Tectonic meaning of the deformation in shallow marine region between Gaziköy-Mürefte (Sea of Marmara) by using seismic reflection data, NW Anatolia

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 163 Sayı: 163, 13 - 26, 15.12.2020

Şule Gürboğa Aslı Zeynep Yavuzoğlu Recep Güney Fatma Betül Karcı Ayhan Yavuzoğlu Özgür Türkmen Pir Çağatay Kartal Bahri Serkan Aydemir Murat Evren Murat Cenk Barbaros Şimşek Eyyüp Özbek Tuğrul Şükrü Yurtsever Füsun Yiğit Fethi Eşref Aylan Uğur Zeki Kırat

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.784476

Cited By: 1

Öz

Within the scope of this paper, seismic reflection and bathymetry studies were carried out in the shallow marine area forming the westernmost part of the Tekirdağ Basin using the R/V Selen Research Vessel within the MTA Marine Research Department. In the study area, ~ 500 km length bathymetry data and ~191 km shallow seismic profiles ( 41 lines) were collected. By means of the data, tectonic structures and deformation textures of the North Anatolian Fault System (NAFS) in the marine area of Gaziköy were examined. As a result of the processing and interpretation of the seismic sections, compression structures occurring due to the SW rotation of the NAFS in the study area, the morphology of the Ganos depression that formed as a result of faulting and also three different stratigraphic units were distinguished. These units are separated from each other by distinct unconformity surfaces and each unit presents different deformation structures. One of the most significant results obtained from the seismic data is that the unconformity surface that separates the current sediments of the seafloor from the older units is represented by the overlapping structures indicate sea level changes. It has been assessed that this situation occurred as a result of the erosional process developed during sea level fall.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gaziköy-Mürefte, Shallow marine deformation, Unconformity surface, North Anatolian Fault System, Sea of Marmara

Teşekkür

In this study, multibeam and shallow seismic data collected by R/V MTA Selen Research Vessel in the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (Research and Application Project, 2018-37-14-01) is used. Moreover, we would like to thanks to 3 refrees; anonymous, Prof. Dr. Hasan Sözbilir and Doç. Dr. Selim Özalp for their contributions to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Kaynakça

