Fossil fuels, climate change, and the vital role of CO2 plays in thriving people and plants on planet earth

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 175 Sayı: 175, 167 - 175, 05.12.2024

Ganapathy Shanmugam

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1349959

Cited By: 2

Öz

A rigorous examination of empirical data confirms the fact that there is no threat from CO2 to People. Fossil Fuels (i.e., Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal) are the underpinning of modern living in the 21st
century and that CO2 is essential for the thriving of both People and Plants. The geologic record shows that the Earth’s climate has always been changing naturally during the past 600 million years
in terms CO2 and temperature, without CO2 emissions from Fossil Fuels by humans. A plot of CO2 vs. Temperature for the last 600 million years shows basically no correlation for most of this
time (Berner, 2004; Scotese et al., 2021). If the Net-Zero CO2 policy were to be implemented in 2050, large numbers of people would die and the modern human civilization would come to a
sudden halt, and humans left alive would have to revert back to the lifestyles of the Neanderthals. A climate-change model for 200 years (1900-2100) is proposed based on four basic parameters,
namely, CO2, Temperature, Population, and GDP (gross domestic product) per capita. In this model, calculations based on the Max Planck’s Curve by Van Wijngaarden and Happer (2020), an increase in Temperature by 2100 would be trivial even if CO2 is nearly doubled in value to 800 ppm. The CO2 in the atmosphere helps not only to modulate the Earth’s Temperature suitable for human survival, but also to enhance Global Greening.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide), Fossil Fuels, Climate Change, Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW), The Net-Zero CO2 Policy.

Etik Beyan

I thank Dr. D. Chandrasekharam, TUBITAK Professor, İzmir Institute of Technology, Turkey; Associate Editor of the Journal, for inviting me to contribute this review article, which is partly based on my OHIO University Geological Sciences (OUGS) Symposium Lecture (Shanmugam, 2023a) and my review article (Shanmugam, 2023b). I also thank Executive Publication Editorial Chairman- Assoc. Prof. Şule GÜRBOĞA for handling the manuscript, I was employed by the Mobil Oil Company in their Research Laboratory in Dallas, Texas (1978-2000). I thank the Journal Reviewer William Happer (Cyrus Fogg Bracket Professor of Physics, Emeritus, Princeton University, and a Co-Founder of CO2 Coalition), for a critical review of the manuscript and for offering helpful suggestions to improve it. I also thank the other Journal Reviewer J. E. Damuth (Ph.D., Columbia University; Visiting Researcher/ Scholar, Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin) for critical and valuable comments. I am thankful to Greg Wrightstone (Executive Director, CO2 Coalition) and Angela Wheeler (Senior Manager, Multimedia and Outreach, CO2 Coalition) for promoting my OUGS Lecture (Video) on Social Media. I thank Alex Epstein for providing color images from his book “Fossil Future”. I am indebted to the late the late George Devries Klein forhis motivation since 1988, when the IPCC was launched, on the topic of Climate Change (Shanmugam, 2018). In 1988, Klein was the Editorin- Chief of the journal Earth-Science Reviews. As always, I am grateful to my wife, Jean Shanmugam, for hergeneral comments. I acknowledge with gratitude the following journals, books, and organizations for their data and images: The American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Bulletin, arxiv.org. Cornell University, The NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab (AOML), The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), The British Petroleum Company plc (BP), Cable News Network (CNN), CO2 Coalition, The 2021 United Nations 26th Climate Conference in Glasgow, Scotland (COP26), Current Results, Digital media,Earth.org, Elsevier, Energy Digital, Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF), Future Timeline, Hurricane Alley, India Times, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), International Energy Agency (IEA), International Monetary Fund (IMF), The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, The Journal of the Indian Association of Sedimentologists (JIAS), Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO), Hawaii, Mobil Oil Company, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), The National Hurricane Center (NHC), The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Nature Climate Change, OHIO University Geological Sciences Alumni Symposium (Shanmugam, 2023a), The Physics Hypertextbook, Our World in Data, Portfolio/Penguin, Reuters, RIGZONE, Scripps CO2 Program, Scientific American, Silver Crown Productions, LLC, The U. S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Wikipedia, The World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and WorldoMeter.

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