Geology of the Yeşilyurt gold deposit: an example of low-angle normal fault related mineralization, Eastern Anatolia-Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 164 Sayı: 164, 261 - 279, 15.04.2021

Esra Yıldırım Nail Yıldırım Cahit Dönmez , Kurtuluş Günay

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.797729

Öz

Yeşilyurt gold mineralization is located within the provincial borders of Malatya and Adıyaman in the East Anatolian Region. This mineralization is one of the gold deposits which correlated with low-angle normal/detachment fault. Low-angle normal fault associated with a tectonic setting which is potential extensional in Paleogene-Neogene (?) term. Marble-recrystallized limestone which belongs to the metamorphic core is the dominant rock (footwall) type in the bottom plate of the fault zone. There are deformed graphitic calc-schists (hanging wall) in the upper plate of the fault zone. The fault zone is characterized by fault gauge, cataclasite, and breccia. While the cataclasite, and breccia are the principal ore host, there is weaker mineralization in fault gauge. Alteration assemblages are: (1) silica replacements/veinlets and, (2) quartz-pyrite replacements / veinlets. High gold contents are closely related to silicification and quartz-pyrite alteration which damaged the primary textures. Small volume syn-tectonic magmatic rocks are simultaneous and typically monitored in the silicified areas which are border on the high-grade gold mineralization. Mineralization is a non-base metalliferous Au depositthat contains Au/Ag ~ 1.07, As (~0.27%), F (1.59%), and a trace amount of Sb. This deposit will lead to finding new gold deposits in Eastern Taurus Orogenic Belt.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeşilyurt gold mineralization, Detachment fault/Lowangle normal fault, Fault gauge, Cataclasite, Breccia.

Destekleyen Kurum

General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Department of Mineral Research and Exploration.

Proje Numarası

2018/2020-32-13-01-1

Teşekkür

This study was carried out as a part of MTA project titled “Maden Karmaşığı Polimetal Maden Aramaları (2018/2020-32-13-01-1)”, affiliated to the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Department of Mineral Research and Exploration. We would like to thank Geological Engineer (MSc.) Mahmut Eroğlu and Geological Engineer Turan Bengin who contributed to the field studies, Geological Engineers Tahsin Aksoy and Füsun Niğdeli (Feasibility Department), who estimated the reserve of the mineralization, and the Geological Engineer Yunus Sönmez for the revision of the figures in the article. Last but not least, we would like to thank all the MTA team. We also thank Ali Sholeh for his constructive criticism and suggestions.

