Sedimentology and Miocene-Pliocene depositional evolution of the stream-dominated alluvial fan deposits at circum-Sultandağları region

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 168 Sayı: 168, 43 - 66, 18.08.2022

Ayhan Ilgar , Ali Ergen Alper Bozkurt Ercan Tuncay

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.928456

Öz

Yalvaç and Ilgın basins surrounding Sultandağları were opened due to the orogenic collapse in the early Miocene. The NW-SE trending Çakırçal and Akşehir fault zones, forming boundaries with these basins, caused both the opening of the basins and uplifting of Sultandağları. During the Miocene-Pliocene period, the alluvial fans fed from Sultandağları developed on the basin margins, while the lacustrine carbonate and clastic depositions formed in the basin’s interior. The alluvial fan deposits are laterally and vertically transitional with lacustrine sediments and alternate several times in the sequence. The alluvial fans, widespread in the region, consist of debris flow, hyperconsantrated stream flood, braided river and meandering river deposits. Fan deposits that pass from high-energy fluvial facies at the basin margin to the low-energy fluvial facies towards the basin interior have been interpreted as stream-dominated alluvial fan deposits. The age data obtained from the fan deposits of the Yalvaç and the Ilgın basins show that Sultandağları concurrently feeds the alluvial fans on both flanks. Alluvial fan deposition around Sultandağları formed under the control of tectonic and climatic processes. The tectonism led to the formation of basins and source areas. Simultaneously, the climate maintained the streams to be perennial by precipitation, thus proving a continuous sediment supply to the basins. Tectonism and climate-controlled base-level changes determined the quantity of sediments carried to the basin from the source area, causing regressive or transgressive developments.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yalvaç Basin, Ilgın Basin, Braided River, Meandering River, Forced Regression.

Teşekkür

This study was carried out within the scope of Sultandağları’nın Jeolojisi ve Jeodinamik Evrimi (Geology and Geodynamic Evolution of Sultandağları) project conducted between 2015- 2016 by the Department of Geological Researches of the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Türkiye. The determination of ostracod fossils was made by Dr. Gönül ÇULHA. We would like to acknowledge Dr. Oktay PARLAK and Tolga ESİRTGEN who reviewed the earlier version of the manuscript and provided valuable contributions. We are also thankful to Prof. Dr. Attila ÇİNER and the other anonymous referee.

