The genesis of Mordenite occurrences: Diagenetic and hydrothermal alteration processes of Paleocene volcanics in Ilıca (Yıldızeli), Türkiye

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 177 Sayı: 177, 77 - 90, 15.08.2025

Hülya Ateş

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1627568

Öz

Different geological processes such as weathering, diagenesis in hydrological systems, hydrothermal processes and contact metamorphism have been proposed to explain the genetic relationships of mordenite occurrences. The mineralogical and genetic analyses in this study are essential for identifying alteration minerals and assessing reaction processes. The Yıldızeli region, located south of the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone and northeast of the Kırşehir block, is significant for its mineral deposits. This area consists of Paleocene-Miocene volcano-sedimentary units. Analyse results of selected zone mordenite samples from the Paleocene volcanic units that host mordenite mineralization are linked to low-grade metamorphism, particularly associated with zeolite facies (150-300 °C, 1-3 kbar and pH 4-7), following tectonically controlled hydrothermal alteration. The zeolitization process involves interacting fluids crucial for mobilizing alkali elements, with
compositional variations in mordenite indicating a continuous evolution toward equilibrium conditions under decreasing temperatures. The progression from mordenite to smectite, along with associated kaolinite occurrences, can be attributed to the hydrothermal circulation of alkaline waters and sodium extraction from underlying evaporites.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mordenite , Metamorphic , Diagenesis , Weathering , Hydrothermal.

Teşekkür

I would like to sincerely express my gratitude to my valuable colleagues who accompanied me with their moral support throughout my fieldwork for this project: the deceased Geological Engineer Abdullah Samet Aygül Turkish Petroleum International Company (TPIC), Geological Engineer Mehmet Aslangiray General Directorate of Mineral Exploration and Research International Company (MTA IC), and MSc in Geological Engineer Mustafa Karakaş General Directorate of Mineral Exploration and Research (MTA).