Kaynakça

• Akıncı, O.T. 2009. Ophiolite-hosted copper and gold deposits of southeastern Turkey: formation and relationship with seafloor hydrothermal processes. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 18, 475–509.
• Altman, K., Liskovich, M. 2011. Çöpler Sulfide Expansion Project prefeasibility study, Erzincan province, Turkey: Canadian National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report 176.
• Altuncu, S. 2009. Türkiye Fluorit Yataklarının Karşılaştırmalı İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 147 (unpublished).
• Asutay, H. J., Turan, M., Poyraz, N., Orhan, H., Tarı, E.,Yazgan, E. 1986. Doğu Toroslar Keban-Baskil (Elazığ) Dolaylarının Jeolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 8007, Ankara (unpublished).
• Beaudoin, G., Taylor, B.E., Sangster, D.F. 1991. Silver- lead-zinc veins, metamorphic core complexes, and hydraulic regimes during crustal extension. Geology 19, 1217–1220.
• Bedi, Y., Yusufoğlu, H. 2018. 1/100.000 scale Turkish Geological Maps, Malatya-L40 Quadrangle, No: 261, Publication of General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration 89. (in Turkish with English Abstract).
• Benson, R. G., Jones, D.M. 1996. Geology of the San Luis gold deposit, Costilla County, Colorado; an example of low-angle normal fault and rift-related mineralization in the Sangre De Cristo Range of Colorado. Special Publication - Colorado School of Mines
• Çelebi, H. 2009. Türkiye apatitli manyetit yatakları: jeolojisi, jeokimyası ve ekonomik potansiyeli. İstanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi 22, 1, 67-83.
• Dai, T.G., Haiyang Z. 2005. The relationship between detachment faults and mineralization in Luolin district, Henan, China Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge 909-911
• Drobeck, P.A., Hillemeyer, J.L., Frost, E.G., Liebler, G.S. 1986. The Picacho Mine: a gold mineralized detachment in southeastern California. In: Beatty,
• B. and Wilkinson, P.A.K. (eds): Frontiers in geology and ore deposits of Arizona and the Southwest. Arizona Geological Society Digest. XVI, Tucson, 187–221.
• Dumanlılar, H.D., Aydal, D., Dumanlılar, O. 1999. Geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of sulfide mineralization in the İspendere region (Malatya). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 121, 225–250.
• Eng, T., Boden D.R., Reischman, M.R., Biggs, J.O. 1995. Geology and mineralization of the Bullfrog Mine and vicinity, Nye County, Nevada. In: Coyner,
• A.R. and Fahey, P.L. (eds.): Geology and ore deposits of the American Cordillera. Symposium Proceedings, Geological Society of Nevada, Reno/Sparks, Nevada. 1, 353–400.
• Gözübol, A.M., Önal, M. 1986. Çat Barajı İsale tünelinin mühendislik jeolojisi ve kaya mekaniği incelemesi ve Malatya-Çelikhan alanının jeolojisi. TÜBİTAK, TB AG-647, Ankara.
• Hanelçi, Ş., Çelebi H. 2013. Geology and petrology of igneous rocks of the Zeryandere Lagerstaettendistriktes Keban, Elazığ Province, Turkey. Journal of Geology Sciences 41/42 (5-6), 301-315.
• Helvacı, C., Griffin, W.L. 1984. Rb-Sr geochronology of the Bitlis massif, Avnik (Bingöl) area, SE Turkey. In: Dixon, J.E. and Robertson, A.H.F. (eds). Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Special Publication of the Geological Society of London 17, 403-413.
• İmer, A., Richards, J.P.,Creaser, R.A. 2012. Age and tectonomagmatic setting of the Eocene Çöpler-Kabatas¸ magmatic complex and porphyryepithermal Au deposit, East Central Anatolia, Turkey. Mineralium Deposita 48, 557–583
• Kalender, L. 2011. Oxygen, carbon and sulfur isotope studies in the Keban Pb-Zn deposits, eastern Turkey: an approach on the origin of hydrothermal fluids. Journal of African Earth Sciences 59 (4-5), 341–348.
• Kalender, L., Kırat, G., Bölücek, C., Sağıroğlu, A. 2009. Görgü (Malatya-Turkiye) Pb-Zn Cevherleşmelerinin Eski İmalat Pasalarının Jeokimyası, 62. Jeoloji Kurultayı, Ankara.
• Ketin, İ.1983. Türkiye Jeolojisine Genel Bir Bakış: İTÜ Kütüphanesi, Sayı 1259, 595
• Kipman, E. 1981. Keban’ın jeolojisi ve Keban şaryajı İstanbul Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi 1(1-2), 75-81.
• Kuşcu, İ., Yılmazer, E., Demirela, G. 2007. Iron oxide- copper±gold deposits in Turkish Tethyan collage: Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (SGA), roceedings of the 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin, 853–857.
• Kuşcu, İ., Gencalioğlu-Kuşcu, G., Tosdal, R.M., Ullrich, T., Friedman, R., 2010. Magmatism in the Southeastern Anatolian orogenic belt: transition from arc to postcollisional setting in an evolving orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 340, 437–460.
• Kuşcu, İ.,Tosdal R.M.,Gencalioğlu Kuşcu, G., Friedman, R., Ullrich,T.D. 2013. Late Cretaceous to Middle Eocene magmatism and metallogeny of a portion of the Southeastern Anatolian orogenic belt, East- Central Turkey. Economic Geology 108 (4), 641-666
• Liebler, G.S.1988. Geology and gold mineralization at the Picacho mine, Imperial County, California. In: Schafer, R.W., Cooper, J.J., Vikre, P.G. (eds): Bulk mineable precious metal deposits of the Western United States, Symposium Proceedings, Geological Society of, Reno/Sparks, Nevada. Part IV, Gold-silver deposits associated with detachment faults, 453–504.
• Long, K.R. 1992. Preliminary descriptive deposit model for detachment-fault-related mineralization. In: Bliss, J. (Ed.), Developments in Mineral Deposit Modeling. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, 52-56.
• Manske, S.L., Matlack, W.F., Springett, M.W., Strakele, A.E., Jr, Watowich, S.N., Yeomans, B., Yeomans, E. 1988. Geology of the Mesquite deposit, Imperial County, California. Mining Engineering 40, 439-444.