Kaynakça

• Akgün, F., Akyol, E. 1992. Yukarıkaşıkara ve Yarıkkaya (Isparta) kömürlerinin karşılaştırmalı palinostratigrafisi ve paleoekolojisi. Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Bülteni 4(1), 129–139.
• Akıska, E., Varol, B. E. 2020. Alluvial-lacustrine sedimentation and volcaniclastic deposition in an intracontinental tectonic graben: paleoenvironmental evolution of the Neogene Sinanpaşa Basin, West-central Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 29, 295–324.
• Alexander, J., Leeder, M. R. 1987. Active tectonic control on alluvial architecture. Recent Developments in Fluvial Sedimentology. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publications 39, 243–252.
• Astin, T. R. 1990. The Devonian lacustrine sediments of Orkney, Scotland: implications for climate cyclicity, basin structure and maturation history. Geological Society of London. Special Publication 147, 141–151.
• Ballance, P. F. 1984. Sheet-flow-dominated gravel fans of the non-marine Middle Cenozoic Simmler Formation, central California. Sedimentary Geology 38, 337–359.
• Blair, T. C. 1987. Sedimentary processes, vertical stratification sequences, and geomorphology of the Roaring River alluvial fan, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 57, 1–18.
• Blair, T. C., Bilodeau, W. L. 1988. Development of tectonic cyclothems in rift, pull-apart, and foreland basins: sedimentary response to episodic tectonism. Geology 16, 517–520.
• Blair, T. C., McPherson, J. C. 1994. Alluvial fans and their natural distinction from rivers based on morphology, hydraulic processes, sedimentary structures and facies assemblage. Journal of Sedimentary Research 64, 450–489.
• Boothroyd, J. C., Ashley, G. M. 1975. Process, bar morphology and sedimentary structures on braided outwash fans, Northeastern Gulf of Alaska. Glaciofluvial and Glaciolacustrine Sedimentation. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 23, 193–222.
• Brierley, G. J. 1991. Bar sedimentology of the Squamish River, British Columbia: definition and application of morphostratigraphic units. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 61, 211–225.
• Brunn, J. H., Dumont, J. F., Graciansky, P. C., Gutnic, M., Juteau, T., Marcoux, J., Monod, O., Poisson, A. 1971. Outline of the geology of the Western Taurides. Geology and History of the Turkey. Guidebook for the 13th field session os PESL, Tripoli, 225–255.
• Bull, W. B. 1977. The alluvial fan environment. Progress in Physical Geography 1, 222–270.
• Carroll, A. R., Bohacs, K. M. 1999. Stratigraphic classification of ancient lakes: balancing tectonic and climatic control. Geology 27, 99–102.
• Catuneanu, O. 2006. Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 375.
• Changsong, L., Eriksson, K., Sitian, L., Yongxian, W., Jianye, R., Yanmei, Z. 2001. Sequence architecture, depositional systems, and controls on development of lacustrine basin fills in part of the Erlian Basin, northeast China. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 85, 2017–2043.
• Colella, A., Prior, D. B. 1990. Coarse-grained deltas. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publications 10.
• Collinson, J. D. 1996. Alluvial sediments. Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy. Blackwell Science, Oxford, 37–82.
• Demirkol, C. 1982. Yalvaç-Akşehir dolayının stratigrafisi ve Batı Toroslarla deneştirimi. Türk Mühendis ve Mimar Odaları Birliği Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 14, 3-14.
• Demirkol, C., Yetiş, C. 1983. Hoyran Gölü kuzeyinin stratigrafisi. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 101- 102, 1–13.
• Demirkol, C., Yetiş, C. 1984. Hoyran Gölü kuzeyinin stratigrafisi. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 101- 102, 1-13.
• Demirkol, C., Sipahi, H., Barka, A., Sönmez, Ş., Çiçek, S. 1977. Sultandağı’nın stratigrafisi ve jeolojik evrimi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Report No: 6305, 86, Ankara (unpublished).
