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The Assessment of The Covid-19 Pandemic in Terms of Responsibility in International Law and Due Diligence

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 1 - 20, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.55024/buyasambid.1198863

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aaltola, M. (2020). COVID-19 – A Trigger for global transformation? Political distancing, global decoupling and growing distrust in health governance. FIIA Working Paper 113.
  • Addo, M. K. (1999). Human Rights Standards and the responsibility of transnational corporations. Boston: Kluwer.
  • Adeyeye, A. (2007). Corporate responsibility in international law: which way to go. Singapur Year Book of International Law.
  • Akande, D. (2003). International Organizations. M. D. Evans (Ed.), International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • BBC News. (2021). Covid: WHO team probing origin of virus arrives in China. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55657781. Erişim Tarihi:16.07.2021.
  • Borger, J. (2020). Mike Pompeo: 'enormous evidence' coronavirus came from Chinese lab. TheGuardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/03/mike-pompeo-donald-trump-coronavirus-chinese-laboratory, Erişim Tarihi: 02.07.2021.
  • Chin, J. (2020). China told labs to destroy coronavirus samples to reduce biosafety risks. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-told-labs-to-destroy-coronavirus-samples-to-reduce-biosafety-risks-11589684291. Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2021.
  • Constitution of the World HealthOrganization. (2006). https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/publications/basic-documents-constitution-of-who179f0d3d-a613-4760-8801-811dfce250af.pdf?sfvrsn=e8fb384f_1&download=true. Erişim Tarihi: 31.10.22.
  • Craig, P. ve Búrca, G. (2011). The Evolution of EU Law. (2. Baskı). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Culverve, D. ve Gan, N. (2020). Exclusive: Lack of immunity means China is vulnerable to another wave of coronavirus, top adviser warns. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/16/asia/zhong-nanshan-coronavirus-intl-hnk/index.html. Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2021.
  • David, P. F. (2003). SARS and international law. American Soceiety of International Law. https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/8/issue/7/sars-and-international-law. Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2021.
  • Davidson, H. (2020). First Covid-19 case happened in November, China government records show – report. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/first-covid-19-case-happened-in-november-china-government-records-show-report, Erişim Tarihi: 02.07.2021.
  • Davidson, H. ve Rourke, A. (2020). Trump says China could have stopped Covid-19 and suggests US will seek damages. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/28/trump-says-china-could-have-stopped-covid-19-and-suggests-us-will-seek-damages, Erişim Tarihi: 27.06.2021.
  • DSÖ: Çin'den gelen veriler eksik olduğundan Covid-19 pandemisinin kaynağını bulunamıyor. (2022). Euronews. https://tr.euronews.com/2022/06/10/dso-cin-den-gelen-veriler-eksik-oldugundan-covid-19-pandemisinin-kaynag-n-bulunam-yor. Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2022.
  • Dunk, F. G. (1992). Liability versus responsibility in space law: misconception or misconstruction?. University of Nebraska.
  • Erkiner, H. H. (2010). Devletin haksız fiilden kaynaklanan uluslararası sorumluluğu. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık.
  • Fletcher, G. P. (1996). The basic concepts of legal thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Global Times. (2020). Seafood market closed after out break of ‘unidentified’ pneumonia. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1175369.shtml . Erişim Tarihi: 04.07.2021.
  • ‘Growing evidence’ suggests Covid-19 originated from Wuhan lab: Senior US official. (2021). https://www.wionews.com/world/growing-evidence-suggests-covid-19-originated-from-wuhan-lab-senior-us-official-354410. Erişim Tarihi: 04.07.2021.
  • Harris, P. (2015). An introduction to law. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henderson, M., Mendoza A., Foxall, A., Rogers, J., va Armstrong, S., (2020). Coronavirus compensantion?. London: Henry Jackson Society.
  • Higgins, R. (1995). Problems and process international law and how we use it. Oxford University Press.
  • Huang, Y. (2003). The Politics of China’s SARS Crisis. Harvard Asia Quarterly.
  • Huang, Y. (2004). The Sars Epidemic and its aftermath in China: A political perspective. Learning from SARS: preparing for the next disease out break: Workshop Summary.
  • US: National Academies Press.
  • Kelsen, H. (2003). Principles of international law. New Jersey: The Law Book Exchange Publisher.