• Aksoy, E., Türkmen, İ., Turan, M., Meriç, E. 1999. Harami formasyonunun (Üst Kampaniyen-Maastrihtiyen) stratigrafik konumu ve çökelme ortamıyla ilgili yeni bulgular, Elazığ güneyi. Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Bülteni 11(1), 1-15.
• Aksoy, M.E., Meghraoui, M., Vallée, M., Çakır, Z. 2010. Rupture characteristics of the A.D. 1912 Mürefte (Ganos) earthquake segment of the North Anatolian fault (Western Turkey). Geological Society of America 38/11, 991–994.
• Aksu, A.E., Calon, T., Hiscott, R.N., Yaşar, D. 2000. Anatomy of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in the Marmara Sea, Western Turkey: extensional basins above a continental transform. GSA Today 37.
• Alpar, B. 1999. Underwater signatures of the Kocaeli earthquake of 17 August 1999 in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences 5, 111-130.
• Alpar, B., Yaltırak, C. 2002. Characteristic features of the North Anatolian Fault in the Eastern Marmara region and its tectonic evolution. Marine Geology 190/1-2, 329-350.
• Altınok, Y., Alpar, B., Yaltırak, C. 2003. Şarköy-Mürefte 1912 Earthquake’s Tusunami, extension of the associated faulting in the Marmara Sea, Turkey. Journal of Seismology 7, 329-346.
• Ambraseys, N., Finkel, C. 1991. Long-term seismicity of Istanbul and of the Marmara Sea region. Terra Nova 3, 527-539.
• Ambraseys, N.N., Finkel, C.F. 1995. Seismicity of Turkey and Adjacent Areas, A Historical Review, 1500– 1800. Eren Yayıncılık ve Kitapçılık Ltd., Istanbul, 240 pp.
• Armijo, R., Meyer, B., Hubert, A., Barka, A. 1999. Westward propagation of the North Anatolian fault into the northern Aegean: Timing and Kinematics. Geology 27, 3, 267-270.
• Armijo, R., Meyer, B., Navarro, S., King, G. 2002. Asymetric slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart: a clue to propagation processes of the North Anatolian Fault? Terra Nova 13, 80-86.
• Armijo, R., Pondard, N., Meyer, B., Uçarkuş, G., Mercier de Lepinay, B., Malavieille, J., Dominguez, S., Gustcher, M.A., Schmidt, S., Beck, C., Çağatay, N., Çakır, Z., Imren, C., Eris, K., Natalin, B., Özalaybey, S., Tolun, L., Lefevre, I., Seeber, L., Gasperini, L., Rangin, C., Emre, Ö., Sarıkavak, K. 2005. Submarine Fault scarps in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart (North Anatolian Fault): implications for seismic hazard in Istanbul. Geochemistry, Geophysics and Geosystems 6, 1-29.
• Barka, A. A., Kadinsky-Cade, K. 1988. Strike-slip Fault Geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity. Tectonics 7/3, 663-684.
• Crampin, S., Evans, R. 1986. Neotectonics of the Marmara Sea Region of Turkey. J Geol Soc Lond 143, 343- 346.
• Çağatay, N., Görür, N., Polonia, A., Demirbağ, E., Sakınç, M., Cormier, M.-H, Capotondi, L., Mc Hugh, C, Emre, Ö., Eriş, K. 2003. Sea level changes and depositional environments in the İzmit Gulf, Eastern Marmara Sea, during the Lateglacial- Holocene period. Marine Geology 202, 159-173.
• Demirbağ, E., Rangin, C., Le Pichon, X., Şengör, A.M.C. 2003. Investigation of the tectonics of the Main Marmara Fault by means of deep-towed seismic data. Tectonophysics 361,1-19.
• Dix, C. H. 1955. Seismic Velocities from Surface Measurements. Geophysics 20, 1, 68-86.
• Ediger, V., Demirbağ, E., Ergintav, S., İnan, S., Saatçılar, R. 2018. Post-Glacial Terraces of The Marmara Sea and Water Exchange Periods. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 157, 39-57.
• Ergin, M., Özalaybey, S., Aktar, M.T., Tapırdamaz, C., Yörük, A., Biçmen, F. 2000. Aftershock analysis of the August 17, 1999 İzmit, Turkey, Earthquake. In: Barka, A., Kozacı, Ö., Akyüz, S., Altunel, E. (Eds.), The 1999 İzmit and Düzce earthquakes: preliminary results, İstanbul Technical Univ. Press, İstanbul, 171-178.