• Emre, Ö., Duman, T. Y., Doğan, A., Özalp, S., Tokay, F., Kuşçu, İ. 2003. Surface faulting associated with the Sultandağı earthquake (Mw 6.5) of 3 February 2002, Southwestern Turkey. Seismological Research Letters 74(4), 382–392.
• Eren, Y. 1987. Sultandağları Masifi’nin stratigrafisi ve mesoskopik tektoniği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, 80 (unpublished).
• Eren, Y. 1990. Engilli (Akşehir) ve Bağkonak (Yalvaç) köyleri arasında Sultandağları Masifi’nin tektonik özellikleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 33, 39–50.
• Ergen, A., Bozkurt, A., Tuncay, E., Doğan, A., Ilgar, A. 2016. Çay-Akşehir arası Sultan Dağları’nın tektono-stratigrafisi: yeni bulgular. 69. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri, 11-15 Nisan 2016, Ankara.
• Ergen, A., Tuncay, E., Bozkurt, A., Doğan, A., Ilgar, A. 2017. Sultan Dağları güneydoğusunun tektonostratigrafisi: Paleozoyik volkanik aktivitelerinin bölgesel jeolojik olaylarla ilişkisi. 70. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri, 10-14 Nisan 2017, Ankara.
• Ergen, A., Bozkurt, A., Ilgar, A., Tuncay, E., Doğan, A. 2021. Sultandağları’nın jeolojisi ve jeodinamik evrimi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Report No: 13958, 241, Ankara (unpublished).
• Gawthorpe, R. L., Colella, A. 1990. Tectonic controls on coarse-grained delta depositional systems in rift basins. Coarse-Grained Deltas. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publications 10, 113-128.
• Gawthorpe, R. L., Leeder, M. R. 2000. Tectono-sedimentary evolution of active extensional basins. Basin Research 12, 195-218.
• Ghinassi, M., Ielpi, A. 2016. Morphodynamics and facies architecture of stream-dominated, sand-rich alluvial fans, Pleistocene Upper Valdarno Basin, Italy. Geology and geomorphology of alluvial and fluvial fans: terrestrial and planetary perpectives. Geological Society of London Special Publications 440, 175-200.
• Ghinassi, M., Nemec, W., Aldinucci, M., Nehyba, S., Özaksoy, V., Fidolini, F. 2014. Plan-form evolution of ancient meandering rivers reconstructed from longitudinal outcrop sections. Sedimentology 61(4), 952-977.
• Göncüoğlu, M. C., Çapkınoğlu, Ş., Gürsu, S., Noble, P., Turhan, N., Tekin, U. K., Okuyucu, C., Göncüoğlu, Y. 2007. The Mississipian in the Central and Eastern Taurides (Turkey): constraints on the tectonic setting of the Tauride-Anatolide Platform. Geologica Carpathica 58(5), 427-442.
• Gutnic, M., Keller, D., Monod, O. 1968. Decouverte de Nappes de charriage dans de nord du Taurus occidental (Turquie meridionale). Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 226, 998-991.
• Güngör, T. 2013. Kinematics of the Central Taurides during Neotethys closure and collision, the nappes in the Sultan Mountains, Turkey. International Journal Earth Science 102, 1381-1402.
• Harvey, A. M., Mather, A. E., Stokes, M. 2005. Alluvial fans: geomorphology, sedimentology, dynamics– introduction. A review of alluvial-fan research. Alluvial fans: geomorphology, sedimentology, dynamics. Geological Society of London Special Publications 251, 1-8.
• Heward, A. P. 1978. Alluvial fan and lacustrine sediments from the Stephanian A and B (La Magdalena, Cinera-Matallana and Sabero) coalfields, northern Spain. Sedimentology 25, 451-488.
• Ilgar, A., Nemec, W. 2005. Early Miocene lacustrine deposits and sequence stratigraphy of the Ermenek Basin, Central Taurides, Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 173, 217–249.
• Ilgar, A., Ergen, A., Tuncay, E., Bozkurt, A. 2021. Basin margin tectonics and morphology as controls of delta type and architecture: examples from the Mio-Pliocene Yalvaç Basin (SW Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 30, 516–535.
• Jackson, R. G. 1976. Depositional model of point bars in the Lower Wabash River. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 46, 579-594.
• Jarvis, A., Reuter, H. I., Nelson, A., Guevara, E. 2008. Holefilled SRTM for the Globe, Version 4. CGIARCSI SRTM 90m Database.
• Johnson, A. M. 1984. Debris Flow. Slope Instability. Wiley, Chichester, 257-361.