  • Ata, F. K. (2021). Kovid-19 pandemisi: Uluslararası hukuk açısından Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’ne İlişkin bir değerlendirme. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, C 76, N 1.
  • Leipziger, D. (2003). The corporate responsibility code book. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing.
  • Ma, J. (2020). Coronavirus: China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back. Erişim Tarihi: 07.07.2021.
  • Malanczuk, P. (1997). Akehurst's modern introduction to international law. (7. Baskı). Londra: Routledge Press.
  • Morgan, B. ve Yeung, K. (2007). An introduction to law and regulation: text and materials. Cambridge University Press.
  • National Herald India. (2021). China hid Wuhan coronavirus from WHO expert team. https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/international/china-hid-wuhan-coronavirus-information-from-who-expert-team. Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2021.
  • Öğüt, S. (2014). Uluslararası hukuk düzeninin aktörleri olarak uluslararası hukuk kişileri Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(119-120).
  • Ratner, S. R. (2001). Corporations and human rights: a theory of legal responsibility. The Yale Law Journal. V 111. N 3.
  • Sachs, J., Karim, S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbol, K., ve Colombo, F. (vd.). (2022). The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Sommissions, V 400.
  • Samancı, U. (2014). Uluslararası sağlık tüzüğü (2005) ve hukuki niteliği. D.E.Ü. Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C 16, S 2.
  • Schmitt, M. N. (2017). Tallinn manual 2.0 on the international law applicable to cyber operations. Cambridge University Press.
  • Selman, Ö. (2014). BM Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonunun 2011 yılında yayınladığı taslak maddeler çerçevesinde uluslararası örgütlerin sorumluluğu. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık.
  • Ragazzi, M. (ed.). (2013). Responsibility of international organizations: essays in memory of Sir Ian Brownlie, Leiden and Boston. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Singh, M., Davidson H. ve Borger J. (2020). Trump claims to have evidence corona virus started in Chinese lab but offers no details. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/30/donald-trump-coronavirus-chinese-lab-claim, Erişim Tarihi: 27.06.2021.
  • Statement by Mr. Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, Chair of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. (2022). United Nations Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/10/statement-mr-paulo-sergio-pinheiro-chair-independent-international-commission. Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022.
  • Resolution adopted by the general assembly 1962 (XVIII). (1962). UN Documents. http://www.un-documents.net/a18r1962.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.22.
  • UN General Recommendation No 35. (2017). CEDAW. 14 July 2017.
  • UN International Law Commission. (2001). Draft articles on responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts, with commentaries. Yearbook of the international law commission V 2.
  • UN International Law Commission. (2011). Draft article on the responsibility of international organizations. Yearbook of the international law commission V 2.
  • Walsh, N. P. (2021). CNN Exclusive: WHO Wuhan mission finds possible signs of wider original outbreak in 2019. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/14/health/who-mission-china-intl/index.html. Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2021.
  • Who we are. (2022). https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are. Erişim Tarihi: 31.10.22.
  • WHO World Health Organization. (2005). International Health Regulations. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241580496. Erişim Tarihi: 03.07.2021.
  • World Health Organization (2020). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situtation report, 1. Wold Health Organization.
  • World Health Organization WHO (2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020. Erişim Tarihi: 03.07.2021.
  • WHO. (2019). Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. https://www.who.int/em ergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it. Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2021.
  • Xinhua News Agency. (2020). China publishes timeline on COVID-19 information sharing, int’l cooperation. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/06/c_138951662.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2021.
  • Xinhua News Agency. (2020). Xi orders resolute efforts to curb virus spread. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/20/c_138721535.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 02.07.2021.
  • Xinhua News Agency. (2020). Xinhua headlines: in unprecedented move, China locks down mega city to curb virus spread. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/23/c_138729430.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 02.07.2021.