• Eriş, K. K., Ryan, W. B. F., Çağatay, M. N., Sancar, U., Lericolais, G., Ménot, G., Bard, E. 2007. The timing and evolution of the post-glacial transgression across the Sea of Marmara shelf south of İstanbul. Marine Geology 243, 57-76.
• Fairbanks, R.G. 1989. A 17,000-year glacioeustatic sea level record: Influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep ocean circulation. Nature 342, 637-642.
• Gazioğlu, C., Gökaşan, E., Algan, O., Yücel, Z., Tok, B., Doğan, E. 2002. Morphologic features of the Marmara Sea from multibeam data. Marine Geology 190, 397-420.
• Gökaşan, E., Alpar, B., Gazioğlu, C., Yücel, Z.Y., Tok, B., Doğan, E., Güneysu, C. 2001. Active tectonics of the İzmit Gulf (NE Marmara Sea): from high resolution seismic and multi-beam bathymetry data. Marine Geology 175/1-4, 271-294.
• Gökaşan, E., Gazioğlu, C., Alpar, B., Yücel, Z. Y., Ersoy, Ş., Gündoğdu, O., Yaltırak, C., Tok, B. 2002. Evidences of NW extension of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in the Marmara Sea; a new approach to the 17 August 1999 Marmara Sea earthquake. Geo-Marine Letters 21, 183 -199.
• Gökaşan, E., Ustaömer, T., Gazioğlu, C., Yücel, Z.Y., Öztürk, K., Tur, H., Ecevitoğlu, B. Tok, B. 2003. Active tectonics of the Marmara Sea. Morphotectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea inferred from multi-beam bathymetric and seismic data. Geo-Marine Letters 23/1, 19-33.
• Gökçen, L.S. 1967. Keşan bölgesinde Eosen-Oligosen sedimantasyonu, Güneybatı Türkiye Trakyası. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 69, 1-10.
• Görür, N., Çağatay, M.N., Sakınç, M., Sümengen, M., Şentürk, K., Yaltırak, C., Tchapalyga, A. 1997. Origin of the Sea of Marmara as deduced from Neogene to Quaternary paleobiogeographic evolution of its frarne. International Geology Review 39, 342-352.
• Guidoboni, E., Comastri, A., Trania, G. 1994. Catalogue of Ancient Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Area up to 10th Century, Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica, Rome.
• Gutzwiller, O. 1923. Beitrage zur Geologie der Umgebung von Merfete (Mürefte) am Marmara Meer: Tez. Basel Üniversitesi, 25 s.
• Gürbüz, C., Aktar, M., Eyidoğan, H., Cisternas, A., Haessler, H., Barka, A., Ergin, M., Türkelli, N., Polat, O., Üçer, S., Kuleli, S., Barış, S., Kaypak, B., Bekler, T., Zor, E., Biçmen, F., Yörük, A., 2000. The seismotectonics of the Marmara region (Turkey): Results from a microseismic experiment. Tectonophysics 316, 1-17.
• Halbach, P., Kuşçu, İ., Inthorn, M., Kuhn, T., Pekdeğer A., Seifert, R. 2002. Methane in sediments of the deep Marmara Sea and its relation to local tectonic structures. In: Görür, N., Papadopoulos, G. A., Okay, N. (eds) Integration of Earth Science Research on the Turkish and Greek 1999 Earthquakes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, NATO Science Series, IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences 9, 71-85.
• Holmes, A.W. 1961. A stratigraphic review of Thrace. Turkish Petroleum Corporation unpubl techn rep 368, 1-56.
• Imbrie, J., Hays, J.D., Martinson, D.G., McIntyre, A., Mix, A.C., Morley, J.J., Pisias, N.G., Prell, W.L., Shackleton, N.J. 1984. The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from revised chronology of the marine N18O record. In: Berger, A.L., Imbrie, J., Hays, J., Kukla, G., Saltzman, B. (Eds.), Milankovitch and Climate, Part I. Reidel, Dordrecht 269-305.
• İmren, C., Le Pichon, X., Rangin, C., Demirbağ, E., Ecevitoğlu, B., Görür, N. 2001. The NorthAnatolian Fault within the Sea of Marmara: a new interpretation based on multi-channel seismic and multi-beam bathymetry data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 186, 143-158.