• Kalafat, D., Güneş, Y., Kara, M., Kekovalı, K. 2020. Sultandağı Fay Zonu’nun (Afyonkarahisar Konya) güncel depremselliğine bir bakış. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 163, 195-218. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.721796.
• Kazancı, N. 1988. Repetitive deposition of alluvial fan and fan-delta wedges at a fault-controlled margin of the Pleistocene-Holocene Burdur Lake graben, Southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Nemec, W., Steel, R. J. (Ed.). Fan Deltas-Sedimentology and Tectonic Settings. Blackie, London, 185-196.
• Kim, S. B., Chough, S. K., Chun, S. S. 1995. Bouldery deposits in the lowermost part of the Cretaceous Kyokpori Formation, SW Korea: cohesionless debris flows and debris falls on a steep-gradient delta slope. Sedimentary Geology 98, 97-119.
• Koç, A., Kaymakci, N., van Hinsbergen D. J. J., Vissers, R. L. M. 2014. A Miocene onset of the modern extensional regime in the Isparta angle: constraints from the Yalvaç Basin (Southwest Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences 105, 369-398.
• Koçyiğit, A., Deveci, Ş. 2007. A N-S-trending active extensional structure, the Şuhut (Afyon) Graben: commencement age of the extensional neotectonic period in the Isparta Angle, SW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 391-416.
• Koçyiğit, A., Gürboğa, Ş., Kalafat, D. 2013. Nature and onset of neotectonic regime in the northern core of Isparta angle, SW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 25(1-2), 52-85.
• Leeder, M. 1999. Sedimentology and Sedimentary Basins. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 592.
• Leeder, M. R., Gawthorpe, R. L. 1987. Sedimentary models for extensional tilt-block/half-graben basins. Continental extensional tectonics. Geological Society of London Special Publication 28, 139– 152.
• Leeder, M. R. Ord, D. M., Collier, R. 1988. Development of alluvial fans and fan deltas in neotectonic extensional settings: implications for the interpretation of basin fills. Nemec, W., Steel, R. J. (Ed.). Fan Deltas: Sedimentology and Tectonic Settings. Blackie and Son, Glasgow, 173-185.
• Mack, G. H., Rasmussen, D. L. 1984. Alluvial fan sedimentation of the Cutler Formation (PermoPennsylvanian) near Gateway, Colorado. Geological Society of America Bulletin 95, 109– 116.
• McGowen, J. H., Garner, L. E. 1970. Physiographic features and stratification types of coarse-grained point bars: modern and ancient examples. Sedimentology 14, 77–111.
• Miall, A. D. 1985. Architectural-element analysis: a new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits. Earth-Science Reviews 22, 261–308.
• Miall, A. D. 1996. The Geology of Fluvial Deposits. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 582.
• Monod, O. 1977. Recherches Geologique Mineralogique et Geochimegue des Bouxites de la Region d’Akseki Seydişehir (Taurus Occidental-Turquie). These Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris.
• Mukherji, A. B. 1990. The Chandigarh Dun Alluvial Fans: An Analysis of the Process-Form relationship. Alluvial Fans: A Field Approach. John Wiley and Sons, 131-149.
• Nanson, G. C. 1980. Point bar and floodplain formation of the meandering Beatton River, northeastern British Columbia, Canada. Sedimentology 27, 3-29.
• Nemec, W. 1990. Aspects of sediment movement on steep delta slopes. Coarse-Grained Deltas. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publications 10, 29–73.
• Nemec, W., Muszyński, A. 1982. Volcaniclastic alluvial aprons in the Tertiary of Sofia district (Bulgaria). Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae 52, 239–303.
• Nemec, W., Postma, G. 1993. Quaternary alluvial fans in southwestern Crete: sedimentation processes and geomorphic evolution. Alluvial Sedimentation. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 17, 235-276.
• Nemec, W., Steel, R. J. 1984. Alluvial and coastal conglomerates: their significant features and some comments on gravelly mass-flow deposits. Sedimentology of Gravels and Conglomerates. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 10, 1-31.
• Özgül, N. 1976. Torosların bazı temel jeolojik özellikleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 19(1), 65-67.