Kaynakça

• Akçay, A. E., Beyazpirinç, M. 2017. Sorgun (Yozgat) - Yıldızeli (Sivas) Önülke Havzası’nın jeolojik evrimi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 155, 1-31.
• Alberti, A., Davoli, P., Vezzalini, G. 1986. The crystal structure refinement of a natural mordenite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 175, 249-256.
• Alpaslan, M. 1993. Yıldızeli yöresi (Sivas batısı) metamorfiklerinin petrolojik incelemesi. Phd Tesis, Cumhuriyet University, 359, Sivas (unpublished).
• Bish, D. L., Ming, D. W. (Eds.) 2001. Natural zeolites: Occurrence, properties, applications. Mineralogical Society of America, 45.
• Boles, J. R., Coombs, D. S. 1975. Mineral reactions in zeolitic Triassic tuff, Hokonui Hills, New Zealand.Geological Society of America Bulletin 86, 163-173.
• Chipera, S. J., Apps, J. A. 2001. Geochemical stability of natural zeolites. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 45(1), 117–161.
• Christidis, G. E. 2001. Formation and growth of smectites in bentonites: A case study from Kimolos Island, Aegean, Greece. Clays and Clay Minerals 49(3), 204-215.
• Coombs, H. 1954. The nature and alteration of some Triassic sediments from Southland, New Zealand. Royal Society of New Zealand Transactions 82, 65-109.
• Costafreda, J. L., Martín, D. A. 2021. New deposit of mordenite–clinoptilolite in the Eastern region of Cuba: Uses as pozzolans. Molecules 26, 4676.
• Dickinson, W. R. 1962. Petrology and diagenesis of Jurassic andesitic strata in central Oregon. American Journal of Science 260, 481–500.
• Flood, P. G., Taylor, J. C. 1991. Mineralogy and geochemistry of Late Carboniferous zeolites near Werris Creek, New South Wales, Australia. Neue Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Anhandlungen 2, 49-62.
• Gogishvili, V. G., Guniava, V. D., Ratman, I. P., Gogishvili,T. Sh. 1976. Post Eocene ore formation of Transcaucasus. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences USSR. Geological Series 11, 99-115.
• Iijima, A. 1988. Diagenetic transformations of minerals as exemplified by zeolites and silica minerals - A Japanese view. Developments in Sedimentology 43, 147-211.
• Inoue, A., Utada, M. 1991. Hydrothermal alteration in the Kamikita Kuroko mineralization area. Mining Geology 41(228), 203-218.
• Irvine, T. N., Baragar, W. R. A. 1971. A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 8, 523-548.
• Kerrisk, J. F. 1983. Reaction-path calculations of groundwater chemistry and mineral formation at Rainier Mesa, Nevada. Los Alamos National Laboratory Report, LA-9912-MS, United States, 44.
• Kossovskaya, A. G. 1961. Specific nature of epigenetic alteration of terrigenous rocks in the platform and geosynclinal regions. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Earth Science Section 130, 123-125.
• Kozák, M., Rózsa, P. 2007. Analysis of ore-bearing volcanic arc magmatites in East Cuba. Acta GGM Debrecina, Geology, Geomorphology, Physical Geography Series 2, 59–66.
• Martini, J., Vuagnat, M. 1965. Présence du facies à zeolites dans la formation des “greas” de Taveyanne (Alpes franco-suisses). Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische 45, 281-293.
• Mossman, D. J., Bachinski, J. 1972. Zeolite facies metamorphism in the Silurian–Devonian fold belt of northeastern New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 9, l7O3-I709.
• Murata, K. H., Whiteley, K. R. 1973. Zeolites in the Miocene Briones sandstone and related formations of the Central Coast Ranges, California. Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey 1(3), 255-265.
• Otalora, G. 1964. Zeolites and related minerals in Cretaceous rocks of east-central Puerto Rico. American Journal of Science 262, 726-734.
• Özcan, A., Erkan, A., Keskün, A., Oral, A., Özer, S., Sümengen, M., Tekelü, O. 1980. Kuzey Anadolu Fayı-Kırşehir Masifi arasının temel jeolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü, Rapor No: 6722, 345, Ankara (unpublished).
• Seki, Y. 1973. Ionic substitution and stability of mordenite. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 79, 669-676.
• Seki, Y., Onuki, H., Okumura, K., Takashima, I. 1969. Zeolitic distribution in the Katayama geothermal area, Onikobe, Japan. Japan Journal of Geology and Geography 40, 63-79.
• Stchepinsky, V. 1939. Sivas Vilayeti merkezi kısmının umumi jeolojisi hakkında rapor. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 868, 50, Ankara (unpublished).
• Surdam, R. C., Hall, C. A. 1968. Zeolitization of the Obispo formation, Coast Ranges of California. Geological Society of America Special Paper 101, 338.
• Surdam, R. C., Sheppard, S. M. F. 1978. The role of zeolites in the diagenesis of volcanic ash. Geological Society of America Bulletin 89(6), 877-885.
• Şahin, M. B. 1991. Başçatak köyü (Akdağmadeni-Yozgat) doğusunun jeolojik ve petrografik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. MscThesis, Hacettepe University, 68, Ankara (unpublished).
• Şengör, A. M. C., Yılmaz, Y. 1983. Türkiye’de Tetis’in Evrimi: Levha Tektoniği Açısından Bir Yaklaşım. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu, Yerbilimleri Özel Dizisi No: 1.
• Taylor Jr., H. P. 1971. Oxygen isotope evidence for large- scale interaction between intrusions, Western Cascade Range, Oregon. Journal of Geophysical Research 76, 7855-7874.
• Utada, M. 1970. Occurrence and distribution of authigenic zeolites in the Neogene pyroclastic rocks in Japan. Scientific Papers of the College of General Education, University of Tokyo 20, 191-262.
• Yılmaz, A., Altıner, D., Gözcelioğlu, İ., Sözbilir, H. 1997. Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides. AAPG Memoir 68, 183-226.
• Zaporozhtseva, A. S., Vishnevskaya, T. N., Dubar, G. P. 1961. Successive change in calcium zeolites through a vertical section of sedimentary strata. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSRR, Earth Sciences Section 141(2), 1264-1266.