• Kasar, S., Burkan, K.A., Siyako, M., Demir, O. 1983. Tekirdağ-Şarköy- Keşan-Enez bölgesinin jeolojisi ve Hidrokarbon olanakları. TPAO rap. 1171 (unpublished).
• Ketin, İ. 1969. Über Die Nordanatolische Horizontalverschiebung. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 72,1-25.
• Le Pichon, X., Şengör, A. M. C., Demirbağ, E., Rangin, C., Imren, C., Armijo, R., Görür, N., Çağatay, N., Mercier de Le´pinay, B., Meyer, B., Saatçılar, R., Tok, B. 2001. The active main Marmara Fault. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 192, 595-616.
• Le Pichon, X., Chamot-Rooke, N., Rangin, C., Şengör, A.M.C. 2003. The North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B4), 2179.
• McClusky, S., Balassanian, S., Barka, A., Demir, C., Ergintav, S., Georgiev, I., Gürkan, O., Hamburger, M., Hurst, K., Kahle, H., Kastens, K., Kekelidze, G., King, R., Kotzev, V., Lenk, O., Mahmoud, S., Mishin, A., Nadariya, M., Ouzounis, A., Paradissis, D., Peter, Y., Prilepin, M., Reilinger, R., Sanli, I., Seeger, H., Tealeb, A., Toksöz, N., Veis, G. 2000. GPS constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus. J of Geoph Res 105, 5695-5719.
• Meade, B. J., Hager, B. H., McClusky, S. C., Reilinger, R. E., Ergintav, S., Lenk, O., Barka, A., Özener, H. 2002. Estimates of seismic potential in the Marmara Sea region from block models of secular deformation constrained by global positioning system measurements. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 (1), 208-215.
• Newman, K. R. 2003. Using Submerged Shorelines to Constrain Recent Tectonics in the Marmara Sea, Northwestern Turkey, Department of Geology, Senior Thesis, Smith College 49 pp (unpublished).
• Okay, A.I., Demirbağ, E., Kurt, H., Okay, N., Kuşçu, İ. 1999. An active, deep marine strike-slip basin along the North Anatolian fault in Turkey. Tectonics 18, 129-148.
• Okay, A. I., Kaşlılar-Özcan, A., İmren, C., Boztepe- Güney, A., Demirbağ, E., Kuşçu, İ. 2000. Active faults and evolving strike-slip basins in the Marmara Sea, northwest Turkey: a multichannel seismic reflection study. Tectonophsics 321, 189-218.
• Pınar, N. 1943. Marmara Denizi Havzasının sismik jeoloji ve meteorolojisi. İÜ. Fen Fakültesi Monografileri 5, 64.
• Polonia, A., Cormier, M. H., Çağatay, N., Bortoluzzi, G., Bonatti, E., Gasperini, L., Seeber, L., Görür, N., Capotondi, L., Mc Hugh, C., Ryan, W. B.F., Emre, Ö., Okay, N., Ligi, M., Tok, B., Blasi, A., Busetti, M., Eriş, K., Fabretti, P., Fielding, E. J., İmren, C., Kurt, H., Magagnoli, A., Morazzi, G., Özer, N., Penitenti, D., Serpi, G., Sarıkavak, K. 2002. Exploring submarine Earthquake Geology in the Marmara Sea. Eos, Transactions. American Geophysical Union 83 (21), 235-236.
• Polonia, A., Gasperini, L., Amorosi, A., Bonatti, E., Bortoluzzi, G., Çaðatay, M. N., Capotondi, L., Cormier, M. H., Görür, N., Mc Hugh, C.M.G., Seeber, L. 2004. Holocene slip rate of the North Anatolian Fault beneath the Sea of Marmara. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 227, 411-426.
• Rangin, C., Demirbağ, E., İmren, C., Crusson, A., Normand, A., Le Drezen, E., Le Bot, A. 2001. Marine Atlas of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey). 11 plates and 1 booklet. Special publication (ISBN 2-84433- 068-1) by IFREMER Technology Center, Brest, France.
• Rangin, C., Le Pichon, X., Demirbağ, E., İmren, C. 2004. Strain localization in the Sea of Marmara: propagation of the North Anatolian Fault in a now inactive pull-apart. Tectonics 23, 1-18.
• Sakınç, M., Yaltırak, C., Oktay, F.Y. 1999. Palaeogeographical evolution of the Thrace Neogene basin and the Tethys-Paratethys relations at northwestern Turkey (Thrace). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 153, 17-40.
