The distribution of elements in the alteration of feldspatic minerals

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 166 Sayı: 166, 167 - 188, 15.12.2021

Kıymet Deniz , Yusuf Kagan Kadıoğlu , Tamer Koralay , Bahattin Güllü

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.901035

Cited By: 2

Öz

Feldspar (alkali feldspar and plagioclases) and in recent years feldspathoid minerals are used as raw materials in the ceramic-glass industries. The igneous rocks such as granite, syenite and foid syenite which mainly contain these minerals have the potential to be raw materials. Some inclusions within the feldspatic minerals affect extremely negatively the desired values for raw material. In this study, the effective processes in the alteration of feldspatic minerals within the Özvatan foid syenites, the effects of alteration minerals in the raw material were evaluated and the effects of the elements released by alteration on the environment were revealed. The foid syenites consist of nepheline, orthoclase, plagioclase, cancrinite, sodalite, amphibole, biotite, pyroxene, melanite with a rare amount of sphene, zircon, apatite and fluorite. The contents of the sericite and kaolinite, which are formed as a result of an alteration of these rocks, increase in direct proportion to alteration degree. As a result of the alteration index values, foid syenites samples show the low degreed decomposed property. According to the calculated mobility index (MI) from chemical analyses, there is a quantitative decrease in the major oxides such as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Na₂O, K₂O, CaO and Fe₂O₃ in the foid syenites. In accordance with the all data, Özvatan foid syenites have been exposed both weathering and hydrothermal alteration and the effect of hydrothermal alteration are observed more frequently in the altered rock. While the excess of diaclase structures within the rock provides ease of operation, on the other hand, it accelerated the weathering and alteration processes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Foid Syenite, Alteration, Glass and Ceramic Raw Material, Özvatan, Central Anatolia.

Destekleyen Kurum

Ankara University Scientific Research Projects (BAP), Ministry of Development

Proje Numarası

17B0443003 - 2012K120440

Teşekkür

This study was partly supported within the scope of Ankara University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) number 17B0443003 and Ministry of Development project 2012K120440. We offer our thanks to the esteemed anonymous reviewers who contributed to the manuscript with their valued opinions and recommendations.

