., and Norry, M. J. (eds.), Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths: Nantwich, UK, Shiva, 158–185.
  • Tommasini, S., Avanzinelli, R., Conticelli, S. 2011. The Th/ La and Sm/La conundrum of the Tethyan realm lamproites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 301, 469-478.
  • Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Schwartz, W.H., Dokuz, A., Meyer, H.-P. 2007. Variscan amphibolites-facies rocks from the Kurtoğlu metamorphic complex (Gümüşhane area, Eastern Pontides, Turkey). International Journal of Earth Science 96, 861– 873.
  • Ustaömer, P.A., Ustaömer, T., Collins, A.S., Reischpeitsch, J. 2009. Lutetian arc-type magmatism along the southern Eurasian margin: new U–Pb LA-ICPMS and whole-rock geochemical data from Marmara Island, NW Turkey. Mineralogy and Petrology 96, 177– 196
  • Wang, K.-L., Chung, S.-L., O’Reilly, S. 2004. Geochemical Constraints for the Genesis of Post-collisional Magmatism and the Geodynamic Evolution of the Northern Taiwan Region. Journal of Petrology 45(5), 975-1011.
  • Xiang, Y-X., Yang, J-H., Chen J-Y., Zhang, Y. 2017. Petrogenesis of Lingshan highly fractionated granites in the southeast China: Implication for Nb-Ta mineralization. Ore Geology Review 89, 495-525.
  • Yılmaz, Y. 1989. An approach to the origin of young volcanic rocks of western Turkey. In: Şengör AMC (eds) Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan Region. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 159.
  • Yılmaz, Y. 1990. Comparison of the young volcanic associations of the West and the east Anatolia under the compressional regime: a review. Journal of volcanology and geothermal Research 44, 69- 87.
  • Yılmaz, Y. 1997. Geology of western Anatolia. Active tectonics of northwestern Anatolia. The Marmara poly-project, a multidisciplinary approach by space-geodesy, geology, hydrogeology, geothermic and seismology. Vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der Zurich, pp 31–53.
  • Yılmaz, Y., Tüysüz, O., Gözübol, A.M., Yiğitbaş, E. 1981. Abant (Bolu)-Dokurcan (Sakarya) arasındaki Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonunun kuzey ve güneyinde kalan tektonik birliklerin jeolojik evrimi: İst. Yerbilimleri 1, 23, 9-261.
  • Yılmaz, Y., Genç, Ş.C., Yiğitbaş, E., Bozcu, M. Yılmaz, K. 1995. Geological evolution of the Late Mesozoic continental margin of Northwestern Anatolia. Tectonophysics 243, 155-171.
  • Yılmaz, Y., Genç Ş.C., Karacık, Z., Altunkaynak, Ş. 2001. Two contrasting magmatic associations of NW Anatolia and their tectonic significance. Journal of Geodynamics 31, 243-271.
  • Yılmaz Şahin, S., Örgün, Y., Güngör, Y., Göker, A.F., Gültekin, A.H., Karacık, Z. 2010. Mineral and Whole-rock Geochemistry of the Kestanbol Granitoid (Ezine-Çanakkale) and its Mafic Microgranular Enclaves in Northwestern Anatolia: evidence of felsic and mafic magma interaction. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 19, 101-122.
  • Yiğit, Ö. 2012. A prospective sector in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt: Geology and geochronology of mineral deposits in the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews 46, 118-148.
Toplam 95 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ümit Aydın Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-2782-4571

Pınar Şen Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-2457-7280

Öner Özmen Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-3112-7149

Erdal Şen Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-9172-9926

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 160 Sayı: 160

Kaynak Göster

APA Aydın, Ü., Şen, P., Özmen, Ö., Şen, E. (2019). Petrological and geochemical features of Biga Peninsula granitoids, NW Anatolia, Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 160(160), 81-115. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.466522
AMA Aydın Ü, Şen P, Özmen Ö, Şen E. Petrological and geochemical features of Biga Peninsula granitoids, NW Anatolia, Turkey. Bull.Min.Res.Exp. Aralık 2019;160(160):81-115. doi:10.19111/bulletinofmre.466522
Chicago Aydın, Ümit, Pınar Şen, Öner Özmen, ve Erdal Şen. “Petrological and Geochemical Features of Biga Peninsula Granitoids, NW Anatolia, Turkey”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 160, sy. 160 (Aralık 2019): 81-115. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.466522.
EndNote Aydın Ü, Şen P, Özmen Ö, Şen E (01 Aralık 2019) Petrological and geochemical features of Biga Peninsula granitoids, NW Anatolia, Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 160 160 81–115.
IEEE Ü. Aydın, P. Şen, Ö. Özmen, ve E. Şen, “Petrological and geochemical features of Biga Peninsula granitoids, NW Anatolia, Turkey”, Bull.Min.Res.Exp., c. 160, sy. 160, ss. 81–115, 2019, doi: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.466522.
ISNAD Aydın, Ümit vd. “Petrological and Geochemical Features of Biga Peninsula Granitoids, NW Anatolia, Turkey”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 160/160 (Aralık 2019), 81-115. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.466522.
JAMA Aydın Ü, Şen P, Özmen Ö, Şen E. Petrological and geochemical features of Biga Peninsula granitoids, NW Anatolia, Turkey. Bull.Min.Res.Exp. 2019;160:81–115.
MLA Aydın, Ümit vd. “Petrological and Geochemical Features of Biga Peninsula Granitoids, NW Anatolia, Turkey”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, c. 160, sy. 160, 2019, ss. 81-115, doi:10.19111/bulletinofmre.466522.
Vancouver Aydın Ü, Şen P, Özmen Ö, Şen E. Petrological and geochemical features of Biga Peninsula granitoids, NW Anatolia, Turkey. Bull.Min.Res.Exp. 2019;160(160):81-115.

Copyright and Licence
The Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration keeps the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works No: 5846. The Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration publishes the articles under the terms of “Creatice Common Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0)” licence which allows to others to download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially.

For further details;
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en