Covid-19 Salgınının Uluslararası Sorumluluk Hukuku ve Özen Yükümlülüğü Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 1 - 20, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.55024/buyasambid.1198863

Öz

Covid-19 Salgınından kaynaklanan uluslararası sorumluluğun nasıl belirleneceği uluslararası hukuk açısından önemli bir tartışma konusudur. Bu çalışma dâhilinde bu tartışlarının sebep olduğu ihtilaflar ve neticeler değerlendirilecektir. Sorumluluğun kime ait olduğu kadar zararın tazmini konusu da mühimdir. Ayrıca devletlerin ve uluslararası örgütlerin uluslararası hukuk açısından sorumluluklarının nasıl düzenlediği genel çerçevede incelenecektir. Sorumluluk kavramı kadar sistematik biçimde düzenlenmemiş olsa dahi özen yükümlülüğü uluslararası hukuk açısından zararın tazminine ilişkin üstünde durulması gereken önemli bir konudur. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü'nün uluslararası sorumluluklarını gerektiği gibi yerine getirememesi ve Covid-19 Salgını'nın yayılması noktasında gereken özeni göstermemesi, uluslararası sorumluluğun belirlenmesi noktasında gözden kaçırılmamalıdır. Bütün dünyayı etkileyerek milyonlarca insanın hayatını kaybettiği ve devletlerin ekonomik zarara uğradığı Covid-19 Salgını’na ilişkin sorumluluğun kime ait olduğu tartışmaları çalışmamıza dâhil edilen sorumluluk hukukunu tekrardan gündeme getirmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Aaltola, M. (2020). COVID-19 – A Trigger for global transformation? Political distancing, global decoupling and growing distrust in health governance. FIIA Working Paper 113.
  • Addo, M. K. (1999). Human Rights Standards and the responsibility of transnational corporations. Boston: Kluwer.
  • Adeyeye, A. (2007). Corporate responsibility in international law: which way to go. Singapur Year Book of International Law.
  • Akande, D. (2003). International Organizations. M. D. Evans (Ed.), International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • BBC News. (2021). Covid: WHO team probing origin of virus arrives in China. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55657781. Erişim Tarihi:16.07.2021.
  • Borger, J. (2020). Mike Pompeo: 'enormous evidence' coronavirus came from Chinese lab. TheGuardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/03/mike-pompeo-donald-trump-coronavirus-chinese-laboratory, Erişim Tarihi: 02.07.2021.
  • Chin, J. (2020). China told labs to destroy coronavirus samples to reduce biosafety risks. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-told-labs-to-destroy-coronavirus-samples-to-reduce-biosafety-risks-11589684291. Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2021.
  • Constitution of the World HealthOrganization. (2006). https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/publications/basic-documents-constitution-of-who179f0d3d-a613-4760-8801-811dfce250af.pdf?sfvrsn=e8fb384f_1&download=true. Erişim Tarihi: 31.10.22.
  • Craig, P. ve Búrca, G. (2011). The Evolution of EU Law. (2. Baskı). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Culverve, D. ve Gan, N. (2020). Exclusive: Lack of immunity means China is vulnerable to another wave of coronavirus, top adviser warns. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/16/asia/zhong-nanshan-coronavirus-intl-hnk/index.html. Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2021.
  • David, P. F. (2003). SARS and international law. American Soceiety of International Law. https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/8/issue/7/sars-and-international-law. Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2021.
  • Davidson, H. (2020). First Covid-19 case happened in November, China government records show – report. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/first-covid-19-case-happened-in-november-china-government-records-show-report, Erişim Tarihi: 02.07.2021.
  • Davidson, H. ve Rourke, A. (2020). Trump says China could have stopped Covid-19 and suggests US will seek damages. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/28/trump-says-china-could-have-stopped-covid-19-and-suggests-us-will-seek-damages, Erişim Tarihi: 27.06.2021.
  • DSÖ: Çin'den gelen veriler eksik olduğundan Covid-19 pandemisinin kaynağını bulunamıyor. (2022). Euronews. https://tr.euronews.com/2022/06/10/dso-cin-den-gelen-veriler-eksik-oldugundan-covid-19-pandemisinin-kaynag-n-bulunam-yor. Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2022.
  • Dunk, F. G. (1992). Liability versus responsibility in space law: misconception or misconstruction?. University of Nebraska.
  • Erkiner, H. H. (2010). Devletin haksız fiilden kaynaklanan uluslararası sorumluluğu. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık.
  • Fletcher, G. P. (1996). The basic concepts of legal thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Global Times. (2020). Seafood market closed after out break of ‘unidentified’ pneumonia. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1175369.shtml . Erişim Tarihi: 04.07.2021.
  • ‘Growing evidence’ suggests Covid-19 originated from Wuhan lab: Senior US official. (2021). https://www.wionews.com/world/growing-evidence-suggests-covid-19-originated-from-wuhan-lab-senior-us-official-354410. Erişim Tarihi: 04.07.2021.
  • Harris, P. (2015). An introduction to law. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henderson, M., Mendoza A., Foxall, A., Rogers, J., va Armstrong, S., (2020). Coronavirus compensantion?. London: Henry Jackson Society.
  • Higgins, R. (1995). Problems and process international law and how we use it. Oxford University Press.
  • Huang, Y. (2003). The Politics of China’s SARS Crisis. Harvard Asia Quarterly.
  • Huang, Y. (2004). The Sars Epidemic and its aftermath in China: A political perspective. Learning from SARS: preparing for the next disease out break: Workshop Summary.