Kaynakça

• Abouzeid, A. Z. M., Negm, A. T. A. 2014. Characterization and beneficiation of an Egyptian nepheline syenite ore. International Journal of Mineralogy 2014, 1-9.
• Akçe, M., Kadıoğlu, Y. K. 2020. S - tipi granitlerin seramik sanayisinde kullanılması: Sarıhacılı, Yozgat. 5. International Conference on Material Science and Technology (IMSTEC 2020), 16 - 18 October 2020, Nevşehir, Turkey, 214-220.
• Başıbüyük, Z., Ekincioğlu, G. 2019. Investigation of the usability of pseudoleucites in Central Anatolia alkali syenites as ındustrial raw materials. Mineralogy - Significance and Applications, http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89588.
• Bayraktar, İ., Ersayın, E., Gülsoy, Ö. Y. 1997. Upgrading titanium bearing Na-feldspar by flotation using sulphonates, succinamate and soaps of vegetable oils. Minerals Engineering I(12), 1363-1374.
• Bayraktar, İ., Ersayın, E., Gülsoy, Ö. Y., Ekmekçi, Z., Can, M. 1999. Temel seramik ve cam hammaddelerimizdeki (feldispat, kuvars ve kaolin) kalite sorunlan ve çözüm önerileri. 3. Endüstriyel Hammaddeler Sempozyumu, 14-15 Ekim 1999, İzmir, Türkiye, 22-33.
• Bozkurt, E., Mittwede, S. K. 2001. Introduction to the geology of Turkey - a synthesis. International Geology Review 43, 578-594.
• Deniz, K., Kadıoğlu, Y. K. 2011. Alkalin magmatik kayaçların ayrışmasıyla oluşan kil mineralleri: Buzlukdağı siyenitoyidi, Orta Anadolu, Türkiye. Prof. Dr. Nuri MUNSUZ Ulusal Toprak ve Su Sempozyumu, 25 - 27 Mayıs 2011, Ankara, Türkiye, 13-17.
• Deniz, K., Kadıoğlu, Y. K. 2018. Nefelin siyenitlerin seramik sanayiinde kullanılma potansiyeli: Buzlukdağ örneği. Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 24(6), 1209-1219.
• Deniz, K., Kadıoğlu, Y. K. 2019. Investigation of feldspar raw material potential of alkali feldspar granites and alkali feldspar syenites within central Anatolia. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 158, 265-289.
• Deniz, K., Kadıoğlu, Y. K., Koralay, T., Güllü, B. 2017. Type and formation of cancrinite within the alkaline ıntrusive rocks: Özvatan (Kayseri) - Turkey. Goldschmidt Symposium 2017, 13 - 18 Ağustos 2017, Paris, France.
• Deniz, K., Kadıoğlu, Y. K., Koralay, T., Gullu, B. 2018a. Petrology of the Özvatan foid bearing syenites, Kayseri, central Anatolia, Turkey. The 36th National and the 3rd International Geosciences Congress, 25 - 27 February 2018, Tehran, Iran.
• Deniz, K., Kadıoğlu, Y. K., Gullu, B. 2018b. Amarat bazaltlarının petrolojisi (Kayseri - Türkiye). Uluslararası Katılımlı 8. Jeokimya Sempozyumu, 2 - 6 Mayıs 2018, Antalya, Türkiye, 51-52.
• Ehlers, E. G. 1972. The Interpretation of Geological Phase Diagrams. W.H. Freeman and Co, San Francisco, 280.
• Erdinç, A. Z. 2007. K-feldispat / kuvars ayrımında optimum flotasyon koşullarının belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Maden Mühendisliği Bölümü, 119, İzmir (unpublished).
• Fedo, C. M., Nesbitt, H. W., Young, G. M. 1995. Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology 23, 921-924.
• Fiantis, D., Nelson, M., Shamshuddin, J., Goh, T. B., Van Ranst , E. 2010. Determination of the geochemical weathering indices and trace elements content of new volcanic ash deposits from Mt. Talang (West Sumat ra) Indonesia. Eurasian Soil Science 43(13), 1477-1485.
• Geotechnical Control Office. 1988. Guide to rock and soil descriptions (GEOGUIDE 3). Geotechnical Control Office, Civil Engineering Services Department, Hong Kong.
• Gürsoy, Y. H. 1999. Sarıkaya yöresi altere granitlerinden feldspatın kazanımı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Osmangazi Üniversitesi, 112, Eskişehir (unpublished).
• Harben, P. W., Kuzvart, M. 1997. Industrial Minerals A Global Geology. Londyn, Industrial Minerals Information Ltd., 462.
• Harnois, L., Moore, J. M. 1988. Geochemistry and origin of the ore chimney formation: a transported paleoregolith in the Grenville Province of Southeastern Ontario, Canada. Chemical Geology 69(3-4), 267-289.
• İrfan, T. Y. 1996. Mineralogy, fabric properties and classification of weathered granites in Hong Kong. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 29, 5-35.
• Ishikawa, Y., Sawaguchi, T., Iwaya, S., Hariuchi, M. 1976. Delineat ion of prospect ing targets for Kuroko deposits based on modes of volcanism underlying dacite and alteration halos. Mining Geology 26, 105-117.
• Kademli, M. 2004. Feldispat cevherinden spiral zenginleştirici ile mikanın uzaklaştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Maden Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, 100, Ankara (unpublished).
• Kadıoğlu, Y. K., Güleç, N. 1996. Mafic microgranular enclaves and ınteraction between felsic and mafic magmas in the Ağaçören İntrusive suite: evidence from petrographic features and mineral chemistry. International Geology Review 38, 854-867.
• Kadıoğlu, Y. K., Güleç, N. 1999. Types and genesis of the enclaves in central Anatolian granitoids. Geological Journal 34, 243-256.
• Kadıoğlu, Y. K., Dilek, Y., Foland, K. A. 2006. Slab break-off and syncollisional origin of the Late Cretaceous magmatism in the Central Anatolian crystalline complex. Geological Society of America 409, 381-415.
• Karakaya, M. Ç., Karakaya, N. 2001a. Kaolin occurrences in the Erenler Mountain Volcanics, Southwest Konya Province, Turkey. International Geology Review 43, 711-721.