• Özgül, N., Bölükbaşı, S., Alkan, H., Öztaş, Y., Korucu, M. 1991. Sultandağları-Sandıklı-Homa-Akdağ yöresinin jeolojisi. Türkiye Petrolleri (TPAO) Anonim Ortaklığı, Rapor No: 3028, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Paola, C., Heller, P. L., Angevine, C. L. 1992. The largescale dynamics of grain-size variation in alluvial basins, 1: theory. Basin Research 4, 73–90.
• Ridgway, K. D., DeCelles, P. G. 1993. Stream-dominated alluvial fan and lacustrine depositional systems in Cenozoic strike-slip basins, Denali fault system, Yukon Territory, Canada. Sedimentology 40(4), 645-666.
• Sarıkaya, M. A., Yıldırım, C., Çiner, A. 2015a. Late Quaternary alluvial fans of Emli Valley in the Ecemiş Fault Zone, south central Turkey: insights from cosmogenic nuclides. Geomorphology 228, 512-525.
• Sarıkaya, M. A., Yıldırım, C., Çiner, A. 2015b. No surface breaking on Ecemiş Fault, central Turkey, since Late Pleistocene (64.5 ka); new geomorphic and geochronologic data from cosmogenic dating of offset alluvial fans. Tectonophysics 649, 33-46.
• Sickenberg, O., Becker Platen, J. D., Benda, L., Berg, D., Engesser, B., Gaziry, W., Heissiğ, K., Alban, H. K., Sondarr, P. Y., Schmidt Kittler, N., Staesche, K., Staesche, N., Steffens, P., Tobien, H. 1975. Die Gliederung des Höheren Jungtertiars und Alguartersinder Türkei nach Vertebraten und ihre Bedeutung für die internationale NeogenStratigraphie Geologisches Jahrbuch Reihe B Heft 15.
• Smith, N. D. 1974. Sedimentology and bar formation in the Upper Kicking Horse River, a braided outwash stream. The Journal of Geology 82(2), 205–224.
• Sohn, Y. K., Rhee, C. W., Kim, B. C. 1999. Debris flow and hyperconcentrated flood-flow deposits in an alluvial fan, Northwestern part of the Cretaceous Yongdong Basin, Central Korea. The Journal of Geology 107, 111–132.
• Todd, S. P. 1989. Stream-driven, high-density gravelly traction carpets: possible deposits in the Trabeg Conglomerate Formation, SW Ireland and some theoretical considerations of their origin. Sedimentology 36, 513-530.
• Tooth, S. 1999. Downstream changes in floodplain character on the Northern Plains of arid Central Australia. Fluvial Sedimentology VI. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 28, 93-112.
• Tuncer, A. 2020. Yalvaç ve Ilgın karasal Neojen havzalarında (Güneybatı Anadolu) Ostracoda taksonomisi ve biyostratigrafisi: Ostrakodlara dayalı eskiortamsal-eskiiklimsel yaklaşımlar. Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Umut, M., Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Saraç, G., Bulut, V., Demirci, A. R., Erkan, M., Kurt, Z., Metin, S., Özgönül, E. 1987. Tuzlukçu-Ilgın-Doğanhisar-Doğanbey (Konya ili) ve dolayının jeolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Report No: 8246, 38 (unpublished).
• Usta, N. D. Y., Mayda, S., Kaya, T. T. 2019. Yeni buluntular ışığında Yalvaç (Isparta / Türkiye) Neojen devir omurgalı fosil yatakları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 47(2), 79–96.
• Wells, N. A. 1984. Sheet debris flow and sheetflood conglomerates in Cretaceous Cool-Maritime alluvial fans, South Orkney Islands, Antarctica. Sedimentology of Gravels and Conglomerates. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 10, 133–145.
• Wilson, A. C. 1980. The Devonian sedimentation and tectonism of a rapidly subsiding semi-arid fluvial basin in the Midland Valley of Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 16, 291–313.
• Yağmurlu, F. 1991. Yalvaç-Yarıkkaya Neojen Havzası’nın stratigrafisi ve depolanma ortamları. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 34, 9–19.
• Yalçınlar, İ. 1953. Sultan Dağları eteklerinde omurgalılar ihtiva eden Neojen tabakaları. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 4(1), 118–121.
• Yıldırım, C., Sarıkaya, M. A., Çiner, A. 2016. Late Pleistocene intraplate extension of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey: inferences from cosmogenic exposure dating of alluvial fan, landslide and moraine surfaces along the Ecemiş Fault Zone. Tectonics 35, 1446-1464.