  • US: National Academies Press.
  • Kelsen, H. (2003). Principles of international law. New Jersey: The Law Book Exchange Publisher.
  • Ata, F. K. (2021). Kovid-19 pandemisi: Uluslararası hukuk açısından Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’ne İlişkin bir değerlendirme. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, C 76, N 1.
  • Leipziger, D. (2003). The corporate responsibility code book. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing.
  • Ma, J. (2020). Coronavirus: China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back. Erişim Tarihi: 07.07.2021.
  • Malanczuk, P. (1997). Akehurst's modern introduction to international law. (7. Baskı). Londra: Routledge Press.
  • Morgan, B. ve Yeung, K. (2007). An introduction to law and regulation: text and materials. Cambridge University Press.
  • National Herald India. (2021). China hid Wuhan coronavirus from WHO expert team. https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/international/china-hid-wuhan-coronavirus-information-from-who-expert-team. Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2021.
  • Öğüt, S. (2014). Uluslararası hukuk düzeninin aktörleri olarak uluslararası hukuk kişileri Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(119-120).
  • Ratner, S. R. (2001). Corporations and human rights: a theory of legal responsibility. The Yale Law Journal. V 111. N 3.
  • Sachs, J., Karim, S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbol, K., ve Colombo, F. (vd.). (2022). The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Sommissions, V 400.
  • Samancı, U. (2014). Uluslararası sağlık tüzüğü (2005) ve hukuki niteliği. D.E.Ü. Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C 16, S 2.
  • Schmitt, M. N. (2017). Tallinn manual 2.0 on the international law applicable to cyber operations. Cambridge University Press.
  • Selman, Ö. (2014). BM Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonunun 2011 yılında yayınladığı taslak maddeler çerçevesinde uluslararası örgütlerin sorumluluğu. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık.
  • Ragazzi, M. (ed.). (2013). Responsibility of international organizations: essays in memory of Sir Ian Brownlie, Leiden and Boston. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Singh, M., Davidson H. ve Borger J. (2020). Trump claims to have evidence corona virus started in Chinese lab but offers no details. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/30/donald-trump-coronavirus-chinese-lab-claim, Erişim Tarihi: 27.06.2021.
  • Statement by Mr. Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, Chair of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. (2022). United Nations Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/10/statement-mr-paulo-sergio-pinheiro-chair-independent-international-commission. Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022.
  • Resolution adopted by the general assembly 1962 (XVIII). (1962). UN Documents. http://www.un-documents.net/a18r1962.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.22.
  • UN General Recommendation No 35. (2017). CEDAW. 14 July 2017.
  • UN International Law Commission. (2001). Draft articles on responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts, with commentaries. Yearbook of the international law commission V 2.
  • UN International Law Commission. (2011). Draft article on the responsibility of international organizations. Yearbook of the international law commission V 2.
  • Walsh, N. P. (2021). CNN Exclusive: WHO Wuhan mission finds possible signs of wider original outbreak in 2019. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/14/health/who-mission-china-intl/index.html. Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2021.
  • Who we are. (2022). https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are. Erişim Tarihi: 31.10.22.
  • WHO World Health Organization. (2005). International Health Regulations. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241580496. Erişim Tarihi: 03.07.2021.
  • World Health Organization (2020). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situtation report, 1. Wold Health Organization.
  • World Health Organization WHO (2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020. Erişim Tarihi: 03.07.2021.
  • WHO. (2019). Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. https://www.who.int/em ergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it. Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2021.
  • Xinhua News Agency. (2020). China publishes timeline on COVID-19 information sharing, int’l cooperation. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/06/c_138951662.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2021.
  • Xinhua News Agency. (2020). Xi orders resolute efforts to curb virus spread. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/20/c_138721535.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 02.07.2021.
  • Xinhua News Agency. (2020). Xinhua headlines: in unprecedented move, China locks down mega city to curb virus spread. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/23/c_138729430.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 02.07.2021.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kamu Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makale
Yazarlar

Selman Öğüt 0000-0002-3730-1398

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Kasım 2022
Kabul Tarihi 16 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Öğüt, S. (2022). Covid-19 Salgınının Uluslararası Sorumluluk Hukuku ve Özen Yükümlülüğü Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.55024/buyasambid.1198863