• Karakaya, M. Ç., Karakaya, N. 2001b. Hydrothermal alteration of the Saplica volcanic rocks, Şebinkarahisar, Turkey. International Geology Review 43, 953-962.
• Karakaya, M. Ç., Karakaya, N., Küpeli, Ş., Yavuz, F. 2012. Mineralogy and geochemical behavior of trace elements of hydrothermal alteration types in the volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, NE Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews 48, 197-224.
• Köprülü Tunç, F. 1997. Sintering kinetics of feldspar by the rising temperature technique. Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi, 46, İzmir (unpublished).
• Kraeff, A., Pasquare, G. 1966. Kayseri ilinin kuzey kesiminde Çukurköy’de nefelin ihtiva eden indifai kayaçlar. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 121-125.
• Large, R. R., Gemmell, J. B., Paulick, H., Huston, D. L. 2001. The alteration box plot: a simple approach to understanding the relationship between alterat ion mineralogy and lithogeochemist ry associated with volcanic - hosted massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology 96(5), 957-971.
• Lewicka, E. 2010. Conditions of the feldspathic raw materials supply from domestic and foreign sources in Poland. Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 26(4), 5-18.
• Levin, E. M., Robbins, C. R., McMurdie, H. F. 1969. Phase Diagrams for Ceramists. The American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 601.
• Li, W. D.,Wang, W. B., Cheng, Z. F., Zhou, H. M. 1995. Geochemistry of Lateritization Process and the Possibility of Forming Lateritic Type Gold Deposits in Southern China. Geological Press (In Chinese with English abstract).
• Marinov, M., Valchev, A., Nishkov, M., Grigorova, I. 2010. Feldspar concentrates from albite granites. 2nd International Symposium on the Processing of Industrial Minerals, İstanbul, Turkey.
• Mathieu, L. 2016. Quantifying hydrothermal alteration with normative minerals and other chemical tools at the Beattie syenite, Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada. Geochemistry Exploration Environment. Analysis 16, 233-244.
• Mathieu, L. 2018. Quantifying hydrothermal alteration: a review of methods. Geosciences 8(245), doi:10.3390/geosciences8070245.
• Negm, A. T., Abouzeid, A. Z., Boulos, T., Ahmed, H. 2000. Nepheline syenite processing for glass and ceramic ındustries. Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing 34, 5-16.
• Nesbitt, H. W., Young, G. M. 1982. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of Lutites. Nature 299.
• Ng, C. W. W., Guan, P., Tang, W. H. 2000. Weathering mechanisms and indices of volcanic rocks in Hong Kong. GeoEng 2000 International Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 2, 524.
• Ng, C. W. W., Guan, P., Shang, Y. J. 2001. Weathering mechanisms and indices of the igneous rocks of Hong Kong, Quarterly. Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 34, 133-151.
• Ohta, Y., Arai, H. 2007. Statistical empirical index of chemical weathering in igneous rocks: a new tool for evaluating the degree of weathering. Chemical Geology 240, 280-297.
• Ötekaya, B., Bilir, K., Gürsoy, H., Uçbaş, Y., Bozkurt, R., Çiftçi, M. 2020. Recovery of feldspar from altered granites. 8th International Mineral Processing Symposium, Antalya, Turkey.
• Özaksoy, V., Gökten, E. 1996. Özvatan - Felahiye (Kayseri) dolayının stratigrafisi ve tektoniği. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 39(1), 31-42.
• Özkan, M. H. 1987. Hayriye (Kayseri) Nefelin-siyenit intrüzyonlarının petrografik ve jeokimyasal incelemesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 118, Ankara (unpublished).
• Parker, A. 1970. An index of weathering for silicate rocks. Geological Magazine 107(6), 501-504.
• Piché, M., Jébrak, M. 2004. Normative minerals and alteration indices developed for mineral exploration. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 82, 59-77.
• Roaldset, E. 1972. Mineralogy and geochemistry of Quaternary clays in the Numedal Area, Southern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 52, 335-369.
• Ruxton, B. P. 1968. Measures of the degree of chemical weathering of rocks. Journal of Geology 76, 518- 527.
• Ryan, W. 1978. Properties of Ceramic Raw Materials. 2nd Edition, Pergamon Press, London, 123.
• Souri, T., Watanabe, M., Sakagami, K. 2006. Contribution of Parker and product indexes to evaluate weathering condition of yellow brown forest soils in Japan. Geoderma 130, 346-355.
• Tayçu, A. 2009. Seramik sağlık gereçleri pişirim koşullarının incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, 194, Eskişehir (unpublished).
• TS11325. 1994. Feldispat seramik sanayinde kullanılan Türk standartları,
• Ulusoy, E., Kadıoğlu, Y. K. 2021. Petrography and geochemical decomposition parameters of crystalline rocks; Demirköy intrusive body (DIB), NW Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 165, 253-365.
• Williams, N. C., Davidson, G. J. 2004. Possible submarine advanced argillic alterat ion at the Basin Lake prospect, Western Tasmania, Australia. Economic Geology 99(5), 987-1002.
• Yazar, E. 2018. Alteration mineralogy, mineral chemistry and stable isotope geochemistry of the Eocene pillow lavas from the Trabzon area, NE Turkey. Journal of African Earth Sciences 138, 149-166.