• Sieberg, A. 1932. Untersuchgen über Erdbeben und Bruchschollenbau im östlichen Mittelmeer: Denkschr. Med. Naturw. Ges., Jena.
• Siyako, M. 2006. Trakya Bölgesi Litostratigrafi birimleri. Stratigrafi Komitesi Litostratigrafi Birimleri Serisi 2, 70 s.
• Siyako, M., Tanış, T., Şaroğlu, F. 2000. Marmara Denizi aktif fay geometrisi. TÜBITAK Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi 388, 66-71.
• Soysal, H., Sipahioğlu, S., Kolçak D., Altınok, Y. 1981. A catalogue of earthquakes for Turkey and surrounding area (BC 2100-AD 1900). Final report, project number TBAG 341, The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK), Ankara.
• Sümengen, M., Terlemez, I. 1991. Güneybatı Trakya yöresi Eosen çökelleri stratigrafisi. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 113,17-30.
• Sümengen, M., Terlemez, I., Şentürk, K., Karaköse, C., Erkan, E., Ünay, E., Gürbüz, M., Atalay, Z., Şentürk, K. 1987. Gelibolu Yarımadası ve Güneybatı Trakya Tersiyer Havzasının Stratigrafisi, Sedimantolojisi ve Tektoniği. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Rapor No: 8128,Ankara (unpublished).
• Şentürk, K., Sümengen, M., Terlemez, İ., Karaköse, C. 1998. 1/100.000 ölçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Bandırma-D4 Paftası, Ankara. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Raporu No: 64, Ankara (unpublished).
• Tapırdamaz, C., Yaltırak, C. 1997. Trakya’da Senozoyik Volkaniklerinin Paleomanyetik Özellikleri ve Tektonik Evrimi. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 119, 27-42.
• Turgut, S., Eseller, G. 2000. Sequence stratigraphy, tectonics and depositional history in eastern Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Mar Petrol Geol 17, 61-100.
• Turgut, S., Siyako, M., Dilki, A. 1983. Trakya havzasının jeolojisi ve hidrokarbon olanakları. Türkiye Jeoloji Kongresi Bülteni 4, 35-46.
• Turgut, S., Türkaslan, M., Perinçek, D. 1991. Evolution of the Thrace sedimantary basin and its hydrocarbon prospectivity: Generation, accumlation, and production of Europe’s hydrocarbons (ed. A. M. Spencer) 415-437.
• Tüysüz, O., Barka, A., Yiğitbaş, E. 1998. Geology of the Saros Graben: its implications on the evolution of the North Anatolian Fault in the Ganos-Saros region, NW Turkey. Tectonophysics 293, 105-126.
• Wong, H.K., Lüdmann, T., Uluğ, A., Görür, N. 1995. The Sea of Marmara: a plate boundary sea in an escape tectonic regime. Tectonophysics 244, 231- 250.
• Yaltırak, C. 1995. Gaziköy-Mürefte Arasının Sedimantolojisi ve Tektoniği. TPJD Bülteni 6/1, 93-112.
• Yaltırak, C. 1996. Tectonic History of The Ganos Fault System (in Turkish with English abstract). Turk Assoc Pet Geol Bull 8, 137-156.
• Yaltırak, C. 2002. Tectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea and its surroundings. Marine Geology 190/1-2, 493-530.
• Yaltırak, C., Sakınç, M., Aksu, A.E., Hiscott, R., Galleb, B., Ülgen, U.B. 2002. Late Pleistocene uplift history along southwestern Marmara Sea determined from raised coastal deposits and global sea level variations. Mar Geol 190/ 1-2, 283-306.
• Yanmaz, M. N. 2017. Marmara Denizi Batimetri Haritası. R/V MTA SİSMİK-1 Araştırma Gemisi ile 1995 - 2003 yıllarında yapılan çalışmaları sırasında Atlas Deso Echo Sounder ve Seisnet Integrated Navigation System (DGPS) kullanılarak 25 - 50 metre ölçü aralıklarıyla sayısal olarak kaydedilen derinlik ve koordinat değerleri derlenerek oluşturulmuş harita.
• Yıldız, S., Özden, S., Tutkun, S.Z., Ateş, Ö., Altuncu Poyraz, S., Kapan Yeşilyurt, S., Karaca, Ö. 2013. Ganos Fayı Boyunca Geç Senozoyik Yaşlı Gerilme Durumları, KB Türkiye. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 56, 1.