• Marchev, P., Raicheva, R., Downes, H., Vaselli, O., Massimo, C.,Moritz, R. 2004. Compositional diversity of Eocene-Oligocene basaltic magmatism in the Eastern Rhodopes, SE Bulgaria: implications for its genesis and geological setting. Tectonophysics 393, 301–328
• MTA, 2002. 1:500.000 scale geology map of Turkey. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (Turkey), Ankara, Turkey.
• Myers, I.A., Smith, E.I. 1986. Control of gold mineralization at the Cyclopic mine, Gold Basin district, Mohave county, Arizona. Economic Geology 81, 1553-1557.
• Okay, A.I. 2008. Geology of Turkey: A Synopsis. Anschnitt 21, 19-42.
• Özgül, N. 1976. Toroslar’da bazı temel jeoloji özellikleri.TJK Bülteni 19, 65-78
• Öztürk, H., Hanilçi, N., Altuncu, S., Kasapçı, C. 2019. Rare Earth Element (REE) resources of Turkey: an overview of their formation types. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 159, 127–141.
• Puritch, E., Bradfield, A., Routledge, R., Sutcliffe, R., Burga, D., Barry, J., Cornejo, F., Batelochi, M., Lister, D. 2016. Technical Report and updated Resource Estimate on the EPP Project. Mato Grosso, Brazil. Aura Minerals Inc. NI 43-101 & 43 - 101F1 Technical Report.
• Revan, M.K.,Genç, Y. 2003. Malatya-Yeşilyurt altınlı fluorit cevherleşmesi: Toroslarda paleokarst tipi bir yatak. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 27/2, 76-93.
• Reynolds, S.J., Lister, G.S. 1987. Structural aspects of fluid- rock interactions in detachment zones. Geology 15, 362-366.
• Robertson, A.H.F., Boulton, S.J., Taslı, K., İnan, N., Yıldırım, N., Yildiz, A., Parlak, O. 2016a. Late Cretaceous-Miocene sedimentary development of the Arabian continental margin in SE Turkey (Adıyaman Region): implications for regional palaeogeography and the closure history of Southern Neotethys. Journal Asian Earth Science 115, 571-616
• Robertson, A.H.F., Parlak, O., Yıldırım, N., Dumitrica, P., Taslı, K. 2016b. Late Triassic rifting and Jurassic– Cretaceous passive margin development of the Southern Neotethys: evidence from the Adıyaman area, SE Turkey.International Journal of Earth Sciences 105,167–201
• Roddy, M.S., Reynolds, S.J., Smith, B.M., Ruiz, J. 1988. K-metasomatism and detachment-related mineralization, Harcuvar Mountains, Geological Society of America Bulletin 100 (10), 1627-1639.
• Sağıroğlu, A. 1988. Cafana (Görgü) Malatya karbonatlı Zn-Pb yatakları. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi Seri A, 5(1), 3-13.
• Spencer, J.E., Welty, F.W. 1986. Possible controls of base- and precious-metal mineralization associated with Tertiary detachment faults in the lower Colorado River through, Arizona and California. Geology 14, 195-198.
• Şaşmaz, A., Önal, A., Önal, M. 1999. Çelikhan (Adıyaman) fluorit cevherleşmeleri ve bunların NTE jeokimyası. I. Batı Anadolu Hammadde Kaynakları Sempozyum Bildirileri, 378–387
• Şaşmaz, A., Önal, A., Sağıroğlu, A., Önal, M., Akgül, B. 2005. Origin and nature of the mineralizing fluids of thrust zone fluorites in Çelikhan (Adıyaman, eastern Turkey): a geochemical approach. Geochem J 39, 131–139
• Şengör, A.M.C.,Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution ol Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75,181 - 241.
• Wilkinson, W.H., Wendt, C.J., Dennis, M.D. 1988. Gold mineralization along Riverside Mountains Detachment Fault, Riverside County, California. Bulk mineable precious metal deposits of the Western United States, Symposium Proceedings, Part IV, Goldsilver deposits associated with detachment faults Nevada, 487–504.
• Yıldırım, E., Yıldırım, N., Dönmez, C., Koh, S., Günay, K. 2019. Mineralogy, rare earth elements geochemistry and genesis of the Keban-West Euphrates (Cu-Mo)-Pb-Zn skarn deposit (Eastern Taurus metallogenicbelt, E Turkey) Ore Geology Reviews 114 103102.
• Yıldırım, N. 2013. Havza-kuşak madenciliği kapsamında keşfedilen “GD Anadolu Kıbrıs Tipi VMS Metalojenik Kuşağı”: Koçali Karmaşığı, Adıyaman Bölgesi, Türkiye. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Doğal Kaynaklar ve Ekonomi Bülteni 14, 47–55.
• Yıldırım, N., İlhan, S., Yıldırım, E., Dönmez, C. 2012. The geology, geochemistry and genetical features of the Ormanbaşı Hill (Sincik, Adıyaman) copper mineralization. Bulletin of the Mineral research and exploration 144, 75–104.
• Yıldırım, N., Dönmez, C., Kang, J., Lee, I., Pirajno, F., Yıldırım, E., Günay, K., Seo, J.H., Farquhar, J., Chang, S.W. 2016.A magnetite-rich Cyprus-type VMS deposit in Ortaklar: A unique VMS style in the Tethyan metallogenic belt, Gaziantep, Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews 79, 425-442.
• Yıldırım, N., Eroğlu, M., Aksoy, T., Niğdeli, F. 2019. Malatya-Yeşilyurt-Şerefhan yöresindeki AR: 201100417 (ER: 3102513) no’lu IV. Grup ruhsat sahasına ait (Au) madeninin buluculuk talebine esas kaynak tahmin raporu. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü (unpublished).
• Yılmaz, Y., Yiğitbaş, E., Yıldırım, M., Genç, Ş.C. 1992. Güneydoğu Anadolu metamorfik masiflerinin kökeni. Türkiye 9. Petrol Kongresi Bildirileri 296-306.
• Yılmazer, E., Kuşcu, İ., Demirela, G. 2003. Divrigi A-B kafa cevherleşmeleri: Alterasyon zonları ve zonlanma süreçleri: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 46,17–34.
• Yiğit, Ö. 2009. Mineral Deposits of Turkey in Relation to Tethyan Metallogeny: Implication for Future Mineral Exploration. Economic Geology 104, 19-51.
• Zappettini, E.O., Rubinstein, N., Crosta, S.Segal, S.J. 2017. Intracontinental rift-related deposits: A review of key models. Ore Geology Reviews 89, 594-608.